ISO 20507:2003
(Main)Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Vocabulary
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Vocabulary
ISO 20507:2003 provides a list of terms and associated definitions which are typically used for fine ceramic (advanced ceramic, advanced technical ceramic) materials, products, applications, properties and processes. ISO 20507:2003 contains, in separate lists, those abbreviations which have found general acceptance in scientific and technical literature; they are given together with the corresponding terms and definitions or descriptions. In ISO 20507:2003, the terms are defined using the words "fine ceramic". The definitions apply equally to "advanced ceramics" and "advanced technical ceramics", which are considered to be equivalent. ISO 20507:2003 does not include terms which, though used in the field of fine ceramics, are of a more general nature and are also well known in other fields of technology.
Céramiques techniques — Vocabulaire
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20507
First edition
2003-12-01
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) —
Vocabulary
Céramiques techniques — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 20507:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
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© ISO 2003
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
2.1 General terms. 1
2.2 Terms for form and processing. 8
2.3 Terms for properties and testing. 15
3 Abbreviations. 19
3.1 Abbreviations for ceramic materials. 19
3.2 Abbreviations for processes. 24
Bibliography . 28
Index . 30
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 20507 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20507:2003(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This International Standard provides a list of terms and associated definitions which are typically used for fine
ceramic (advanced ceramic, advanced technical ceramic) materials, products, applications, properties and
processes. The document contains, in separate lists, those abbreviations which have found general
acceptance in the scientific and technical literature; they are given together with the corresponding terms and
definitions or descriptions.
In this International Standard, the terms are defined using the words “fine ceramic”. The definitions apply
equally to “advanced ceramics” and “advanced technical ceramics”, which are considered to be equivalent.
This International Standard does not include terms which, though used in the field of fine ceramics, are of a
more general nature and are also well known in other fields of technology.
[1] [2]
NOTE Terms and definitions of a more general nature are available in ASTM C 1145 , CEN/WI 89 and
[3]
JIS R 1600:1998 . A list of some ISO Standards and Draft ISO Standards of ISO/TC 206 “Fine ceramics” containing
terms defined in this ISO Standard is given in the Bibliography.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
advanced ceramic
advanced technical ceramic
fine ceramic
highly engineered, high performance, predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic material having specific
functional attributes
NOTE The use of fine ceramics, advanced ceramics and advanced technical ceramics is interchangeably accepted
in business, trade, scientific literature and ISO Standards.
2.1.2
bioceramic
fine ceramic employed in or used as a medical device which is intended to interact with biological systems
NOTE 1 Bioceramics typically comprise products to repair or replace bone, teeth and hard tissue or to support soft
tissue and/or control its function.
NOTE 2 Implants require a degree of biocompatibility.
NOTE 3 Bioceramics that are intended to interact actively with biological systems are often based on crystalline
hydroxy(l)apatite; also partially crystallized glass or glass-bonded ceramic is used.
2.1.3
carbon-carbon composite
fine ceramic composed of a carbon matrix containing carbon fibre reinforcement
NOTE A carbon-carbon composite can be used as furnace parts or heat resistant tiles for a space shuttle.
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
2.1.4
ceramic, adj
pertaining to the essential characteristics of a ceramic and to the material, product manufacturing process or
technology
2.1.5
ceramic, noun
inorganic, essentially non-metallic, substantially crystalline product manufactured under the influence of
elevated temperatures
NOTE The concept “ceramic” comprises products based on clay as raw material and also materials which are
typically based on oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides.
2.1.6
ceramic capacitor
capacitor in which the dielectric material is a ceramic
NOTE e.g., BL (Boundary Layer) capacitor; multi-layer ceramic capacitor.
2.1.7
ceramic catalyst carrier
nonreactive substrate to support a catalyst
NOTE A ceramic catalyst carrier is typically made with a thin wall, has a large surface area and is used in contact
with fluid matter.
2.1.8
ceramic coating
layer of oxide ceramic and/or non-oxide ceramic adhering to a substrate
NOTE 1 Ceramic coatings are produced by a variety of processes, e.g. dipping, plasma spraying, sol-gel coating
process, physical vapour deposition or chemical vapour deposition coating process.
NOTE 2 Ceramic coatings are usually subdivided into thin ceramic coatings (< 10 µm) and thick coatings (W 10 µm).
2.1.9
ceramic cutting tool
tool for machining operations, consisting of a fine ceramic having excellent wear, damage and heat resistance
NOTE Machining includes operations such as turning, drilling and milling.
2.1.10
ceramic filters
2.1.10.1
electrical
filter using a piezoelectric ceramic as a resonator
2.1.10.2
porous
porous ceramic matter to be used in filtering gas or liquid
2.1.11
ceramic for electrical applications
electrical ceramic (deprecated)
electroceramic used in electro-technical applications because of its intrinsic properties
NOTE 1 These intrinsic properties include electrical insulation, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
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NOTE 2 This term includes ceramics for passive electrical applications, i.e. ceramics with no active electrical behaviour,
having a high electrical resistivity, used for electrical insulation functions.
NOTE 3 This term may apply to silicate ceramics such as steatite and electrical porcelain.
2.1.12
ceramic for electronic applications
electronic ceramic (deprecated)
fine ceramic used in electrical and electronic engineering because of intrinsic, electrically related properties
2.1.13
ceramic for nuclear applications
nuclear ceramic (deprecated)
fine ceramic having specific material properties required for use in the generation of nuclear energy
NOTE Ceramics for nuclear applications include materials for nuclear fuels, neutron absorbers, burnable neutron
poisons, diffusion barrier coatings and inert container elements.
2.1.14
ceramic for optical applications
optical ceramic
fine ceramic used in optical applications because of its intrinsic properties
NOTE 1 e.g., transparent alumina is used for high pressure sodium lamp envelopes.
NOTE 2 Optical ceramics are tailored to typically exploit transmission, reflection, absorption of visible and near-visible
electromagnetic radiation.
2.1.15
ceramic heating resistor
heater making use of an electric conductive or a semiconductive property of ceramics
2.1.16
ceramic honeycomb
fine ceramic having many holes with a typically honeycomb shape
NOTE A ceramic honeycomb is typically used as a ceramic catalyst carrier, a filter or a heat exchanger regenerator,
and is typically made of cordierite, mullite or aluminium titanate.
2.1.17
ceramic ionic conductor
electroceramic in which ions are transported by an electric potential or chemical gradient
2.1.18
ceramic matrix composite
CMC
fine ceramic composed of a ceramic matrix containing reinforcement
NOTE The reinforcement is often continuous, i.e. ceramic filaments, distributed in one or more spatial directions, but
this term is also used for discontinuous reinforcement, e.g short ceramic fibres, ceramic whiskers, ceramic platelets or
ceramic particles.
2.1.19
ceramic optical waveguide
optical waveguide formed on the surface of a ceramic substrate
NOTE Optical single crystal of LiNbO is typically used as a ceramic substrate.
3
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2.1.20
ceramic sensor
sensor making use of semiconductive, magnetic or dielectric properties of a fine ceramic
2.1.21
ceramic substrate
ceramic body, sheet or layer of material on which some other active or useful material or component may be
deposited or laid
NOTE e.g., an electronic circuit laid on an alumina ceramic sheet. In catalysis, the formed, porous, high surface-area
carrier on which the catalytic agent is widely and thinly distributed for reasons of performance and economy.
2.1.22
ceramic varistor
ceramic material having high electrical resistivity at low voltage but high electrical conductivity at high voltage
NOTE A zinc oxide varistor can be used as a protector in an electronic circuit.
2.1.23
cermet
composite material consisting of at least one distinct metallic and one distinct ceramic phase, the latter
normally being present at a volume fraction greater than 50 %
NOTE 1 The ceramic phase, typically, has high hardness, high thermal strength, good corrosion resistance and the
metallic phase has good toughness and elastoplastic behaviour.
NOTE 2 The term “cermet” is a contracted form of ceramic metal.
NOTE 3 Materials containing typically less than 50 % by volume of ceramic phase are commonly called “metal matrix
composites”.
2.1.24
coated ceramic
ceramic coated by a layer or multi-layers of organic or inorganic material
2.1.25
continuous fibre ceramic composite
CFCC
ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcing phase(s) consist(s) of continuous filaments, fibres, yarn or
knitted or woven fabrics
2.1.26
diamond-like carbon
form of carbon made by a CVD process, having hardness much higher than ordinary carbon but lower than
diamond
NOTE Diamond-like carbon is typically used as a hard coat material for cutting tools or memory disks.
2.1.27
dielectric ceramic
ceramic dielectric
electroceramic having controlled dielectric properties
2.1.28
discontinuous fibre-reinforced ceramic composite
ceramic matrix composite material reinforced by chopped fibres
2.1.29
far-infrared radiative ceramic
fine ceramic with specific property to radiate in the far-infrared
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NOTE Far-infrared radiative ceramics are typically used as heaters for industrial and domestic applications.
2.1.30
ferrite
fine ceramic with ferrimagnetic behaviour, having ferric oxide as a major constituent
NOTE Magnetic ceramic is used as a synonym of ferrite, but encompasses non-oxide containing materials as well.
2.1.31
ferroelectric ceramic
non-linear polarizable electroceramic, generally with a high level of permittivity, exhibiting hysteresis in the
variation of the dielectric polarization as a function of the electric field strength and in the temperature
dependence of the permittivity
NOTE Polarization results in electrostrictive, piezoelectric, pyroelectric and/or electro-optic properties, which
disappear above the transition or Curie temperature.
2.1.32
functional ceramic
fine ceramic, the intrinsic properties of which are employed to provide an active function
NOTE e.g., electronic or ionic conductor, component with magnetic, chemical or mechanical sensing function.
2.1.33
functionally graded ceramic
fine ceramic, the properties of which are deliberately varied from one region to another through spatial control
of composition and/or microstructure
2.1.34
glass-ceramic
fine ceramic derived from bulk glass or glass powder by controlled devitrification
NOTE The glass is thermally treated to induce a substantial amount of crystallinity on a fine scale.
2.1.35
hard ferrite
ferrite having strong magnetic anisotropy and high coercivity
NOTE e.g., barium hexaferrite, used as permanent magnets in loudspeakers; strontium hexaferrite, used as
permanent magnet segments in electric motors.
2.1.36
high-temperature superconductor
HTS
HTSC
superconducting ceramic having superconducting properties at temperatures above 77 K, the boiling point of
liquid nitrogen
NOTE Superconducting ceramics typically comprise certain combinations of oxides of copper, rare earths, barium,
strontium, calcium, thallium and/or mercury.
2.1.37
in-plane reinforced (2D) ceramic matrix composite
ceramic matrix composite with continuous reinforcement, which is distributed principally in two directions
NOTE The reinforcement comprises typically ceramic filaments.
2.1.38
machinable ceramic
ceramic that, after the last consolidation heat treatment, can be machined to tight tolerances using
conventional hardmetal or abrasive tools
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
NOTE 1 e.g., boron nitride, glass-ceramics and porous aluminas.
NOTE 2 The natural mineral talc and pyrophyllite, machined and heat-treated, are sometimes also referred to as a
machinable ceramics.
2.1.39
metallized ceramic
fine ceramic product with a coherent, predominantly metal layer applied to its surface
NOTE 1 Processes for metallization include painting, printing, electrolytic deposition and physical vapour deposition.
NOTE 2 Metallization is carried out for specific modification of surface properties or to produce an interlayer for
promoting the formation of a high integrity bond with another material (often metallic).
2.1.40
monolithic ceramic
fine ceramic which has undergone consolidation through sintering to obtain a microstructure consisting
predominantly of ceramic grains of one or more phases which are homogeneously distributed on a scale
which is small compared to the dimensions of the part
NOTE 1 Ceramic parts with low or moderate porosity are included, whereas ceramic matrix composites with ceramic
filaments are excluded.
NOTE 2 A secondary phase can also be non-ceramic.
2.1.41
multidirectional ceramic matrix composite
ceramic matrix composite with continuous reinforcement which is spatially distributed in at least three
directions
NOTE The reinforcement typically comprises ceramic filaments.
2.1.42
nanocomposite ceramic
composite with highly designed microstructure in which fine particles of nanometers in size are dispersed in a
ceramic matrix
SEE particulate reinforced ceramic matrix composite (2.1.46).
2.1.43
non-oxide ceramic
fine ceramic produced primarily from substantially pure metallic carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides or from
mixtures and/or solid solutions thereof
2.1.44
opto-electronic ceramic
electroceramic, typically a ferroelectric ceramic in which the optical properties are controlled by electrical
means
2.1.45
oxide ceramic
fine ceramic produced primarily from substantially pure, metallic oxides or from mixtures and/or solid solutions
thereof
NOTE This term may also be applied to ceramics other than fine ceramics.
2.1.46
particulate reinforced ceramic matrix composite
ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcing components are particles of equiaxed or platelet geometry
(in contrast to whiskers or short fibres)
SEE nanocomposite ceramic (2.1.42)
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2.1.47
piezoelectric ceramic
piezoceramic
electroceramic, typically a ferroelectric ceramic, in which the elastic and dielectric properties are coupled, with
practically linear dependence, between the magnitude and direction of mechanical force applied and the
electric charge created, or conversely, between the strength and direction of an electric driving field and the
elastic deformation obtained
NOTE 1 Typical piezoelectrics are barium titanate and lead zirconium titanate.
NOTE 2 Elastic deformation under the influence of an electric driving field is termed the inverse piezoelectric effect.
NOTE 3 Piezoelectric ceramics are capable of transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy or signals and
vice versa.
2.1.48
silicate ceramic
ceramic, made mainly from minerals and/or other siliceous raw materials, resulting in a microstructure with a
substantial amount of silicate phases
NOTE Electrical porcelain and steatite ceramic are typical silicate ceramics.
2.1.49
soft ferrite
ferrite having a weak magnetic anisotropy, resulting in high magnetic permeability and low magnetic loss
NOTE e.g., manganese-zinc-ferro-ferrite with spinel type crystal structure, used for coils, transformers for energy
conversion; ferrite with garnet-type crystal structure, such as yttrium iron garnet, used for microwave applications.
2.1.50
structural ceramic
fine ceramic employed primarily in structural applications for its mechanical or thermomechanical performance
NOTE The term “structural ceramic” is also applied to clay products for constructional purposes.
2.1.51
superconducting ceramic
electroceramic showing practically zero electrical resistance below a certain temperature
NOTE Superconducting ceramics typically comprise certain combinations of oxides of copper, rare earths, barium,
strontium, calcium, thallium and/or mercury and most of them are high-temperature superconductors.
2.1.52
surface-modified ceramic
fine ceramic in which the surface has been subjected to a deliberate physical or compositional modification
NOTE 1 Surface modification is normally intended to enhance properties or performance.
NOTE 2 Modification processes include ion diffusion, ion exchange and chemical reactions such as oxidation.
2.1.53
thick ceramic coating
ceramic coating of a thickness typically equal to or greater than 10 µm
NOTE Thick ceramic coatings are produced typically by thick film technology such as dipping (slurry), screen printing
or plasma spraying and so on.
2.1.54
thin ceramic coating
ceramic coating of a thickness typically less than 10 µm
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NOTE Thin ceramic coatings are produced typically by thin film technology such as sol-gel coating process (dipping,
spin coating), physical vapour deposition coating process.
2.1.55
unidirectional (1D) ceramic matrix composite
ceramic matrix composite with continuous reinforcement which is distributed in one single direction
NOTE The reinforcement typically comprises ceramic filaments.
2.2 Terms for form and processing
2.2.1
as-fired surface
external surface of a ceramic product after sintering
NOTE The as-fired surface may be relatively rough compared with surfaces machined after sintering and may have
e.g. pits and adherent debris.
2.2.2
binder
one or more mainly organic compounds which are added to the ceramic body in order to enhance compaction
and/or to provide enough strength to the green body to permit handling, green machining, or other operations
prior to sintering
2.2.3
binder phase
tough matrix phase embedding a rigid, hard, main, ceramic phase in a composite material
NOTE 1 e.g., binder phase: cobalt, nickel; hard phase: tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide.
NOTE 2 A tough matrix phase reduces the brittleness and crack sensitivity and improves the strength and toughness of
the composite material.
2.2.4
calcining
calcination
process for changing the chemical composition and/or phases of a powder or powder compact by the action of
heat and atmosphere, prior to consolidation and processing
NOTE This process is typically used for the removal of organic material, combined water and/or volatile material from
a powder or powder compact.
2.2.5
casting
drain (hollow) casting
forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into an open, porous mould, and then draining off the
remaining slip when the cast piece has reached the desired thickness
2.2.6
ceramic agglomerate
accretion of ceramic particles forming a coherent, but weakly bonded mass
NOTE Ceramic agglomerates are unintentionally generated during manufacture and preparation of ceramic powders
for ceramic production and may be difficult to break down.
2.2.7
ceramic aggregate
accretion of ceramic particles forming a coherent mass with strong interfacial bonding
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NOTE Ceramic aggregates are intentionally generated during manufacture and preparation of ceramic powders and
are difficult to break down.
2.2.8
ceramic body
totality of all inorganic and organic raw material constituents after preparation of ceramic powder but before
the shaping and heat treatment to produce a ceramic
2.2.9
ceramic fibre
unit of ceramic matter of relatively short length, characterized by a high length to diameter ratio
NOTE 1 Ceramic fibres may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.
NOTE 2 Ceramic fibres are used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites in which case the diameter is usually
smaller than 20 µm, the aspect ratio typically being greater than 100.
2.2.10
ceramic filament
unit of ceramic matter of small diameter and very long length, considered to be continuous
NOTE 1 Ceramic filaments may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.
NOTE 2 Ceramic filaments are typically used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites, as separate filaments, as
tow and as woven or non-woven fabrics.
2.2.11
ceramic grain
individual crystal within the polycrystalline microstructure of a ceramic
NOTE This term is also used for individual, usually hard, particles of abrasive or refractory materials.
2.2.12
ceramic granulate
mass of granules produced from a ceramic body, usually in a free flowing form, used as a feed stock for
producing a green body
NOTE There are many granulation processes; the size of the granules is typically 40 µm or greater.
2.2.13
ceramic particle
small quantity of ceramic matter, monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous, in a discrete mass of size and
shape controlled by its fabrication process
NOTE Individual particles may accrete into unintentional ceramic agglomerates or intentional ceramic aggregates, or
may be processed to form a ceramic granulate.
2.2.14
ceramic platelet
unit of ceramic matter, typically consisting of a single crystal in a plate-like shape
NOTE 1 Ceramic platelets may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.
NOTE 2 Ceramic platelets are used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites in which case the width of the
platelets is usually smaller than 50 µm.
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
2.2.15
ceramic (powder) preparation
preparation of ceramic powder
process of converting powders and additives into a ceramic body, usually by comminution and/or mixing of the
powder with binders and lubricants to provide the required chemical and physical characteristics
2.2.16
ceramic precursor
chemical or mixture of chemicals employed for the manufacture of a ceramic powder, ceramic granulate, thin
ceramic coating, monolithic ceramic or a ceramic matrix composite, or ceramic fibres, ceramic whiskers or
ceramic platelets, differing in composition from the fabricated ceramic product
NOTE 1 e.g., gaseous silicon tetrachloride used for the formation of silicon nitride; metal alkoxides used for the
formation of metal oxide powders.
NOTE 2 This term is usually applied to gas or liquid mixtures which are decomposed to form ceramic materials.
2.2.17
ceramic whisker
unit of ceramic matter, consisting typically of a single crystal having a needle-like shape
NOTE 1 Ceramic whiskers may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.
NOTE 2 Ceramic whiskers may be used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites in which case the diameter of
the crystals is usually smaller than 3 µm, the aspect ratio being less than 100.
2.2.18
chemical vapour deposition
CVD
process for producing a fine ceramic by reacting gaseous species and condensing the reaction product or by
heterogeneous reaction at the surface of a substrate
NOTE This process may be used for the preparation of a solid ceramic or a ceramic powder or a coated ceramic or
for infiltration of a heated substrate.
2.2.19
chemical vapour deposition coating process
CVD coating process
chemical vapour deposition used for the formation of a fine ceramic coating on a substrate
2.2.20
chemical vapour infiltration
CVI
chemical vapour deposition used for producing a fine ceramic by heterogeneous reaction at the pore surface
of a heated porous ceramic preform
NOTE CVI is typically used to produce ceramic filament reinforced ceramic matrix composites.
2.2.21
cold isostatic pressing
CIP
process of preparing a green body from a ceramic powder or a ceramic granulate by the use of (pseudo-)
isostatic pressure at or near room temperature
NOTE This process is sometimes called “CIPing”.
2.2.22
consolidation
process of rigidizing a ceramic body
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NOTE Consolidation methods include mechanical densification, chemical bonding and sintering.
2.2.23
doctor blade process
process to form a ceramic sheet in which ceramic powder, binder and solvent are mixed and spread by a knife
edge (or a doctor blade) on to a carrier film
NOTE The doctor blade process i
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