ISO 14168:2011
(Main)Metallic powders, excluding hardmetals — Method for testing copper-base infiltrating powders
Metallic powders, excluding hardmetals — Method for testing copper-base infiltrating powders
ISO 14168:2011 specifies a method for determining the performance characteristics of copper-base infiltrating powders.
Poudres métalliques, à l'exclusion des métaux-durs — Méthode d'essai des poudres infiltrantes à base cuivre
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14168
Second edition
2011-11-15
Metallic powders, excluding
hardmetals — Method for testing copper-
base infiltrating powders
Poudres métalliques, à l’exclusion des métaux-durs — Méthode d’essai
des poudres infiltrantes à base cuivre
Reference number
ISO 14168:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
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ISO 14168:2011(E)
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ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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ISO 14168:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14168 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 119, Powder metallurgy, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling and testing methods for powders (including powders for hardmetals).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14168:2003), of which it constitutes a minor
revision.
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ISO 14168:2011(E)
Introduction
Sintered materials generally have a porous structure. There is, however, one group of metallic materials in
which the porosity is greatly reduced by filling the open pores with lower-melting-point alloys, a process made
possible by the capillary action of the pores. This group of materials is called infiltrated materials.
In most cases, this process is carried out as the infiltration of copper or copper-base alloys into higher-melting-
point skeletons.
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14168:2011(E)
Metallic powders, excluding hardmetals — Method for testing
copper-base infiltrating powders
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for determining the performance characteristics of copper-base
infiltrating powders.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2738, Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals — Permeable sintered metal materials —
Determination of density, oil content and open porosity
ISO 3325, Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals — Determination of transverse rupture strength
ISO 3927, Metallic powders, excluding powders for hardmetals — Determination of compressibility in uniaxial
compression
ISO 3995, Metallic powders — Determination of green strength by transverse rupture of rectangular compacts
ISO 4492, Metallic powders, excluding powders for hardmetals — Determination of dimensional changes
associated with compacting and sintering
ISO 4498, Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals — Determination of apparent hardness and
microhardness
3 Principle
The infiltrant is placed in contact with a skeleton, usually of iron-base composition, and both components are
heated above the melting point of the infiltrant.
The infiltration efficiency and loose residue are calculated.
4 Apparatus
4.1 Compression testing machine or hydraulic powder press, capable of applying the required pressure.
4.2 Compacting tools, for producing the required specimens and infiltrant compacts.
4.3 Furnace, muffle type or equivalent, having a heating chamber capable of maintaining a temperature
of 1 120 °C ± 8 °C; it shall have a reducing atmosphere in the hot zone while maintaining a non-oxidizing
atmosphere in the cooling chamber.
4.4 Balance, suitable for weighing accurately to within 0,01 g.
4.5 Micrometers, capable of measuring to 0,005 mm.
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ISO 14168:2011(E)
5 Test specimens
5.1 To test an infiltrating powder, the preferred skeleton to be infiltrated is 25 mm diameter by 12,7 mm
height (see ISO 3927). The skeleton may be infiltrated simultaneously with sintering, or in a separate step after
sintering. The use of a one-step or two-step infiltration shall be a matter of agreement between parties, since
final part properties depend on the infiltration steps.
The composition of the skeletons, including the type of material and the green density, shall also be a matter of
agreement between the parties concerned. The uniformity of the skeletons may be determined by measuring
the mass. The mass shall not vary from the mean by more than ±0,5 %.
5.2 The recommended infiltrant compact is a cylinder nominally 12,7 mm in diameter compacted from a
copper or copper-base infiltrant mix. Normally the infiltrant mix shall also contain a dry lubricant. The composition
of the infiltrant, including the type of lubricant and the mass and green density of the infiltrant compact, shall
be a matter of agreement between the parties concerned. The uniformity of the infiltrant compacts shall be
determined by weighing. The mass of any compact shall not vary by more than 0,5 % from the mean.
2
5.3 The recommended infiltrant compact, when placed on the skeleton, has a contact area of 126,5 mm .
Since the infiltrant loading mass per unit contact area can affect the test results, this shall be a matter of
agreement between the parties and shall be reported in the test report.
5.4 An alternative specimen is the transverse rupture bar described in ISO 3995, ISO 4492 and ISO 3325.
The advantage of using this specimen is that the transverse rupture strength can be measured, as well as the
infiltrant efficiency.
5.5 Alternatively, skeleton specimens may be made of any iron-base structural piece, of composition and
sintered or green density that are acceptable to the parties concerned. Likewise, the infiltrant compact may be
any available shape that is acceptable to the parties concerned, with composition, lubricant, mass and green
density a matter for agreement between the parties concerned. The mass o
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