ISO 18264:2022
(Main)Textile slings — Lifting slings for general purpose lifting operations made from fibre ropes — High modulus polyethylene (HMPE)
Textile slings — Lifting slings for general purpose lifting operations made from fibre ropes — High modulus polyethylene (HMPE)
This document specifies the requirements related to safety, including methods of rating and testing sling constructions made from fibre ropes. It is applicable to ropes made of high modulus polyethylene (HMPE) fibre having a minimum reference number of 12 and a maximum reference number of 72. The fibre rope slings covered by this document are intended for general-purpose lifting operations only, i.e. when used for lifting objects, materials or goods which require no deviations from the requirements, design factors, or work load limits specified. This document does not cover slings used for the lifting of persons, potentially dangerous materials such as molten metal and acids, glass sheets, fissile materials, nuclear reactors and special (non-routine and engineered) lifting operations. This document can be used as a reference for lifting slings made with HMPE fibres to be used in special lifting operations.
Élingues textiles — Élingues de levage pour opérations de levage pour usage général en cordages en fibres — Polyéthylène à haut module (HMPE)
ISO 18264:2016 spécifie les exigences relatives à la sécurité, y compris les méthodes de classification et d'essai des fabrications d'élingues à deux boucles et sans fin utilisées pour des configurations de levage à un seul (1) brin, deux (2) brins, trois (3) brins ou quatre (4) brins (avec ou sans accessoires). Ces fabrications d'élingues sont réalisées en cordages tressés à 8 torons (type L), en cordages tressés à 12 torons (type T), fabrication de cordage avec couverture (type C) conformément à l'ISO 10325. Sinon, d'autres fabrication de cordages toronnés ou tressés autres que ceux de l'ISO 10325, mais soumis à l'essai conformément à l'ISO 2307, peuvent être utilisés. La présente Norme internationale est applicable à tous les cordages fabriqués en fibre de polyéthylène à haut module [HMPE, aussi appelé polyéthylène de masse molaire très élevée (UHMWPE)] ayant un numéro de référence minimum de 12 et un numéro de référence maximum de 72, même s'il n'existe pas de lien direct entre les numéros de référence des cordages et le type d'opérations de levage, ni les opérations de levage d'usage général ou spéciales. Les parties des fabrications porteuses tressées de telles élingues, ou l'ensemble de l'élingue, peuvent être contenues dans une couverture/gaine/enveloppe de protection. La couverture/gaine/enveloppe de protection est conçue pour ne pas être porteuse car elle est destinée uniquement à protéger et contenir l'âme portante. Les élingues en cordages en fibres couvertes par la présente Norme internationale sont destinées uniquement à des opérations de levage d'usage général, c'est-à-dire quand elles sont utilisées pour le levage d'objets, de matériaux ou de marchandises qui ne nécessitent aucun écart par rapport aux exigences, aux facteurs de sécurité, aussi appelés facteurs de conception, ou limites spécifiées de charge de travail. Les opérations de levage non couvertes par la présente Norme internationale devraient inclure le levage de personnes, de matériaux potentiellement dangereux tels que le métal fondu et les acides, les feuilles de verre, les matières fissiles, les réacteurs nucléaires et les opérations de levage spéciales. ISO 18264:2016 traite des exigences techniques visant à réduire au minimum les phénomènes dangereux listés à l'Article 4 qui peuvent survenir pendant l'utilisation des élingues en cordages en fibres conformément aux instructions et aux spécifications données par le fabricant, son mandataire ou une personne qualifiée et/ou compétente.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18264
Second edition
2022-12
Textile slings — Lifting slings for
general purpose lifting operations
made from fibre ropes — High
modulus polyethylene (HMPE)
Élingues textiles — Élingues de levage pour opérations de levage pour
usage général en cordages en fibres — Polyéthylène à haut module
(HMPE)
Reference number
© ISO 2022
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Hazards . 8
5 Sling materials and components . .9
5.1 Fibre ropes . 9
5.2 Coatings . 10
5.3 Cover (sleeves, jackets) . 10
5.4 Mechanical components . 10
5.5 Other materials and components . 10
6 Sling constructions, fabrication and lifting configurations .11
6.1 Sling constructions . 11
6.2 Fabrication . 11
6.2.1 Splicing . 11
6.2.2 Considerations for connecting hardware and fittings .12
6.2.3 Other requirements for mechanical components .13
6.3 Lifting configurations .13
6.4 Design factor . 15
6.5 Working load limit (WLL) . 16
6.5.1 Calculation of the working load limit (WLL) of a lifting configuration . 16
6.5.2 Calculation of the working load limit (WLL) of a lifting configuration as a
consequence of bending losses . 17
6.6 Effective work length . 19
6.7 Traceability code . . 20
7 Sling verification .20
7.1 General . 20
7.2 Qualification of personnel .20
7.3 Type test of sling constructions . 20
7.3.1 General .20
7.3.2 Methodology for testing of MBS. 21
7.3.3 Type test to verify the interaction of a sling construction with fittings . 21
7.4 Manufacturing tests . 21
7.4.1 Visual examination . 21
7.4.2 Determination of the effective work length of sling legs . 21
7.4.3 Proof testing requirements . 22
7.4.4 Breaking force tests .22
7.5 Visual examination .23
8 Sling marking .23
8.1 General .23
8.2 Labelling . 23
8.2.1 Information .23
8.2.2 Label colour . 24
9 Manufacturer’s certificate .24
10 Instructions for selection, use, inspection and maintenance .24
Annex A (normative) Instructions for selection, use, inspection and maintenance to be
provided by the sling manufacturer or its authorized representative with the
HMPE fibre rope slings .25
iii
Annex B (informative) Suggested content of information to be provided by the manufacturer
or its authorized representative with the HMPE fibre rope sling assembly .26
Bibliography .31
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
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The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
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on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
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www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18264:2016), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the Scope has been made more concise;
— the Normative references have been updated; some references have been moved to the Bibliography;
— the Terms and definitions have been updated;
— the formulae in Table 4 have been corrected;
— figures and designations have been changed in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives Part 2:2021;
— subclauses 7.3.2 and 7.3.3 have been rewritten and simplified. References are given to ISO 2377and
ISO 9554 instead of repeating the texts in those standards.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
This document has been prepared to be a standard providing one means of complying with the essential
safety requirements.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18264:2022(E)
Textile slings — Lifting slings for general purpose lifting
operations made from fibre ropes — High modulus
polyethylene (HMPE)
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements related to safety, including methods of rating and testing
sling constructions made from fibre ropes. It is applicable to ropes made of high modulus polyethylene
(HMPE) fibre having a minimum reference number of 12 and a maximum reference number of 72.
The fibre rope slings covered by this document are intended for general-purpose lifting operations only,
i.e. when used for lifting objects, materials or goods which require no deviations from the requirements,
design factors, or work load limits specified.
This document does not cover slings used for the lifting of persons, potentially dangerous materials
such as molten metal and acids, glass sheets, fissile materials, nuclear reactors and special (non-routine
and engineered) lifting operations. This document can be used as a reference for lifting slings made
with HMPE fibres to be used in special lifting operations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1968, Fibre ropes and cordage — Vocabulary
ISO 2262, General purpose thimbles for use with steel wire ropes — Specification
ISO 2307, Fibre ropes — Determination of certain physical and mechanical properties
ISO 2415, Forged shackles for general lifting purposes — Dee shackles and bow shackles
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system
ISO 7597, Forged steel lifting hooks with latch, grade 8
ISO 8539, Forged steel lifting components for use with Grade 8 chain
ISO 9554:2019, Fibre ropes — General specifications
ISO 10325, Fibre ropes — High modulus polyethylene — 8-strand braided ropes, 12-strand braided ropes
and covered ropes
ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
ISO 16798, Links of Grade 8 for use with slings
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1968 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
mechanical wearing of a surface resulting from frictional contact with other materials and objects
3.2
angle of choke
α
CH
angle formed in a sling body as it passes through the choking eye or fittings
Note 1 to entry: See 3.9, Figure 1 and Figure 4.
Figure 1 — Example of angle of choke
3.3
angle of loading
α
horizontal angle
Note 1 to entry: β vertical angle. See Figure 2.
Key
β vertical angle
α horizontal angle
Figure 2 — Example of angle of loading
3.4
competent person
designated person, suitably trained and qualified by knowledge and practical experience, and with
the necessary instructions to enable the required tests and operations as well as examinations to be
carried out
3.5
design factor
factor by which the nominal breaking strength of sling construction (3.25) is divided to determine its
working load limit in straight pull
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as safety factor (SF).
Note 2 to entry: This term has the same meaning as the term “working coefficient” used in the EU Machinery
Directive.
Note 3 to entry: Fittings may have different design factors from that of the fibre ropes to which they are
connected.
3.6
effective work length
EWL
actual finished length of the fibre rope sling construction, inclusive fittings, from bearing point
to bearing point while being loaded to a reference load to be determined and documented by the
manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: See nominal length (3.19) as well as Figure 6 and Figure 7.
3.7
general-purpose lifting operation
[8]
operation identified and described as the one which is a repetitive lift covered by a previously
prepared JRA and LP, carried out by lifting team trained in the use of specific lifting operation/device
and competent to complete the entire operation
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as routine lifts or lifting operation, and is the opposite of special (non-routine or
engineered) lifting operation.
3.8
basket hitch
method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load and both loop eyes and end fittings
are attached to the lifting device
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Example of basket hitch
3.9
choker hitch
method of rigging a sling in which the sling is passed around the load, then through one loop eye, end
fitting, or other piece of hardware, with the other loop eye or end fitting attached to the lifting device
Note 1 to entry: This hitch (3.10) can be done with a sliding choker hook or similar device (see Figure 4).
Figure 4 — Example of choker hitch
3.10
hitch
method of rigging (attaching) one or several slings temporarily to a load, or object, for the purpose of
lifting
3.11
vertical hitch
method of rigging a sling in which the load is attached to the loop eye or end fitting at one end of the
sling and the loop eye or end fitting at the other end is attached to the lifting device
Note 1 to entry: Any hitch (3.10) less than 5° from the vertical (β in Figure 2) may be considered a vertical hitch
(see Figure 5).
Figure 5 — Example of vertical hitch
3.12
intermediate master link
link used to connect one or two legs of a sling to a master link (3.16)
Note 1 to entry: Intermediate links can be assembled with a master link to form a permanent master link.
3.13
job risk assessment
JRA
process where
— health and safety hazards are identified,
— risks associated with the hazards are analysed and evaluated, and
— appropriate ways to eliminate or control these hazards are determined
Note 1 to entry: In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those
things, situations, processes, etc. that can cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, the
user of the slings evaluates how likely and severe the risk is, and then decides what measures should be in place
to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening. The result of this process is documented by the user
of the slings in the form of a job risk assessment (JRA).
3.14
lifting configuration
arrangement characterized by the number of sling legs in the lifting assembly, the angle of loading (3.3)
under which they spread and in which the sling assembly is connecting the suspended load and the
lifting mechanism
Note 1 to entry: The lifting configuration is characterized by the number of sling legs in the lifting assembly, the
angle of loading under which they spread and in which the sling assembly is connected to the suspended load.
As part of the arrangement additional hardware, such as e.g. (intermediate) master links, shackles and spreader
bars may be used”.
3.15
lift plan
LP
documented plan of the proposed lifting operation
Note 1 to entry: Lift plan covers aspects such as the following:
— characterization of the load in terms of dimensions, weight and centre of gravity;
— characterization of the task in terms of lifting, rotation, speeds and travel directions;
— evaluation of the hazards to determine consequences resulting from collision, upset or dropping of the
suspended load;
— determination of how to rig the load using good rigging practices and ensuring the use of proper rigging
techniques during the lift;
— ensuring that the attachment points and suspended load can withstand the forces created by the rigging gear
attachment;
— selecting equipment and rigging based on the type, category of lift and minimum capacity of lifting equipment
(hoist, crane, slings, lifting fixture, etc.) and on the identified load, task and hazards;
— ensuring that sling angles are considered when determining forces on rigging equipment and the suspended
load.
3.16
master link
link forming the upper terminal of a sling or intermediate master link (3.12) by means of which the sling
is attached to the hook of a crane or other lifting device
3.17
multi-leg sling
sling assembly (3.23) composed of multiple (two, three or four) legs with the top ends gathered in a
master link that goes over the lifting hook
Note 1 to entry: Also called bridle sling.
Note 2 to entry: Examples are given in Figures 9 to 11.
Note 3 to entry: Sling legs in one assembly may not necessarily have an equal EWL and/or R . In the case where
F
EWL and/or R are not identical, such deviations need to be covered by the LP.
F
3.18
nominal diameter
d
specified diameter of the rope which is usually used as the reference number for a given product
3.19
nominal length
L
specified length of the sling leg, inclusive of fittings, from bearing point to bearing point
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 6 and 7.
3.20
proof force
F
p
force applied as a test to a finished sling construction (3.25), as specified in proof test (3.21)
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as “proof load”
3.21
proof test
non-destructive force (or load) test made to a predefined proof force (3.20) (or load) of a sling
construction (3.25)
3.22
rated force
R
F
maximum allowable force of a sling construction (3.25)
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as rated load and expressed in kN.
3.23
sling assembly
one or more sling leg(s)/sling constructions (3.25) combined with rigging hardware (such as links,
shackles, thimbles) to be used as part of a rigging arrangement for the purpose of lifting a load
3.24
sling body
fibre rope used as load bearing part to create a sling assembly (3.23)
3.25
sling construction
eye-and-eye (see Figure 6) or endless construction (see Figure 7) of a fibre rope used to create a sling
assembly (3.23)
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as sling leg.
3.26
sling manufacturer
person or company assembling or fabricating sling components into their final form
Note 1 to entry: The rope and sling manufacturer are not necessarily identical entities.
3.27
soft eye
eye made by forming the end of the fibre rope into a loop and by splicing the free end to the standing
part
3.28
special lifting operations
[12]
lifting operations where
— job risk assessment (JRA) (3.13) is required to identify and mitigate the risks and a completed lift
plan (LP) (3.15) is required, and
— new specific lift plan (LP) is required based on a risk assessment
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as non-routine lifts or engineered lifting operations.
3.29
splice
3.29.1
spliced eye
loop, or eye, formed in the end of a rope
3.29.2
cut splice
connection of two ends to create an endless connection by tucking the ends of the strands back into the
main body of the fibre rope in a prescribed manner
3.30
working load limit of the lifting configuration
WLL
maximum allowable total suspended mass a lifting configuration (3.14) is authorized to sustain in
general-purpose lifting operations (3.7)
4 Hazards
The accidental release of a suspended load or release of a suspended load due to failure of a component
puts at risk, either directly or indirectly, the safety or health of those persons within the danger zone. In
order to provide the necessary strength, durability and reliability of lifting accessories, this document
specifies requirements for the design, manufacture, testing, use and maintenance of the slings to ensure
the specified levels of performance are met.
Endurance/durability has not been identified as a risk when properly designed manufactured and tested
fibre rope slings, comprising high tenacity HMPE fibre, having the specified levels of performance, given
in this document, are properly used and inspected for general-purpose lifting operations.
Since failure can be caused by overloading or incorrect selection of the working load limit (WLL)
and specification of lifting accessory, this document also gives the requirements for marking and the
manufacturer’s certificate.
Aspects of selection and safe and reliable use associated with good practice are given in Annex A and
Annex B.
Table 1 lists those hazards, in accordance with ISO 12100, identified as being specific and significant for
fibre rope slings made of HMPE.
Under constant or repeated loading, HMPE fibres and ropes may show irreversible deformation also
referred to as creep, dependent upon load, time under load, temperature, as well as the type of HMPE
[12]
fibre . Different HMPE fibres exhibit different creep behaviour under identical conditions.
Depending on the conditions in which the slings are intended to be used, the sling user shall consult the
sling manufacturer in order to select slings fit for the intended purpose and service.
Fit for the intended purpose implies assuring the right slings are made and put together properly prior
to delivery. This is a supplier responsibility. In the case where the slings are used for the right thing,
used the right way and kept in the right condition, the slings are fit for the intended service. This is a
sling user responsibility.
Table 1 — Type or group of hazards and associated hazard mitigation requirements
Type or group of Examples of hazards
Hazard mitigation re-
hazards and rele-
quirements in relevant
vant subclause(s)
b) Potential consequenc-
(sub)clause(s) of this
a) Origin
of ISO 12100:2010,
es
document
Table B.1
Mechanical hazards: Human error/ behaviour, Being run over, crush- Clauses 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
education and training, ing, cutting, internal and
6.1, 6.2.1, 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2, Annexes A and B.
documentation, planning, external wear, puncture,
6.2.3 a) and b), 6.2.6, 6.3.1,
cutting parts, falling tilting, overloading, fall-
6.3.2, 6.3.3, 6.3.4.3, 6.3.5.5,
objects, instability, rough ing, etc.
6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3, 6.4.4,
surfaces, sharp edges,
and 6.4.5
shock loading, incorrect
or missing sling marking,
handling, etc.
Thermal hazards: Human error/ behaviour, Melting, burns, falling, etc. Annex B
education and training,
6.1, 6.2.2.2, 6.2.3, 6.2.6,
documentation, planning,
6.3.2.1, 6.3.4.5, 6.4.5.1 a),
radiation of heat sources,
b), d) and e)
vibration, etc.
Hazards associated Human error/ behaviour, Cutting, internal and Clauses 4, 5, 9, 10, Annex B
with the environment education and training, external wear, puncture,
in which the machine is documentation, planning, falling, etc.
used: dust, pollution, chemical
components, temperature,
6.1, 6.2.6, 6.3.2.1, 6.4.5.1 a)
handling, etc.
and b)
Combination of hazards: Combination of origins Combination of conse- Clauses 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
mentioned above quences mentioned above
All the above Annexes A and B
NOTE 1 A single origin of a hazard can have several potential consequences.
NOTE 2 For each type of hazard or group of hazards, some potential consequences can be related to several origins of
hazard.
5 Sling materials and components
5.1 Fibre ropes
Fibre rope materials covered by this document for the use of sling assemblies are high modulus
polyethylene (HMPE) fibres as defined in ISO 2076.
The HMPE rope constructions covered by this document are the following:
— 8-strand braided ropes (type L), 12-strand braided ropes (type T) and covered rope constructions
(type C) manufactured and tested in accordance with ISO 2307 and ISO 10325;
— laid and braided rope constructions deviating from ISO 10325, manufactured, and tested in
accordance with ISO 2307 and ISO 9554;
— constructions designed and manufactured according to with ISO 10325 and ISO 9554 and tested
according to ISO 2307; or
— other local and/or International Standards provided that this document is consistent.
5.2 Coatings
Finishes and coatings shall not impair the performance of a sling construction.
NOTE 1 A fibre finish is typically applied to the base fibre after creation of the individual filaments, but before
winding of the roving or during twisting or assembly. A coating can be applied during rope or sling production, or
afterwards on the finished sling in a separate step.
NOTE 2 Coatings are typically applied to improve performance in the following four principal areas:
— structural improvement such as, but not limited to, strength (variability), shape stiffness, environmental
protection (e.g. chemicals) and cover slippage;
— splice optimization (such as friction);
— abrasion/fatigue (such as, but not limited to, tension and bending fatigue);
— functional additives (such as, but not limited to, colour, UV resistance, flame retardance and adhesion
promotion).
NOTE 3 Different parts of the sling construction can require different frictional properties and coating
characteristics.
5.3 Cover (sleeves, jackets)
Covers, partly or fully enclosing the fibre rope, shall provide appropriate protection against abrasion,
cutting, tearing, and penetration during storage, handling and use of the sling construction/assembly
during the lifting operation.
The edges of a cover shall be finished in such a way that they can neither unravel nor impair the
performance of the load bearing core of the sling.
NOTE The type of fibre material(s) used in a cover depends on the performance requirements and potential
hazards (abrasion, cutting, puncture, exposure to chemicals, etc.) to be mitigated.
5.4 Mechanical components
Mechanical components, such as thimbles, shackles, trunnions, fittings and (master) links, used as
parts of a fibre rope sling construction shall be selected such that they are compatible with the fibre
rope sling construction, they meet the requirements and they do not impair the performance of the
sling construction (see 6.2.3).
5.5 Other materials and components
Materials and components other than those listed in 5.4 may be employed. When such materials are
employed, the sling manufacturer, its authorized representative or a qualified and/or competent person
shall provide supportive data to minimize hazards and prove that these sling assemblies comply with
all other requirements of this document.
6 Sling constructions, fabrication and lifting configurations
6.1 Sling constructions
An eye-and-eye construction shall be formed from a single piece of fibre rope and shall have eyes,
with or without thimbles and fittings and or covers, spliced at each end. Figure 6 shows three typical
examples of such construction.
Key
L effective work length of the sling construction
Figure 6 — Sling construction — Typical eye-and-eye constructions
An endless construction shall preferably be formed from a single piece of fibre rope and shall have
the ends joined together by a splice. Figure 7 shows a typical example of an endless construction, also
referred to as a “grommet”.
Key
L effective work length of the sling construction
Figure 7 — Sling construction — Typical endless construction
The fabrication of the sling construction, including deviations from the manufacturing methods, shall
be verified and documented by the sling manufacturer in accordance with this document.
6.2 Fabrication
6.2.1 Splicing
Splicing is the commonly used method of fabricating sling construction. All splices shall be made by a
trained and competent person and in accordance with the documented splicing instructions provided
by the sling manufacturer, its authorized representative, or a competent person. Samples of these splices
shall have been previously created in accordance with the application requirements and successfully
verified by the testing in accordance with Clause 7.
In addition, the following shall be observed:
— in a typical eye-and-eye construction, no other splices than the splices required to create an eye
shall be permitted;
— endless sling construction shall have only a single splice;
— where the protruding parts of the strands in a splice are contained, e.g. by binding, gluing, tapering,
etc., to improve the appearance of the finished splice, such finishing shall not affect the performance
of the splice and the sling construction;
— eye-and-eye sling constructions shall have a minimum undisturbed length of the rope of 10 times the
rope reference number between the end of the splices; deviations shall be verified and documented
in accordance with Clause 7;
— knots, clips or clamps shall not be used to fabricate slings;
— if thimbles are required and do not have ears to prevent rotation, they shall be tied up to the rope.
NOTE Splice methodology for any sling construction is to be defined and documented by the sling
manufacturer.
6.2.2 Considerations for connecting hardware and fittings
6.2.2.1 Eye-and-eye sling constructions
As a design rule, the minimum internal length (L) of a soft eye for an eye-and-eye sling construction,
measured with a steel tape or rule graduated in increments of 1 mm, is in this subclause. Deviations
shall be documented and verified in accordance with Clause 7.
Key
a
D diameter of the hardware (pin, bollard, shackle, trunnion or fitting) being used during type testing and use
d fibre rope reference number
L length of the eye
α angle between two legs of the eye
NOTE If the hardware has a non-circular cross-section, D is the diameter of the point of highest curvature as
illustrated by the red arrows in Figure 9.
Figure 8 — Soft eye dimensions
Design rules:
— D/d should be ≥ 2, and shall never be < 1.
— α shall be ≤ 20°.
Figure 9 — Illustration of a non-circular cross-section
6.2.2.2 Endless sling constructions
The recommended D/d for an endless construction is preferably equal to 8 and never less than 1.
Deviations shall be documented and verified in accordance with Clause 7.
6.2.3 Other requirements for mechanical components
Mechanical components used as parts of a sling construction and/or sling assembly shall be selected to
meet the following requirements:
a) suitability of mechanical or socketed fittings shall be verified by a competent person;
b) the material shall be compatible with the mechanical and environmental requirements imposed
on and by the sling construction and/or sling assembly. Master links shall be in accordance with
ISO 16798. Other rigging hardware, when employed, shall be forged and shall meet the general
requirements in accordance with ISO 8539.
c) eye hooks shall be in accordance with ISO 7597.
d) shackles shall be in accordance with ISO 2415.
e) thimbles shall be in accordance with ISO 2262.
The diameter, width and roughness of the bearing surface of the fitting/link can (severely) affect the
strength of the sling construction and assembly. The use of thimbles is to be considered.
The natural flattening width, also referred to as the actual inside width, of the rope shall be equal to,
or preferably less than, the effective inside width of the mechanical component. This is illustrated in
Figure B.1.
6.3 Lifting configurations
For general purpose lifting operations, sling constructions are used as
— single leg lifting configuration, or
— multi-leg (2, 3 or 4 legs) lifting configuration.
A two-leg lifting configuration typically comprises two identical sling legs being connected to a master
link, shackle, trunnion or crane hook. Figure 10 shows a typical two leg lifting configuration.
Figure 10 — Two (2)-leg lifting configuration
A three-leg lifting configuration is typically produced as per Figure 11 in the same way, but two legs
shall be attached to one intermediate link and the remainder leg to the other intermediate link.
Figure 11 — Three (3)-leg lifting configuration
A four-leg lifting configuration shall comprise of four sling legs. Each pair of sling legs shall be connected
to an intermediate link. The two intermediate links shall be attached to a master link or crane hook.
Figure 12 shows a typical four-leg lifting configuration.
Figure 12 — Four (4)-leg lifting configuration
In the case where the effective work length and/or rated force of the sling legs in each of the a multi-leg
configurations, as mentioned in Figures 10 to 12 are not identical, the lifting operation is perceived as
a special lifting operation and verification of the effective work length and rated force of each sling leg
shall be executed by the sling manufacturer or a competent person.
6.4 Design factor
The design factor (DF) for slings used in general-purpose lifting operations complies with the
requirements for the region in which the sling constructions are put in use as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 — Regional design factors (DF) of fibre rope sling constructions
Region DF Reference
[7]
European Union 7 Machinery Directive 2006/42/EG
[10]
United States 5 ASME B30.9
Brazil 5 ABNT NBR 16957
[9]
Japan 6 JIS B8818
Other regions According to respective regional requirements
NOTE 1 The DF’s in this table are only applicable for slings used in general-purpose lifting
operations; for engineered lifting operations deviations can apply.
NOTE 2 The DF’s in this table are only meant to be informative as design factors can be
subject to change.
6.5 Working load limit (WLL)
6.5.1 Calculation of the working load limit (WLL) of a lifting configuration
The working load limit of a sling construction depends on the following factors:
a) the rope, or sling, strength (depending on linear density and construction parameters);
b) the design factor (see 6.4);
c) the type of hitch (see Table 3);
d) the angle of loading (see Figure 2); and
e) the diameter of curvature over which the sling is tested or used (6.2.2.1).
The rated force (R ) and the working load limit (WLL) of a lifting configuration shall be calculated
F
according to Formulae (1) and (2).
R = BS/DF (1)
F SC
WLL= (R /g) · M (2)
F
where
R is the rated force of a sling construction, (see Figure 6), expressed in kN;
F
BS is the spliced break strength of a sling construction, expressed in kN;
SC
WLL is the work load limit of the lifting configuration, expressed in t;
g is the acceleration of gravity (9,81 m/s );
M is the mode factor (see ISO 1968).
Table 3 — Mode factors (=M) for eye-and-eye and endless sling constructions
Angle Sling leg
Eye-and-eye sling con- Endless sling construc-
Configuration of sling leg(s) β [°]
struction tion
Single-leg 0–5 1,0 1,0
(vertical hitch)
Basket hitch 0–5 2,0 2,0
(incl. β < 5°)
TTaabblle 3 e 3 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Angle Sling leg
Eye-and-eye sling con- Endless sling construc-
Configuration of sling leg(s) β [°]
struction tion
Two-leg bridle 0–45 1,4 1,4
(incl. α < 90° in the
case of a basket
hitch)
Three-leg bridle 0–45 2,1 2,1
Four-leg bridle 0–45 2,1 2,1
Horizontal angles (α; see Figure 2) less than 30° shall not be used except when recommended by the
sling manufacturer, its authorized representative or a qualified and/or competent person.
NOTE 1 Mode factors (M) are based on identical WLL and EWL of each sling leg in a multi-leg sling assembly.
NOTE 2 The values as given in Table 2, excluding choker hitch as lifting configuration, are based on minimum
D/d in accordance with 6.2.2.
The mode factors for lifting configurations made up by sling assemblies of endless sling constructions
shall be based on symmetrical positioning of the splice in accordance with Clause 7.
Mode factors for configurations deviating from the configurations mentioned in Table 2 shall be
determined by the sling manufacturer or a qualified and/or competent person. Other configurations
not covered by this subclause shall be rated in accordance with the recommendation by the sling
manufacturer or a qualified and/or competent person and shall conform to all other provisions in this
document.
6.5.2 Calculation of the working load limit (WLL) of a lifting configuration as a consequence of
bending losses
6.5.2.1 Eye-and-eye construction
When utilizing an eye-and-eye construction in a vertical hitch (i.e. straight pull) or a multi-leg assembly),
both mentioned in Figure 5, Figures 10 to 12 and Table 3, it is not necessary to account for bending loss
in the case where the D/d of the applied hardware in the lifting configuration is at least equal to one (1)
in accordance with 6.2.2.1.
In the case where this construction is utilized in a basket hitch (e.g. bent over bow of a shackle or crane
hook), the D/d shall be at least equal to 8 to avoid derating. In the case where the D/d is less than 8, the
sling construction shall be derated in accordance with Formula (4) (see Table 4). The D/d is not related
to this ratio for the fittings/hardware to which the eyes of this construction are attached.
Derating shall be based on type tests as described in 7.3.
6.5.2.2 Endless construction
When linking an endless construction to fittings/hardware (e.g. the bow of a shackle or crane hook),
the D/d shall be at least equal to 8 to avoid derating. In the case where the D/d is less than 8, the endless
construction shall be de-rated. Consult the sling manufacturer
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