ISO 11359-1:2023

Plastics - Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) - Part 1: General principles

This document specifies the general conditions for the thermomechanical analysis of thermoplastics and thermosetting materials, filled or unfilled, in the form of sheet or moulded parts. Thermomechanical analysis consists of the determination of deformations of a test specimen under constant load as a function of temperature and/or time.

Plastiques — Analyse thermomécanique (TMA) — Partie 1: Principes généraux

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 08-Feb-2023
• ICS: 83.080.01 - Plastics in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 5 - Physical-chemical properties
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 5/WG 8 - Thermal analysis
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 09-Feb-2023
• Due Date: 22-Sep-2023
• Completion Date: 09-Feb-2023

Relations

• Revises: ISO 11359-1:2014 - Plastics - Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) - Part 1: General principles
• Effective Date: 26-Nov-2021

Overview

ISO 11359-1:2023 - Plastics - Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) - Part 1: General principles defines the basic principles, apparatus, specimen preparation, calibration and correction methods for performing thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of plastics. The standard covers thermoplastics and thermosetting materials (filled or unfilled) in sheet or moulded form, where deformation under a constant load is measured as a function of temperature and/or time.

Key topics

• Scope and principle: Measurement of deformation (length change) of a specimen under constant stress vs temperature/time (TMA technique).
• Apparatus requirements:
  • Temperature-programmable enclosure with controlled heating/cooling and ±1 K temperature stability and accuracy.
  • Displacement transducer accuracy of ±0.1% or better.
  • Low thermal-expansion measurement probe (e.g., silica, quartz, ceramic) and means to compensate probe mass.
  • Load-application device suitable for compression, penetration, tension, flexure, etc.
  • Optional cooling device and controlled purge gas supply.
  • Length-measurement devices with ±2 μm accuracy.
• Test specimens: Preparation from sheet or moulded parts, surface finish, thickness and conditioning per ISO 291; reporting of sampling orientation and location.
• Calibration:
  • Temperature calibration using certified materials (examples: mercury, water, gallium, indium, tin, lead, zinc) or SS‑DTA where available.
  • Displacement and load calibration using certified gauges/masses.
  • Calibration specimens and methods tailored to deformation mode (penetration, flexure, tension, shear, compression).
• Data correction & processing:
  • Blank correction for probe thermal expansion.
  • Additional correction for displacement of the probe segment corresponding to specimen length.
  • Procedures for determining true change of length and extraction of thermal events.

Applications

• Determination of coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE), glass transition temperature (Tg) and penetration/melting temperatures for plastics.
• Material selection, design validation and thermal dimensional stability analysis in automotive, electronics, packaging and consumer products.
• Quality control, R&D, failure analysis and input data for finite-element thermal–mechanical simulations.
• Calibration and validation of TMA instruments in testing laboratories and instrument manufacturing.

Who should use this standard

• Polymer scientists, materials engineers and testing laboratories performing TMA.
• Quality and compliance teams specifying thermal property test methods.
• Manufacturers of TMA instruments and calibration service providers.

Related standards

• ISO 11359-2 (CLTE and Tg determination)
• ISO 11359-3 (penetration temperature)
• ISO 291 (conditioning/testing atmospheres)
• ISO 472 (vocabulary for plastics)

Keywords: ISO 11359-1:2023, thermomechanical analysis, TMA, plastics testing, thermal expansion, glass transition, calibration, displacement transducer.

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11359-1
Third edition
2023-02
Plastics — Thermomechanical
analysis (TMA) —
Part 1:
General principles
Plastiques — Analyse thermomécanique (TMA) —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
Reference number
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Apparatus . 1
6 Test specimens . 2
7 Procedure .3
7.1 Calibration . 3
7.1.1 General . 3
7.1.2 Displacement transducer . 5
7.1.3 Load-application device . 5
7.2 Correction of the measured displacement . 5
7.2.1 Blank correction . 5
7.2.2 Correction for displacement of the measuring probe . 6
7.3 Determination . 7
8 Test report . 7
Bibliography . 8
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-
chemical properties.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 11359-1:2014), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the optional use of a cooling device has been added;
— the temperature calibration using the single sensor-DTA technique has been added;
— additional temperature calibration specimens have been specified for different deformation
techniques;
— the list of temperature calibration substances has been extended;
— a correction method taking into account the influence of the change of length of the measuring
probe has been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11359-1:2023(E)
Plastics — Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) —
Part 1:
General principles
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. It does not purport to address all of the safety or environmental problems associated
with its use.
1 Scope
This document specifies the general conditions for the thermomechanical analysis of thermoplastics
and thermosetting materials, filled or unfilled, in the form of sheet or moulded parts.
Thermomechanical analysis consists of the determination of deformations of a test specimen under
constant load as a function of temperature and/or time.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 472, Plastics — Vocabulary
ISO 11359-2, Plastics — Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) — Part 2: Determination of coefficient of linear
thermal expansion and glass transition temperature
ISO 11359-3, Plastics — Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) — Part 3: Determination of penetration
temperature
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 472 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Principle
The deformation of a material under constant or variable stress is measured as a function of time at a
constant temperature or as a function of temperature.
5 Apparatus
The components of a basic thermomechanical analyser consist of the following.
5.1 Temperature-programmable enclosure, capable of:
a) generating constant heating or cooling rates for the intended measurements;
b) covering a temperature range in line with the experimental requirements, optionally, a suitable
cooling device can be provided for measurements below ambient temperature;
c) maintaining the temperature variation at a given location to within ±1 K over time;
d) measuring the temperature with an accuracy of ±1 K over time;
e) maintaining a controlled purge gas atmosphere.
5.2 Displacement transducer, with an accuracy of ±0,1 % or better.
5.3 Measurement probe, rod made of a material of low thermal-expansion coefficient (e.g. silica,
ceramics, quartz glass, etc.), linked mechanically to the displacement transducer, with one end in
contact with the test specimen, and with a shape suited to the type of measurement.
The apparatus shall include a means of compensating for the probe mass, either through calibration or
tarring.
5.4 Load application device, shall be suitable for the intended measurement, e.g. compression,
penetration, tension, flexure, etc.
The magnitude of the load applied to the rod depends on the type of measurement required. It is
necessary to determine the force actually applied to the specimen.
5.5 Cooling device, capable of generating and maintaining controlled and reproducible low
temperatures.
5.6 Inert or oxidising gas supply, type, purity, and flow rates of purge gas shall be suitable for the
intended measurements.
5.7 Length measurement devices, with an accuracy of ±2 μm or better.
6 Test specimens
Cut test specimens from a sheet or moulded article in such a way that any
...