ISO 62:1980

Plastics — Determination of water absorption

Plastiques — Détermination de l'absorption d'eau

Polimerni materiali - Določanje absorpcije vode

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-1980
• Withdrawal Date: 31-Aug-1980
• ICS: 83.080.01 - Plastics in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 6 - Ageing, chemical and environmental resistance
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 6/WG 7 - Basic standards
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 04-Feb-1999
• Ref Project: SIST ISO 62:1996 - Plastics -- Determination of water absorption

Relations

• Revised: ISO 62:1999 - Plastics — Determination of water absorption
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

International Standard
62
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDlZATIONWE>KLIYHAPO~HAR OPrAHH3Al&lR f’l0 CTAH&APTH3A~MH.ORGANlSATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Plastics - Determination of water absorption
Plastiques - D&termination de l’absorp tion d’eau
First edition
- 1980-09-15
Corrected and reprinted 1990-10-01
UDC 678.5/.8 : 678.01 : 532.696.52
Ref. No. IS0 62-1980 (E)
iz
Descriptors : plastics, tests, water absorption tests.
ii
Q)
C
I
i2
0
cl3
Price based on 4 pages

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Foreword
IS0 (the international Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national standards institutes (IS0 member bodies). The work of developing lnter-
national Standards is carried out through IS0 technical committees. Every member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been set up has the
right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to
the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the IS0 Council.
International Standard IS0 62 was developed by Technical Committee lSO/TC 61,
a nd was circulated to the member bodies
P/as tics, in May 1978.
It has been approved by the member bodies of the following countries :
Australia India Romania
Austria Iran
South Africa, Rep. of
Belgium Israel Spain
Bulgaria
Italy Sweden
Canada Japan Switzerland
Czechoslovakia Korea, Rep. of Turkey
Finland
Mexico United Kingdom
France Netherlands USA
Greece New Zealand USSR
Hungary Poland Yugoslavia
The member body of the following country expressed disapproval of the document on
technical grounds :
Germany, F. R.
This International Standard cancels and replaces IS0 Recommendations R 62-1958
and R 117-1959, of which it constitutes a technical revision.
0
0 International Organization for Standardization, 1980
Printed in Switzerland

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
IS0 624980 (El
Plastics - Determination of water absorption
0 Introduction
I.3 The standard immersion periods are 24 h at 23 OC and
30 min at the boiling point of water, but provision is made for
Under the action of water, a plastic may be subjected to two
longer test durations, by agreement between the interested
phenomena at more or less the same time :
parties.
-
the absorption of water, sometimes accompanied by
Except for the variations in mass covered in this International
NOTE -
the properties of
swelling; Standard, the influence of water absorption or
plastics should be determined in accordance with so 175.
-
the extraction of any water-soluble constituents.
2 References
The action of the water may also result in changes in the
dimensions and/or in the physical properties of the material.
Determination of the effects of liquid
IS0 175, Plastics -
chemicals including water. 1)
The water absorption values of different plastics may be used
for comparing their behaviour under moist conditions, but they
IS0 293, Plastics - Compression moulding test specimens of
do not represent the maximum amount of water that may be
thermoplastic ma teria Is. 2)
absorbed.
IS0 294, Plastics - Injection moulding test specimens of
Comparison of the water absorption of various plastics is poss-
thermoplastic materials.
ible only if the test specimens are of identical dimensions and,
as nearly as possible, in the same physical state.
IS0 295, Plastics - Compression moulding test specimens of
Correspondence between the methods specified in this Interna- thermose tting materials.
tional Standard and the previous Recommendations ISO/R 62
IS0 2508, Unplasticized polyviny/ chloride (PVC) pipes -
and ISO/R 117 is indicated in the standard itself.
Determination of water absorption.
Preparation of test specimens by
IS0 2818, Plastics -
machining.
1 Scope and field of application
1 .I This International Standard specifies four conventional
3 - Principle
methods for the determination of the mass of water absorbed
by a plastic test specimen of defined dimensions that is im-
Complete immersion of test specimens of the plastic material in
mersed in water for a specified time and at a specified
water for a specified period of time and at a specified
temperature. Two of the methods are for use when it is desired
temperature. Determination of changes in the mass of the test
to take account of the possible presence of water-soluble
specimens after immersion in water and if required after
matter.
elimination of the water by drying.
The water absorption may be expressed in the following ways :
1.2 The four conventional methods specified are applicable
to all plastics except cellular plastics and plastics that soften at
a) as the mass of water absorbed;
the temperature of boiling water to an extent that causes them
to lose their shape entirely. In the latter case, only tests at 23 OC
b) as the mass of water absorbed per unit of surface area;
are applicable.
1)At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of ISO/R 175 and ISO/R 462.)
2) At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of IS0 293-1974.)

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
IS0 62-1980 E)
tage by mass of water
c) as a percen absorbed with respect
5.3 Sheet
to the mass of the test specimen.
The specimen shall be 50 + 1 mm square and shall be
IMPORTANT NOTE - Comparisons between various plastics on the
machined from the sheet under test, for example in accordance
basis of this test are valid only if the test specimens are of identical
with IS0 2818.
dimensions and, as nearly as possible, in the same physical state (sur-
face, internal stress, etc. 1.
The thickness of the test specimen shall be the same as that of
the sheet under test if the nominal thickness of the sheet is
equal to or less than 25 mm.
4 Apparatus
If the nominal thickness is greater than 25 mm and in the
Balance, with an accuracy of 1 mg. absence of special provisions in the relevant specification, the
4.1
thickness of the test specimen shall be reduced to 25 mm by
machining on one surface only.
4.2 Oven, capable of being controlled at 50 * 2 OC or at any
other agreed temperature (see clause 6, note 2).
5.4 Tubes and rods
4.3 Containers, containing distilled water, or water of
equivalent purity, equipped with a means of heating and
54.1 Tubes
capable of being controlled at the temperature specified.
When possible, reference shall be made to the relevant Interna-
4.4 Desiccator. tional Standards for the material under test.‘) In the absence of
specific International Standards, the test specimen shall be a
piece of tube, of length 50 + 1 mm, obtained by cutting it at
4.5 Means of measuring dimensions of specimens, if
right angles to its longitudinal axis.
required (see 7.2.1).
For tubes of outside diameter larger than 50 mm, a length of
50 + 1 mm shall be cut and the test specimen prepared from
5 Test specimens
this length by making a cut along each of two planes containing
the longitudinal axis of the tube, so as to give a developed
Three specimens shall be tested. They may be obtained directly
width of 50 + 1 mm when measured on the outer surface.
by moulding or by machining. In the latter case, the cut surface
shall be smooth and shall not show any trace of charring that
may be due to the method of preparation. 5.4.2 Rods
For rods of diameter below or equal to 50 mm, the test
5.1 Moulding material
specimen shall be a piece of the rod, of length 50 & lmm, ob-
tained by cutting it at right angles to its longitudinal axis.
The test specimen shall have a diameter of 50 + 1 mm and a
thickness of 3 & 0,2 mm. It shall be moulded under the con-
For rods of diameter greater than 50 mm, in the absence of any
ditions given in the relevant spec
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 62:1996
01-junij-1996
3ROLPHUQLPDWHULDOL'RORþDQMHDEVRUSFLMHYRGH
Plastics -- Determination of water absorption
Plastiques -- Détermination de l'absorption d'eau
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 62:1980
ICS:
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
SIST ISO 62:1996 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST ISO 62:1996

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------

SIST ISO 62:1996
International Standard
62
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDlZATIONWE>KLIYHAPO~HAR OPrAHH3Al&lR f’l0 CTAH&APTH3A~MH.ORGANlSATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Plastics - Determination of water absorption
Plastiques - D&termination de l’absorp tion d’eau
First edition
- 1980-09-15
Corrected and reprinted 1990-10-01
UDC 678.5/.8 : 678.01 : 532.696.52
Ref. No. IS0 62-1980 (E)
iz
Descriptors : plastics, tests, water absorption tests.
ii
Q)
C
I
i2
0
cl3
Price based on 4 pages

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------

SIST ISO 62:1996
Foreword
IS0 (the international Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national standards institutes (IS0 member bodies). The work of developing lnter-
national Standards is carried out through IS0 technical committees. Every member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been set up has the
right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to
the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the IS0 Council.
International Standard IS0 62 was developed by Technical Committee lSO/TC 61,
a nd was circulated to the member bodies
P/as tics, in May 1978.
It has been approved by the member bodies of the following countries :
Australia India Romania
Austria Iran
South Africa, Rep. of
Belgium Israel Spain
Bulgaria
Italy Sweden
Canada Japan Switzerland
Czechoslovakia Korea, Rep. of Turkey
Finland
Mexico United Kingdom
France Netherlands USA
Greece New Zealand USSR
Hungary Poland Yugoslavia
The member body of the following country expressed disapproval of the document on
technical grounds :
Germany, F. R.
This International Standard cancels and replaces IS0 Recommendations R 62-1958
and R 117-1959, of which it constitutes a technical revision.
0
0 International Organization for Standardization, 1980
Printed in Switzerland

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------

SIST ISO 62:1996
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
IS0 624980 (El
Plastics - Determination of water absorption
0 Introduction
I.3 The standard immersion periods are 24 h at 23 OC and
30 min at the boiling point of water, but provision is made for
Under the action of water, a plastic may be subjected to two
longer test durations, by agreement between the interested
phenomena at more or less the same time :
parties.
-
the absorption of water, sometimes accompanied by
Except for the variations in mass covered in this International
NOTE -
the properties of
swelling; Standard, the influence of water absorption or
plastics should be determined in accordance with so 175.
-
the extraction of any water-soluble constituents.
2 References
The action of the water may also result in changes in the
dimensions and/or in the physical properties of the material.
Determination of the effects of liquid
IS0 175, Plastics -
chemicals including water. 1)
The water absorption values of different plastics may be used
for comparing their behaviour under moist conditions, but they
IS0 293, Plastics - Compression moulding test specimens of
do not represent the maximum amount of water that may be
thermoplastic ma teria Is. 2)
absorbed.
IS0 294, Plastics - Injection moulding test specimens of
Comparison of the water absorption of various plastics is poss-
thermoplastic materials.
ible only if the test specimens are of identical dimensions and,
as nearly as possible, in the same physical state.
IS0 295, Plastics - Compression moulding test specimens of
Correspondence between the methods specified in this Interna- thermose tting materials.
tional Standard and the previous Recommendations ISO/R 62
IS0 2508, Unplasticized polyviny/ chloride (PVC) pipes -
and ISO/R 117 is indicated in the standard itself.
Determination of water absorption.
Preparation of test specimens by
IS0 2818, Plastics -
machining.
1 Scope and field of application
1 .I This International Standard specifies four conventional
3 - Principle
methods for the determination of the mass of water absorbed
by a plastic test specimen of defined dimensions that is im-
Complete immersion of test specimens of the plastic material in
mersed in water for a specified time and at a specified
water for a specified period of time and at a specified
temperature. Two of the methods are for use when it is desired
temperature. Determination of changes in the mass of the test
to take account of the possible presence of water-soluble
specimens after immersion in water and if required after
matter.
elimination of the water by drying.
The water absorption may be expressed in the following ways :
1.2 The four conventional methods specified are applicable
to all plastics except cellular plastics and plastics that soften at
a) as the mass of water absorbed;
the temperature of boiling water to an extent that causes them
to lose their shape entirely. In the latter case, only tests at 23 OC
b) as the mass of water absorbed per unit of surface area;
are applicable.
1)At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of ISO/R 175 and ISO/R 462.)
2) At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of IS0 293-1974.)

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------

SIST ISO 62:1996
IS0 62-1980 E)
tage by mass of water
c) as a percen absorbed with respect
5.3 Sheet
to the mass of the test specimen.
The specimen shall be 50 + 1 mm square and shall be
IMPORTANT NOTE - Comparisons between various plastics on the
machined from the sheet under test, for example in accordance
basis of this test are valid only if the test specimens are of identical
with IS0 2818.
dimensions and, as nearly as possible, in the same physical state (sur-
face, internal stress, etc. 1.
The thickness of the test specimen shall be the same as that of
the sheet under test if the nominal thickness of the sheet is
equal to or less than 25 mm.
4 Apparatus
If the nominal thickness is greater than 25 mm and in the
Balance, with an accuracy of 1 mg. absence of special provisions in the relevant specification, the
4.1
thickness of the test specimen shall be reduced to 25 mm by
machining on one surface only.
4.2 Oven, capable of being controlled at 50 * 2 OC or at any
other agreed temperature (see clause 6, note 2).
5.4 Tubes and rods
4.3 Containers, containing distilled water, or water of
equivalent purity, equipped with a means of heating and
54.1 Tubes
capable of being controlled at the temperature specified.
When possible, reference shall be made to the relevant Interna-
4.4 Desiccator. tional Standards for the material under test.‘) In the absence of
specific International Standards, the test specimen shall be a
piece of tube, of length 50 + 1 mm, obtained by cutting it at
4.5 Means of measuring dimensions of specimens, if
right angles to its longitudinal axis.
required (see 7.2.1).
For tubes of outside diameter larger than 50 mm, a length of
50 + 1 mm shall be cut and the test specimen prepared from
5 Test specimens
this length by making a cut along each of two planes containing
the longitudinal axis of the tube, so as to give a developed
Three specimens shall be tested. They may be obtained directly
width of 50 + 1 mm when measured on the outer surface.
by moulding or by machining. In the latter case, the cut surface
shall be smooth and shall not show any trace of charring that
may be due to the method of preparation. 5.4.2 Rods
For rods of diameter below or equal to 50 mm, the test
5.1 Moulding material
specimen shall be a piece of the rod, of l
...

Norme internationale 62
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATIONOME~YHAPO~HAR OPrAHM3AUHR Il0 CTAHnAPTH3AUMM.ORGANlSATlON INTERNATION&LE O€ NORMILLISATION
Plastiques - Détermination de l'absorption d'eau
cli.
Plastics - Determination of water absorption
Premiere 6dition - 1980-09-15
-
R6f. no : IS0 62-1980 (FI
CDU 678.5/.8 : 678.01 : 532.696.52
I
tf
Descripteurs : matibre plastique, essai, essai d'absorption d'eau.
8
.-
d
O
Prix bas6 sir 4 pages
v,
I
--

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Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une federation mondiale
d'organismes nationaux de normalisation (comit6s membres de I'ISO). L'Blaboration
des Normes internationales est confiBe aux comitBs techniques de I'ISO. Chaque
cornit6 membre intBress6 par une Btude a le droit de faire partie du cornit6 technique
correspondant. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouverne-
mentales, en liaison avec I'ISO, participent Bgalement aux travaux.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptes par les comitBs techniques sont soumis
aux comitb membres pour approbation, avant leur acceptation comme Normes inter-
I'ISO.
nationales par le Conseil de
La Norme internationale IS0 62 a 6t6 élaborbe par le cornit6 technique ISO/TC 61,
Plastiques, et a 6t6 soumise aux comit6s membres en mai 1978.
Les comites membres des pays suivants l'ont approuvke :
Pologne
Afrique du Sud, Rep. d' Grhce
Australie Hongrie Roumanie
Royaume-Uni
Autriche Inde
Belgique Iran Suede
Israël Suisse
Bulgarie
Canada Italie TchBcoslovaquie
Turquie
CorBe, RBp. de Japon
Espagne Mexique URSS
Finlande Nouvelle-ZBlande USA
France Pays-Bas Yougoslavie
Le comitB membre du pays suivant l'a d6sapprouv6e pour des raisons techniques :
Allemagne, R. F.
Cette Norme internationale annule et remplace les Recommandations ISO/R 62-1958
et ISO/R 117-1959, dont elle constitue une revision technique.
0 Organisation internationale de normalisation, 1980 0
Imprime en Suisse

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NORME INTERNATIONALE IS0 62-1980 (F)
Plastiques - Détermination de l'absorption d'eau
de l'eau bouillante est tel qu'ils perdraient complbternent leur
O Introduction
forme. Dans ce dernier cas, seuls les essais B 23 OC sont appli-
Sous l'action de l'eau, un plastique peut être le siege de deux
cables.
phenomhnes plus ou moins concomitants :
1.3 Les durees d'immersion normales sont 24 h B 23 OC et
- d'une part, l'absorption d'eau accompagnee parfois de
30 min B I'bbullition, mais il est prevu de pouvoir travailler avec
gonflement;
des durees plus longues aprhs accord entre les partie:; interes-
(3
sees.
-
d'autre part, l'extraction de ses composants solubles
dans l'eau, s'il y en a.
NOTE - À l'exception des variations de masse, objet de 16 pr6sente
Norme internationale, l'influence de l'absorption d'eau sur les propri6-
L'action de l'eau peut Bgalement entraîner des modifications
t6s des plastiques est d6termin6e selon VISO 175.
dans les dimensions et/ou les proprietes physiques de la
matibre.
2 R6f6rences
Les valeurs d'absorption d'eau de differents plastiques peuvent
IS0 175, Plastiques - Ddtermination de l'action des agents
être utilisees pour comparer leur comportement en presence
chimiques liquides, y compris l'eau. 1
d'humidite, mais ne representent pas les quantites maximales
d'eau qui peuvent Qtre absorbees.
IS0 293, Plastiques - Moulage par compression des c!prouvet-
tes en matidres thermoplastiques.2)
La comparaison des absorptions d'eau de divers plastiques
n'est possible que si l'on utilise des Bprouvettes de dimensions
IS0 294, Matidres plastiques - Moulage par injec,tion des
identiques et, autant que possible, de même etat physique.
dprouvettes en matihres thermoplastiques.
La correspondance entre les methodes specifiees par la pre-
IS0 295, Matidres plastiques - Moulage par compre:;sion des
sente Norme internationale et les anciennes Recommandations
dprouvettes en matidres thermodurcissables.
ISO/R 62 et ISO/R 117 est indiquee dans la norme elle-même.
IS0 2508, Tubes en polychlorure de vinyle (PVC) nor1 plastifib
6;
- DBtermination de l'absorption d'eau.
1 Objet et domaine d'application
IS0 2818, Matidres plastiques - Prdparation des dpr,ouvettes
1.1 La presente Norme internationale specifie quatre metho-
par usinage.
des conventionnelles de determination de la masse d'eau absor-
bee par une Bprouvette de dimensions definies, immergee dans
l'eau durant un temps et B une temperature determines. Deux
3 Principe
de ces methodes couvrent le cas où l'on veut tenir compte de la
presence Bventuelle de matihres solubles dans l'eau.
Immersion complbte, dans l'eau, des Bprouvettes du plastique B
essayer, pendant une duree et B une temperature d6terminees.
Determination des variations de masse des Bprouvetes aprbs
1.2 Les quatre methodes conventionnelles decrites s'appli-
immersion dans l'eau et, Bventuellement, aprhs Blimiriation de
quent B tous les plastiques, B l'exception des plastiques alv6o-
l'eau par sbchage.
laires et des plastiques dont le ramollissement B la temperature
6 Actuellement au stade de projet. (RBvision de I'ISO/R 175 et de I'ISO/R 462.)
2) Actuellement au stade de projet. (Rbvision de I'ISO 293-1974.]
1

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
IS0 62-1980 (FI
L'absorption d'eau peut être exprimbe de la manibre suivante :
feuille de cette Bpaisseur, prBparBe dans les conditions iiidi-
quees dans les spbcifications relatives 8 la matibre (ou dans les
a) en masse d'eau absorbhe;
conditions prescrites par le fournisseur de la matibre).
b) en masse d'eau absorbhe par unit6 d'aire;
5.3 Feuilles et plaques
c) en pourcentage en masse d'eau absorbbe, par rapport B
la masse de I'Bprouvette.
L'Bprouvette doit être un carré de 50 f 1 mm de côtB et (loit
être usinée 8 partir de la feuille ou de la plaque soumise B l'es ai,
NOTE IMPORTANTE - La comparaison de diffbrents plastiques au
par exemple conformément à I'ISO 2818.
moyen de cet essai n'est valable que si l'on utilise des Bprouvettes de
dimensions identiques, et, autant que possible, de meme Btat physique
L'Bpaisseur de I'Bprouvette doit être la même que celle di! la
(surface, tensions internes, etc.).
feuille ou de la plaque soumise ti l'essai, si 1'6paisseur nomirlale
de celle-ci est inférieure ou égale B 25 mm.
4 Appareillage
est supérieure à 25 mm, et en I'abseiice
Si I'épaisseur nominale
de dispositions particulibres dans la spécification correspm-
Balance, precise B 1 mg. dante, 1'6paisseur de I'éprouvette doit &re ramenbe B 25 inm
4.1
par usinage sur une seule face.
4.2 ktuve, rBglable B 50 f 2 OC ou B toute autre tempbra-
ture convenue (voir chapitre 6, note 2).
5.4 Tubes et joncs
4.3 ROcipients, contenant de l'eau distillBe, ou de l'eau de
5.4.1 Tubes
puret6 Bquivalente, Bquipbs d'un dispositif de chauffage r6gla-
ble B la temperature spBcifi6e.
Autant que possible, faire reference aux Normes internationilles
correspondantes du materiau soumis B l'essai.') En l'absence
de Normes internationales particulibres, I'Bprouvette doit iitre
4.4 Dessiccateur.
constitube par un morceau de tube de 50 f 1 mm de lon-
gueur, obtenu par tranchages effectuBs perpendiculairemerit B
4.5 kquipement pour le mesurage dimensionnel des Bprou-
son axe longitudinal.
vettes, si necessaire (voir 7.2.1).
B 50 mm, d6cou-
Pour les tubes de diambtre exterieur supBrieur
per, dans un morceau de tube de 50 f 1 mm de longueur, I me
5 Éprouvettes
Bprouvette de 50 f 1 mm de largeug(dBvelopp6e en effectuant
deux saignees selon deux gBnBratrices.
Trois Bprouvettes doivent &re essay6es. Elles peuvent etre
obtenues directement par moulage ou par usinage. Dans ce
5.4.2 Joncs
dernier cas, les surfaces de coupe doivent être usinees finement
et ne doivent presenter aucune trace de carbonisation qui pour-
Pour les joncs de diambtre infBrieur ou Bgal 8 50 mm, 1'6pr )U-
rait être due au mode de prbparation.
vette doit être constituee par un morceau de jonc de
50 f 1 mm de longueur, obtenu par tranchages effectues rrer-
5.1 Matidres B mouler
pendiculairement B son axe longitudinal.
L'Bprouvette doit avoir un diambtre de 50 f 1 mm et une
Pour les joncs de diambtre supBrieur 8 50 mm, sauf sp6cifica-
Bpaisseur de 3 f 0,2 mm. Elle doit être moulBe dans les condi-
tions contraires Btablies aprbs accord entre les parties int6ies-
tions indiquees dans les spBcifications relatives B la matibre (ou
50 f 1 rnm
&es, 1'6prouvette doit être un morceau de jonc de
dans les conditions prescrites par le fournisseur de la matibre).
de longueur, avec un diambtre rBduit B 50 f 1 mm par usiniige
concen
...