ISO 18904:2000
(Main)Imaging materials — Processed films — Method for determining lubrication
Imaging materials — Processed films — Method for determining lubrication
This International Standard specifies a method of determining the presence of a lubricant on photographic film. It is intended that the test should be applied to film after processing, but the test may be used in other situations. It is applicable to both the emulsion and support sides of the film. The results of the test are calculated in terms of a coefficient of friction, but the test does not purport to characterize the frictional characteristics of the film material.
Matériaux pour l'image — Films traités — Méthode de détermination de lubrification
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18904
First edition
2000-05-15
Imaging materials — Processed films —
Method for determining lubrication
Matériaux pour l'image — Films traités — Méthode de détermination de la
lubrification
Reference number
ISO 18904:2000(E)
©
ISO 2000
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ISO 18904:2000(E)
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ISO 18904:2000(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Principle.1
3 Apparatus .1
4 Sample preparation .2
5 Test conditions .2
6 Procedure .2
7 Test report .3
Annex A (informative) Numbering system for related International Standards.7
Annex B (informative) Effect of paper clip.9
Bibliography.10
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ISO 18904:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 18904 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 5769:1984, of which it constitutes a minor revision.
This International Standard is one of a series of standards dealing with the physical properties and stability of
imaging materialsd. To facilitate identification of these International Standards they are assigned a number within
the block from 18900 — 18999 (see annex A).
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
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ISO 18904:2000(E)
Introduction
The advantages of post-process lubrication of photographic film have been known for several decades and there
have been numerous technical publications on this subject. Lubrication has a beneficial effect in reducing film
susceptibility to abrasion (see [1] in the bibliography). This is of importance in microfilm applications (see [2] in the
bibliography) or whenever moving film is forced against stationary surfaces. Lubrication of motion-picture release
prints, for example, prevents sticking and premature perforation breakdown during projection or viewing (see [3]
and [4] in the bibliography). More recently, the advent of sprocketless projectors with higher gate tensions has
intensified the need for lubrication.
Since lubrication is an additional step for processing laboratories, processed films are frequently left unlubricated,
either intentionally or inadvertently. As a result, films may be irreparably damaged when in use. Abrasion damage
of microfilm and projection or viewing failure of motion-picture films has been linked directly to the absence of any
lubricant. Until recently, the detection of lubricant on films has been very difficult.
This International Standard specifies a non-destructive test method for determining, by measurement of a frictional
property, whether or not any lubricant exists on films. The test can even be applied to very small areas of film,
such as the margin between the edge of a super 8 film and its perforations. The emulsion and support sides of the
film can be tested separately.
The test method is proposed as a means of monitoring the application of lubricant to film by measuring one of
many possible friction coefficients. It does not completely characterize the friction properties of a material. Against
stationary equipment, for example, a film may not have the same friction coefficient as measured in the friction test
described in this International Standard. Likewise, it will not evaluate the effectiveness of a lubricant for any given
application. It is strongly recommended that its use be limited to the detection of lubricant, for which purpose it is
well suited.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18904:2000(E)
Imaging materials — Processed films — Method for determining
lubrication
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method of determining the presence of a lubricant on photographic film. It is
intended that the test should be applied to film after processing, but the test may be used in other situations. It is
applicable to both the emulsion and support sides of the film.
The results of the test are calculated in terms of a coefficient of friction, but the test does not purport to characterize
the frictional characteristics of the film material.
2Principle
The test is based on the classical inclined-plane friction test. It gives the angle of inclination of the film surface at
which a rider, bearing on the film surface through the round end of a common paper clip under a relatively high
contract pressure (see [5] in the bibliography), will slide downwards along the film. The tangent of this angle
represents a coefficient of friction between the film and the paper clip. Values of this coefficient of friction give an
indication of when the lubricant is adequate or inadequate.
3 Apparatus
3.1 Friction slider
This consists of an inverted U-shaped structure with the larger round end of a common steel paper clip (see annex
B) projecting downward from the inside centre (see Figure 1). The centre of gravity shall be at least 25 mm below
the lower end of the paper clip. The mass should be between 50 g and 100 g, to have sufficient mass yet avoid
film damage.
To construct the friction slider, cut off the smaller round end of the paper clip and insert the resulting cut ends of the
clip into holes drilled in the U-shaped structure. The diameter of the drilled holes should allow a push-fit to be
obtained.
The choice of materials for the friction slider is not critical, provided that it permits compliance with the constraints
stated above. Acrylic plastic has been found to be suitable.
The slider shall be marked to differentiate between the two faces.
After much use, a paper clip will become flat from wear. This will have a tendency to produce lower readings,
particularly at high friction levels. The side of the slider which is marked should always be oriented in one direction
during use. An occasional comparison of values obtained by reversing the direction of the slider face will provide a
reference to determine when the paper clip is worn. It should then be replaced.
3.2 Test rig
The dimensions and typical construction of the test rig, on which the film sample is mounted for testing, are shown
in Figure 2. Essential requirements are as follows.
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ISO 18904:2000(E)
� The surface of the inclined plane shall be smooth, hard, and not deformable under the test conditions.
� I
...
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