ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004

Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 1: Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized

ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004 defines the parameters to be determined in any Standardized Air Interface Definition in the ISO/IEC 18000 series. The subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000 provide the specific values for definition of the Air Interface Parameters for a particular frequency or type of air interface, from which compliance (or non compliance) with ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004 can be established. ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004 also provides description of example conceptual architectures in which these air interfaces are often to be utilized. ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004 limits its scope to transactions and data exchanges across the air interface at Reference Point Delta. The means of generating and managing such transactions, other than a requirement to achieve the transactional performance determined within ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004, are outside its scope, as is the definition or specification of any supporting hardware, firmware, software or associated equipment. ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004 is an enabling standard that supports and promotes several RFID implementations without making conclusions about the relative technical merits of any available option for any possible application.

Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence (RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Partie 1: Architecture de référence et définition des paramètres à normaliser

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 12-Sep-2004
• Withdrawal Date: 12-Sep-2004
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 - Radio communications
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 23-Jun-2008

Relations

• Revised: ISO/IEC 18000-1:2008 - Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part 1: Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008
• Consolidated By: ISO 4064-4:2014 - Water meters for cold potable water and hot water — Part 4: Non-metrological requirements not covered in ISO 4064-1
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 18000-1
First edition
2004-09-15


Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item
management —
Part 1:
Reference architecture and definition of
parameters to be standardized
Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence
(RFID) pour la gestion d'objets —
Partie 1: Architecture de référence et définition des paramètres à
normaliser




Reference number
ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2004

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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 2
5 Architectures, references and exclusions. 3
5.1 Communications architecture . 3
5.2 System specification . 6
5.3 Interface specification . 6
5.4 Application architecture. 6
5.5 Information and data architecture. 6
5.6 Implementation architecture. 6
5.7 System security architecture. 6
5.8 Resilience considerations. 6
5.9 Unique identification. 6
6 Requirements . 6
6.1 Vision statement . 6
6.2 Mission statement. 7
6.3 Conformance and Commands. 7
6.4 General (Context) . 8
6.5 Instruction to developers of subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000 and to installers. 8
6.6 Context (OSI) . 10
6.7 Bi-directional systems. 10
6.8 Uni-directional systems. 11
6.9 Relationship to other standards. 11
6.10 Parameters. 11
6.11 Physical and media access control parameters. 12
6.12 Protocol and collision management parameters. 18
7 Modulation . 21
8 Patents and intellectual property . 21
8.1 Responsibilities regarding patents and intellectual property. 21
8.2 Patents referenced in ISO/IEC 18000 . 21
Annex A (informative) Reference co-ordinates for regional and national regulations. 22
Annex B (informative) Pro forma for parameter definition standards (including parameter
definition tables) . 23
Annex C (informative) Architectural views of logistic and distribution systems . 38
Annex D (informative) Unique identifier . 49
Annex E (informative) Intellectual property: patents . 51

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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
ISO/IEC 18000-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
ISO/IEC 18000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item management:
 Part 1: Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized
 Part 2: Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz
 Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
 Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz
 Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
 Part 7: Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
Introduction
ISO/IEC 18000 has been developed by ISO/IEC SC 31 WG 4, radio frequency identification for item
identification and management, in order to provide parameter definitions for communications protocols within
a common framework for internationally useable frequencies for radio frequency identification (RFID), and,
where possible, to determine the use of the same protocols for ALL frequencies such that the problems of
migrating from one to another are diminished; to minimise software and implementation costs; and to enable
system management and control and information exchange to be common as far as is possible.
Informative Annexes to this part of ISO/IEC 18000 provide contact information in respect of the radio
regulations within which such systems have to operate, and some informational views of system architectures
within which RFID for item management is likely to be used (Annexes A and C).
There are no specific patents applicable to this part of ISO/IEC 18000. Known patents relating to other parts of
ISO/IEC 18000 that may be applicable to one or may be applicable to more than one part of ISO/IEC 18000
are provided in Annex E to this part of ISO/IEC 18000.


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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)

Information technology — Radio frequency identification for
item management —
Part 1:
Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be
standardized
1 Scope
1.1 This part of ISO/IEC 18000 describes the generic architecture concepts in which item identification may
commonly be required within the logistics and supply chain and defines the parameters that need to be
determined in any standardized air interface definition in the subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000. The
subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000 provide the specific values for definition of the air interface parameters for
a particular frequency/type of air interface from which compliance to (or non compliance with) this part of
ISO/IEC 18000 can be established. This part of ISO/IEC 18000 also provides description of example
conceptual architectures in which these air interfaces are often to be utilized.
1.2 This part of ISO/IEC 18000 limits its scope to transactions and data exchanges across the air interface
at Reference point delta (see Figure 1). The means of generating and managing such transactions, other
than a requirement to achieve the transactional performance determined within this part of ISO/IEC 18000,
are outside the scope of this part of ISO/IEC 18000, as is the definition or specification of any supporting
hardware, firmware, software or associated equipment.
1.3 Standardization of other reference points is outside the scope of this part of ISO/IEC 18000. (See
Figure 1.)
1.4 This part of ISO/IEC 18000 is an enabling standard which supports and promotes several RFID
implementations without making conclusions about the relative technical merits of any available option for any
possible application.
1.5 This part of ISO/IEC 18000 also provides reference information in respect of patents that have been
declared to the developers of ISO/IEC 18000 as pertinent and provides reference addresses in respect of
regulations under which ISO/IEC 18000 must operate.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts), Information technology — AIDC techniques — Harmonized vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts) and the
following apply.

1) To be published.
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
3.1.0
MODES (standardized)
Different standardized RFID systems for Item Identification operating within the same frequency range. Such
systems may or may not be interoperable, but shall not significantly interfere with each other. An International
Standard providing parameter definitions for a particular frequency range may have one or several MODES
3.2.0
Significant Interference
Significant interference exists if a system of one standardized MODE (working within the most widespread
regulated power emissions) is likely to impede the successful operation of a system of another standardized
MODE (working within the most widespread regulated power emissions), in likely expected operating
situations
3.3.0
Marginal measurable interference
Marginal measurable interference is interference that does not impede operation in likely expected operating
situations, or that could be avoided by simple and inexpensive design improvement, shall not be considered
cause to reject a MODE."
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviated terms given in ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts) and
the following apply.
AFI Application family identifier
API Application programming interface
CW Continuous wave
DFMFM Double frequency modified frequency modulation
DLL Data link layer (OSI model)
DSFID Data Storage Format Identifier
EOF End Of Frame
FCC Federal Communications Commission (of USA)
FTDMA Frequency and time division multiple access
LPB Long power break
MFM Modified frequency modulation
MFR Tag ID Unique identifier known in some places as UID
n/a Not applicable
PJM Phase jitter modulation
PN Pseudo-noise (as in PN Code)
SOF Start of frame
TRAM Temporary random access memory
VICC Vicinity integrated circuit card
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
5 Architectures, references and exclusions
This part of ISO/IEC 18000 does not attempt to define a reference architecture for item identification. The
communication architecture defines the reference point that is the subject of ISO/IEC 18000, and limits
ISO/IEC 18000 to defining protocols and transactions across this reference point in several technical and
application situations. The informative annexes provide architecture examples of application scenarios where
such transactions are likely to occur. These example scenarios are informative and the protocols and
transactions defined in ISO/IEC 18000 may and will occur in other situations.
5.1 Communications architecture
5.1.1 Reference point delta
This part of ISO/IEC 18000 limits its scope to transactions and data exchanges across the air interface at
Reference point delta. (See Figure 1). The means of generating and managing such transactions, other than
a requirement to achieve the transactional performance determined within this part of ISO/IEC 18000, are
outside the scope of this part of ISO/IEC 18000, as is the definition or specification of any supporting hardware,
firmware, software or associated equipments.
Standardization of other reference points are outside the scope of this part of ISO/IEC 18000. (See Figure 1.)

TAG INTERROGATOR
Air Interface
Application Communication Media Media Communication Local Central
Processes Control Adaption Adaption Control System System
APPLICATION CC MA MA CC LS CS
Reference
Points
ZETA EPSILON DELTA GAMMA BETA ALPHA

Figure 1 — RFID Reference Communications Architecture
5.1.2 Entity blocks
yyyy Central system. This block contains all centralised functions of general distribution logistic model
applications.
yyyy Local system. This is the local (roadside) entity that handles the "real-time" and distributed parts of
the general distribution logistic model application.
yyyy Fixed Communication Control. Communication block that handles the medium independent part of
the communication link.
yyyy Media Adaptation. The medium dependent entity
yyyy On-board communication control. Communication control that handles the medium independent
part of the communication link .
y Application processes. This entity symbolises several in-vehicle applications, of which the general
distribution logistic model may be only one application process.
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
5.1.3 Reference points
yyyy ALPHA. Alpha is the reference point which delimits the functions of the central system and the local
system.
yyyy BETA. The reference point where data, commands, etc. are passed from the fixed communication
control to the local system function, and vice-versa.
yyyy GAMMA. Between fixed communication control and media adaptation.
yyyy DELTA. Between on-board and fixed equipment. This reference point usually corresponds with an
air interface in the nature of dedicated short range communication.
yyyy EPSILON. Between media adaptation and on-board communication control.
yyyy ZETA. Reference point between on-board communication control and application processes.
5.1.4 Context negotiation
Figure 2 describes the nature of the general distribution logistic model context negotiation and transaction at
Reference point delta.
Master/ Stationary Slave/Mobile
1. Initialisation
A A
1 2
2. Transmission

Figure 2 — Simplified context negotiation (typical tag transaction)

The communication starts with the master A downloading a message to the slave A , referring to a list of
1 2
predetermined contexts defined by (Protocol, Encoding, Applications) triplets. The slave, if prepared to handle
any of these, can start the transmission referring to the chosen application.
5.1.5 Interaction sequence
An example of the interaction sequence for general distribution logistic model can be defined as described in
Figure 3.
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)

Figure 3 — Functional (information flow) interaction sequence diagram for generic general distribution
logistic model communications systems
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
The application information flow is not defined herein, but some of these aspects may be addressed in
subsequent additions to this part of ISO/IEC 18000.
5.2 System specification
System specification is not defined within ISO/IEC 18000 which relates solely to the interface between an
interrogator and a transponder.
5.3 Interface specification
The subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000 (interface specifications at different frequencies) define, describe and
specify interface(s) in physical and procedural terms in conformance to the parameters defined in 5.4 to 5.9.
5.4 Application architecture
Application architecture specification is outside the scope of this version of ISO/IEC 18000. Some example
typical conceptual architecture views and contexts in which RFID for item management are likely to be used
are shown in Annex C.
5.5 Information and data architecture
2
Information/data architecture aspects will be addressed in a future International Standard.
5.6 Implementation architecture
ISO/IEC 18000 provides assistance and guidance to those implementing Item Identification systems using
RFID. The 'implementation' level of architecture is the mapping of functions into physical boxes at one or a
number of locations. These are a function for commercial consideration, rather than standardization, and the
implementation architecture is specifically excluded from ISO/IEC 18000.
5.7 System security architecture
System security architecture is not defined within this part of ISO/IEC 18000.
5.8 Resilience considerations
Resilience considerations are not defined within ISO/IEC 18000.
5.9 Unique identification
In subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000, unique identification (UID) may be required. Annex D provides a
preferred form of UID. In some parts of ISO/IEC 18000 this may be defined as a normative requirement, in
other parts it may be advisory or not preferred. Whether this form of UID is mandatory, advisory or not
applicable in any specific part is to be stated in the normative clauses of that part of ISO/IEC 18000.
6 Requirements
6.1 Vision statement
This part of ISO/IEC 18000 defines a common set of parameters that are necessary (at any frequency) in
order to avoid contention or interference with other RFID systems, to establish the highest degree of
interoperability as is practicable, and to ease migration between technical solutions and their supporting
software. The International Standard envisions common methods of determination and description.

2) ISO/IEC 15961, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Data protocol:
application interface.
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
6.2 Mission statement
The mission of this part of ISO/IEC 18000 is to determine common parameters to be defined in an item
identification air interface; the method and means of their definition, and to provide a common format for their
elaboration and definition. Subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000 will provide the parameter definitions, at
different frequencies, for each of the parameters required by this part of ISO/IEC 18000 in accordance with
the common format herein determined, and may also, where appropriate, provide regional definitions with
geographical constraints. If any parameter defined in this part of ISO/IEC 18000 is inappropriate at a particular
frequency, it will be specifically and expressly stated in that part of ISO/IEC 18000 that the named and
referenced parameter is not appropriate at that frequency. This part of ISO/IEC 18000 additionally provides
relevant information in respect of radio regulations bodies and some examples of conceptual system
architectures within which RFID for item identification and management is likely to be used.
6.3 Conformance and Commands
6.3.1 Claiming conformance
In order to claim conformance with ISO/IEC 18000 it is necessary to comply to all of the normative clauses of
this part of ISO/IEC 18000 except those marked ‘optional’ and it is also necessary to operate within the local
national radio regulations (which may require further restrictions) and, if appropriate, to hold a valid licence
from the appropriate owner of intellectual property associated with the MODES defined herein.
6.3.2 General conformance requirements
3)
A document on the subject is in preparation.
6.3.3 Command structure and extensibility
ISO/IEC 18000 includes definition of the structure of command codes between an interrogator and a tag and
indicate how many positions are available for future extensions.
Command specification clauses provide a full definition of the command and its presentation.
Each command is labelled as being ‘mandatory’ or ‘optional’.
The clauses of each part of ISO/IEC 18000 shall make provision for ‘custom’ and ‘proprietary’ commands.
6.3.4 Mandatory commands
A mandatory command shall be supported by all tags that claim to be compliant and all interrogators which
claim compliance shall support all mandatory commands.
6.3.5 Optional commands
Optional commands are commands that are specified as such within ISO/IEC 18000. Interrogators shall be
technically capable of performing all optional commands that are specified in ISO/IEC 18000 (although need
not be set up to do so). Tags may or may not support optional commands.
If an optional command is used, it shall be implemented in the manner specified in ISO/IEC 18000.
6.3.6 Custom commands
Custom commands may be permitted by an ISO/IEC 18000 Standard, but they shall not be specified in that
International Standard.

3) ISO/IEC TR 18047 (all parts), Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods.
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
A custom command shall not solely duplicate the functionality of any mandatory or optional command defined
in the International Standard by a different method.
6.3.7 Proprietary commands
Proprietary commands may be permitted by an ISO/IEC 18000 Standard, but they shall not be specified in
that International Standard.
A proprietary command shall not solely duplicate the functionality of any mandatory or optional command
defined in the International Standard by a different method.
6.4 General (Context)
There are a number of different frequency ranges that an RFID system may legally use in any country. Whilst
steps are being taken to harmonise frequency regulations throughout the world, there remain differences in
frequency, bandwidth and allowed maximum power which will affect performance of systems in any specific
location.
Different applications also require different performance characteristics. Some, for example, may require very
short read or write range, others longer reading ranges. Some may require very high tag populations within
the reading range, others few, or perhaps even only one.
ISO/IEC 18000 provides a framework within which developers of application International Standards, and
users of such International Standards, may select one or more standardized options that meet their
requirements in the region, or regions, of use.
Users of ISO/IEC 18000 Standards are required to ensure that the option(s) chosen are legal within the radio
regulations of the countries where it is intended to operate the system. Annex A provides some guideline
assistance for the situation as at the time of publication of this part of ISO/IEC 18000, but the responsibility
remains for the supplier and user to ensure conformance to National regulations.
RFID application International Standards for item management may specify the use of one or more
International standardized air interfaces to meet specific application requirements.
In order to maximise interoperability, a set of parameters shall be determined for each approved frequency, or
a limited range of options (to be called "MODES") shall be determined.
6.5 Instruction to developers of subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000 and to installers
6.5.1
Developers of the subsequent parts of ISO/IEC 18000 shall limit the number of permitted modes to those of
different characteristics, and, within the part, to specifically explain the differences in characteristics and the
likely impact on performance that may be expected. (For example : MODE 1 is usually most suited to longer
read ranges, whilst MODE 2 is most suited for high tag in read zone populations. MODE 3 is Read only etc.) .
Where practicable a tabular comparison shall also be made.
6.5.2
Where protocol sets are offered for International standardization where there is little technical or characteristic
difference between options, International Standards developers shall try to determine a compromise single
MODE accommodating both parties. Where such accommodation is not possible or agreeable to the parties,
the matter to be referred to the working group for decision.
6.5.3
International Standards developers shall ensure that no "significant interference" exists between standardized
MODES. "Significant Interference" exists if a system of one standardized MODE (working within the most
widespread regulated power emissions) is likely to impede the successful operation of a system of another
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ISO/IEC 18000-1:2004(E)
standardized MODE (working within the most widespread re
...