ISO 16165:2020
(Main)Ships and marine technology — Marine environment protection — Vocabulary relating to oil spill response
Ships and marine technology — Marine environment protection — Vocabulary relating to oil spill response
This document contains terms and definitions relating to oil spills and their control. This document provides standardized terminology relating to oil spill response, defined as the broad range of activities related to spill cleanup, including surveillance and assessment, containment, recovery, dispersant use, in situ burning, shoreline cleanup and disposal.
Navires et technologie maritime — Protection de l'environnement marin — Vocabulaire relatif à la réponse aux déversements de pétrole
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16165
Third edition
2020-04
Ships and marine technology —
Marine environment protection
— Vocabulary relating to oil spill
response
Navires et technologie maritime — Protection de l'environnement
marin — Vocabulaire relatif à la réponse aux déversements de pétrole
Reference number
ISO 16165:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
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© ISO 2020
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Oil/oil slick properties . 1
3.2 Oil classification . 3
3.3 Environmental conditions . 3
3.4 Assessment techniques. 4
3.5 Sampling . 4
3.6 Containment . 4
3.6.1 Floating boom equipment terminology . 4
3.6.2 Other containment equipment terminology . 6
3.6.3 Engineering terminology . 6
3.6.4 Operational terminology . 7
3.7 Recovery . 9
3.7.1 Equipment terminology . . 9
3.7.2 Skimmer performance terminology . 9
3.7.3 Operational performance terminology. 9
3.7.4 Storage terminology.10
3.8 Dispersant use .11
3.9 Removal by in situ burning .12
3.10 Shoreline cleanup .13
3.10.1 Shoreline terminology.13
3.10.2 Sediment sizes .13
3.10.3 Shore zones.14
3.10.4 Cleanup method terminology .15
3.11 Disposal .16
3.12 Spill management .17
3.12.1 Contingency planning .17
3.12.2 Incident command system (ICS) .18
3.12.3 Safety .20
Bibliography .22
Index .23
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee SC 2, Marine
environment protection.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 16165:2013), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the ASTM references have been updated;
— minor typographical corrections;
— removal of “mud” from term and definition 3.10.2.5 to reflect ISO 14688-1:2017;
— modifications in line with the latest edition of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (2018 ed):
— the title is changed from "terminology" to "vocabulary",
— new Clause 2, Normative references, is inserted, and
— former Clause 2, and all the entries, are consistently renumbered.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
Introduction
Communication is important in the implementation of an effective oil spill response and this
communication will be most effective if there is a common understanding of the terms used. Many of
the terms and definitions listed here have been widely used for many years, while others are the result
of recent experience. The gradual evolution of our understanding of oil spill behaviour and response
measures means that oil spill terminology will continue to develop.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16165:2020(E)
Ships and marine technology — Marine environment
protection — Vocabulary relating to oil spill response
1 Scope
This document contains terms and definitions relating to oil spills and their control. This document
provides standardized terminology relating to oil spill response, defined as the broad range of activities
related to spill cleanup, including surveillance and assessment, containment, recovery, dispersant use,
in situ burning, shoreline cleanup and disposal.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
In developing this document, an attempt was made to use existing definitions wherever possible. For
example, comprehensive terminology is available on containment booms, performance of recovery
skimmers and on bioremediation, as provided by the publications of the American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM), Committee F20, on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response. Other areas
had less coverage by standards organizations and gaps were filled through a review of a variety of
sources. In this document, whenever a published source serves as the primary basis for a definition,
this source is indicated by an abbreviated code. The complete citations for these codes are provided in
the Bibliography.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Oil/oil slick properties
3.1.1
crude oil
naturally occurring form of petroleum, mainly occurring in a porous underground formation such as
sandstone
[SOURCE: ISO 1998-1:1998, 1.05.005]
3.1.2
emulsification
process in which microscopic droplets of water are mixed in the oil, or vice versa
3.1.3
emulsion
mixture of oil and water in which droplets are interspersed in varying concentrations throughout the
oil, or vice versa, formed when these fluids are mixed by mechanical or hydraulic action
Note 1 to entry: Emulsions are more precisely referred to as water-in-oil emulsions. Water-in-oil emulsions are
sometimes referred to as a "mousse."
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.1.4
environmental fate
form and location of a material resulting from transport and transformation
[SOURCE: ASTM E943-08(2014), 2.1]
3.1.5
heavy shoreline oiling
pooled deposits or a layer of surface oil
3.1.6
moderate/light shoreline oiling
sheen (3.1.10) or film of surface oil
3.1.7
petroleum oil
material consisting of, or derived from, a mixture of liquid or semi-solid organic compounds, principally
hydrocarbons
[SOURCE: ISO 1998-1:1998, 1.05.000]
3.1.8
pour point
lowest temperature at which a sample of petroleum product will continue to flow when it is cooled
under specified standard conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 1998-2:1998, 2.10.080]
3.1.9
relative viscosity
measured viscosity of an emulsion (3.1.3) (in any convenient unit) at a given shear rate divided by the
measured viscosity of the oil at the same shear rate
Note 1 to entry: It is important to report the shear rate used in the viscosity measurements of the emulsion and
the water-free oil.
3.1.10
sheen
very thin oil slick (3.7.3.1) with a silvery or rainbow-coloured appearance and a thickness of less than
0,001 mm
3.1.11
specific gravity
ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid at 15 °C to the mass of an equal volume of fresh water at the
same temperature
[SOURCE: ASTM D4410-16, 3.1]
3.1.12
viscosity
measure of the resistance to flow or deformation of a liquid
[SOURCE: ISO 1998-2:1998, 2.10.030]
3.1.13
windrows
narrow bands of oil, generally aligned with the wind direction (3.3.7), typical of an oil slick (3.7.3.1) after
several hours of exposure (or days for very large spills)
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.2 Oil classification
3.2.1
group I oil
non-persistent oil
petroleum-based oil that consists of hydrocarbon fractions, at least 50% of which distil at a temperature
of 340 °C and at least 95% of which distil at a temperature of 370 °C
3.2.2
group II oil
persistent oil (3.2.6) with a specific gravity (3.1.11) of less than 0,85
3.2.3
group III oil
persistent oil (3.2.6) with a specific gravity (3.1.11) equal to or greater than 0,85 and less than 0,95
3.2.4
group IV oil
persistent oil (3.2.6) with a specific gravity (3.1.11) equal to or greater than 0,95 and less than 1,00
3.2.5
group V oil
persistent oil (3.2.6) with a specific gravity (3.1.11) greater than 1,00
3.2.6
persistent oil
petroleum-based oil that does not meet the distillation criteria for a group I oil (3.2.1)
3.3 Environmental conditions
3.3.1
air temperature
average or point temperature of the air measured at or near the ground or water surface (°C)
[SOURCE: ASTM F625-94(2017), 2.1.2]
3.3.2
current
average water speed and direction (i.e. velocity) relative to a fixed reference point (m/s)
[SOURCE: ASTM F625-94(2017), 2.1.3]
3.3.3
debris
solid or semisolid substance that could interfere with the operation of a spill control system
[SOURCE: ASTM F625-94(2017), 2.1.4]
3.3.4
significant wave height
average height, measured crest to trough, of one-third highest waves, considering only short-period waves
Note 1 to entry: Short period waves are for a period less than ten seconds (s).
[SOURCE: ASTM F625-94(2017), 2.1.7]
3.3.5
significant wave period
average period of the one-third highest waves, measured in seconds as the elapsed time between crests
of succeeding waves past a fixed point(s)
[SOURCE: ASTM F625-94(2017), 2.1.8]
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.3.6
water temperature
average or point temperature (°C) of a water body as measured within the top 300 mm
[SOURCE: ASTM F625-94(2017), 2.1.6]
3.3.7
wind direction
direction from which the wind is blowing
3.4 Assessment techniques
3.4.1
ladder search
aerial surveillance (3.4.4) to find and delineate oil slicks (3.7.3.1), carried out in a direction perpendicular
to the wind in order to increase the probability of locating slicks and windrows (3.1.13)
3.4.2
oil spill modelling
mathematical prediction of the environmental fate (3.1.4) and/or behaviour of an oil spill
3.4.3
remote sensing
use of sensors to find or delineate oil slicks (3.7.3.1), potentially utilising mounted sources, such as on
ships, aircraft and satellites
3.4.4
surveillance
response activities with the purpose of detecting a spill, determining the extent and behaviour of a
spill, optimising countermeasures and/or predicting spill movements and effects
3.5 Sampling
3.5.1
chain-of-custody documentation
chronological evidence defining the history of an item, such as a sample, and identifying an individual
responsible for custody of the item at each point in time
3.5.2
custody
physical possession or control
Note 1 to entry: A sample is under custody if it is in possession or under control so as to prevent tampering or
alteration of its characteristics.
[SOURCE: ASTM D4840-99(2018)e1, 3.2.1]
3.6 Containment
3.6.1 Floating boom equipment terminology
Figure 1 shows equipment and terminology associated with a floating boom (3.6.1.3).
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
Key
1 boom end connector 5 freeboard
2 boom segment 6 draught
3 boom section 7 buoyancy chamber
4 water line h overall height
Figure 1 — Containment boom equipment
3.6.1.1
anchor point
structural point on the end connector (3.6.1.8) or along the length of a boom (3.6.1.3) section designed
for the attachment of anchor or mooring lines
3.6.1.2
barrier
means of controlling the movement of oil or other substances on the water or in the water column
3.6.1.3
boom
floating barrier (3.6.1.2) used to control the movement of substances that float
3.6.1.4
boom section
length of boom (3.6.1.3) between two end connectors (3.6.1.8)
3.6.1.5
boom segment
repetitive and similar portion of the boom section (3.6.1.4)
3.6.1.6
bridle
device attached to a boom (3.6.1.3) to distribute the load exerted by towing or anchoring the boom
3.6.1.7
curtain boom
boom (3.6.1.3) consisting of a flexible skirt supported by vertical centreline floatation
3.6.1.8
end connector
device attached to the boom (3.6.1.3) used for joining boom sections (3.6.1.4) to one another or to
accessory devices
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.6.1.9
fence boom
boom (3.6.1.3) consisting of a self-supporting or stiffened membrane supported by floating devices
3.6.1.10
fire resistant boom
boom (3.6.1.3) intended for containment of burning oil slicks (3.7.3.1)
3.6.1.11
inflatable boom
boom (3.6.1.3) that uses inflatable chambers, self- or manually-inflatable, as the floatation devices
3.6.1.12
shore sealing boom
boom (3.6.1.3) that, when grounded, seals against the shoreline
3.6.1.13
sorbent boom
boom (3.6.1.3) containing material or arranged in a form that has absorptive or adsorptive capabilities
Note 1 to entry: See 3.7.1.3 for definitions of sorbent, absorbent and adsorbent.
3.6.1.14
special purpose boom
boom (3.6.1.3) which differs in design and/or purpose from a curtain boom (3.6.1.7), fence boom (3.6.1.9),
fire resistant boom (3.6.1.10), inflatable boom (3.6.1.11), shore sealing boom (3.6.1.12) or sorbent boom
(3.6.1.13)
3.6.2 Other containment equipment terminology
3.6.2.1
bubble barrier
in-water barrier (3.6.1.2) created by the use of compressed air delivered through a perforated air hose
and/or pipe laid sub-surface to produce a controlled stream of air bubbles that rise and expand to form
a subsurface air curtain
Note 1 to entry: This produces a disturbed surface which combined with the air curtain contains and/or deflects
the oil both on the surface and/or in the water column.
3.6.3 Engineering terminology
3.6.3.1
buoyancy chamber
enclosed compartment of air or other buoyant material providing floatation for the boom (3.6.1.3)
3.6.3.2
gross buoyancy
weight of fresh water displaced by an entire boom section (3.6.1.4) when totally submerged
3.6.3.3
gross buoyancy to weight ratio
gross buoyancy (3.6.3.2) divided by boom (3.6.1.3) weight
3.6.3.4
operational draught
minimum vertical depth of the boom (3.6.1.3) below the water-line in the working condition
3.6.3.5
operational freeboard
minimum vertical height of the boom (3.6.1.3) above the water-line in the working condition
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.6.3.6
operational height
sum of operational draught (3.6.3.4) and operational freeboard
3.6.3.7
overall height
maximum vertical dimension of a boom (3.6.1.3)
3.6.3.8
reserve buoyancy
gross buoyancy (3.6.3.2) minus boom (3.6.1.3) weight
3.6.4 Operational terminology
3.6.4.1
boom planing
heeling over a boom (3.6.1.3) with a resultant loss of draught
3.6.4.2
boom submergence
containment failure due to loss of freeboard
3.6.4.3
bridging failure
portions of a boom (3.6.1.3) emerging from the water due to poor wave conformance, with resulting
containment failure
3.6.4.4
cascading booms
booming configuration formed by positioning two or more booms (3.6.1.3) in a deflection mode such
that successive booms progressively move oil into the desired area
3.6.4.5
catenary configuration
booming configuration formed by towing or anchoring each end of a length of boom (3.6.1.3) resulting
in a characteristic "J" or "U" shape
3.6.4.6
catenary drag force
longitudinal load imposed on a boom (3.6.1.3), deployed in a catenary configuration (3.6.4.5), resulting
from towing, current (3.3.2) and/or wind forces
3.6.4.7
diversion mode
placement of a boom (3.6.1.3) to redirect the movement of an oil slick (3.7.3.1)
3.6.4.8
drainage loss
oil lost due to the accumulation of oil against a boom (3.6.1.3) pushing down and escaping under the skirt
3.6.4.9
entrainment loss
oil pulled under a boom (3.6.1.3) by the flow of water
EXAMPLE An example of the flow of water are high current (3.3.2) conditions.
3.6.4.10
exclusion booming
placement of a boom (3.6.1.3) to protect an area from the entry of an oil slick (3.7.3.1)
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.6.4.11
first-loss tow current velocity
lowest velocity of water flow measured perpendicular to the boom (3.6.1.3) at which oil starts to escape
under the boom
Note 1 to entry: This velocity may be produced by either the natural water flow or by towing a boom, or a
combination of both.
3.6.4.12
gap ratio
sweep width (3.6.4.17) divided by boom (3.6.1.3) length
3.6.4.13
loss rate
3
rate at which oil is lost under a boom (3.6.1.3), in m /h
3.6.4.14
splash-over
oil passing over the top of the boom (3.6.1.3)
3.6.4.15
straight line drag force
longitudinal drag force that results from towing a boom (3.6.1.3) from one end
3.6.4.16
structural failure
breakage of a boom (3.6.1.3) that occurs when an external force acting on the boom exceeds the
strength of the boom
3.6.4.17
sweep width
width intercepted by a boom (3.6.1.3) in collection mode, the projected distance perpendicular
to the direction of travel or current (3.3.2) between the ends of a boom deployed in a "J", "U" or "V"
configuration
3.6.4.18
tear resistance
ability to withstand the force required to tear the boom (3.6.1.3) material and a measure of the boom
fabric strength
Note 1 to entry: Tear resistance has an important relevance for attachments to the fabric.
3.6.4.19
tensile strength
force required to stretch boom (3.6.1.3) components to the point where a failure occurs
3.6.4.20
vortex loss
oil escaping past a boom (3.6.1.3) due to vortices produced at the boom
3.6.4.21
"J" configuration
boom (3.6.1.3) positioned in a "J" shape
3.6.4.22
"U" configuration
boom (3.6.1.3) positioned in a "U" shape
3.6.4.23
"V" configuration
boom (3.6.1.3) positioned in a "V" shape
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.7 Recovery
3.7.1 Equipment terminology
3.7.1.1
dedicated response equipment
spill response equipment dedicated to an area, port, facility or any other designated place or
organisation
3.7.1.2
skimmer
mechanical device used to remove oil from the water surface
3.7.1.3
sorbent
insoluble material or mixture of materials used to recover fluids through the mechanisms of absorption
or adsorption or both
3.7.1.3.1
absorbent
material that picks up and retains a liquid distributed throughout its molecular structure causing the
solid to swell (50 % or more) and that must be at least 70% insoluble in excess fluid
3.7.1.3.2
adsorbent
insoluble material that is coated by a liquid on its surface including pores and capillaries without the
solid swelling more than 50 % in excess liquid
3.7.1.4
vessel-of-opportunity
water craft which normally have duties other than spill response, but are put into service for response
or surveillance (3.4.4) activities when required and as available
3.7.2 Skimmer performance terminology
3.7.2.1
derating factor
reduction factor, applied to nameplate recovery rates (3.7.2.3), to account for less than optimum
performance due to less than ideal oil slick (3.7.3.1) and environmental conditions
3.7.2.2
fluid recovery rate
3
volume of all fluids recovered by a skimmer (3.7.1.2) per unit time, in m /h
3.7.2.3
nameplate recovery rate
3
maximum volume of fluid that can be recovered by a skimmer (3.7.1.2) per unit time, in m /h, as stated
by the manufacturer
3.7.2.4
oil recovery rate
ORR
3
volume of test fluid (oil or emulsion (3.1.3) recovered by a skimmer (3.7.1.2) per unit time, in m /h
3.7.3 Operational performance terminology
3.7.3.1
oil slick
oily fluid floating on the surface of the water
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.7.3.2
oil slick encounter rate
volume of oil slick (3.7.3.1) per unit time actively encountered by the oil spill response system, and
3
therefore available for containment and recovery, in m /h
3.7.3.3
oil slick recovery efficiency
ratio of originating fluid (oil or emulsion (3.1.3) compared to the total volume of oil recovered
Note 1 to entry: oil slick (3.7.3.1) recovery is expressed as a percentage.
3.7.3.4
oil slick recovery rate
3
volume of oil removed from the slick per unit time, in m /h
3.7.3.5
oil spill recovery system
combination of devices that operate together to recover spilled oil
Note 1 to entry: The system would include, but is not limited to, some or all of the following components: floating
boom (3.6.1.3); skimmer (3.7.1.2); support vessels to deploy and operate the boom and skimmer; discharge/
transfer pumps; oil/water separator; temporary storage devices (3.7.4.6); and shore based storage/disposal.
3.7.3.6
recovery efficiency
volume of oil recovered compared to the total volume of fluids recovered
EXAMPLE An example of fluids are oil, emulsion (3.1.3), and sea water.
Note 1 to entry: Recovery efficiency is expressed as a percentage.
[SOURCE: ASTM F631-15, 3.1.6]
3.7.3.7
response time
time interval between the time of notification of a spill incident (3.12.2.7) and the start of cleanup
operations
3.7.3.8
throughput efficiency
volume of oil recovered compared to the volume of oil encountered
Note 1 to entry: Throughput efficiency is expressed as a percentage.
3.7.4 Storage terminology
3.7.4.1
frame tank
oil resistant reinforced open top containment bag held in position and upright by means of a metal
structure or space-framed sections slotted together
3.7.4.2
open pool
pool in the ground, lined or unlined, used to store recovered fluids
3.7.4.3
open-topped tank
open-top container used to recover fluids
EXAMPLE An example of an open-top container is an international bulk container tank.
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ISO 16165:2020(E)
3.7.4.4
pillow tank
closed, rectangular, cylindrical or round coated fabric receptacle, which can be used either on the
ground or afloat
3.7.4.5
self erecting open top flexible tank
open top, non-framed receptacle, which is self-erecting due to an "in-built" buoyancy collar which raises
the tank walls as the tank is filled with fluids
Note 1 to entry: It may also be referred to as a self-erecting "onion" tank
...
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