ISO 27327-1:2009
(Main)Fans — Air curtain units — Part 1: Laboratory methods of testing for aerodynamic performance rating
Fans — Air curtain units — Part 1: Laboratory methods of testing for aerodynamic performance rating
ISO 27327-1:2009 establishes uniform methods for laboratory testing of air curtain units to determine aerodynamic performance in terms of airflow rate, outlet air velocity uniformity, power consumption and air velocity projection, for rating or guarantee purposes. ISO 27327-1:2009 is not applicable to the specification of test procedures to be used for design, production or field testing.
Ventilateurs — Rideaux d'air — Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai en laboratoire des caractéristiques de performance aérodynamique
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 27327-1
First edition
2009-06-15
Fans — Air curtain units —
Part 1:
Laboratory methods of testing for
aerodynamic performance rating
Ventilateurs — Rideaux d'air —
Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai en laboratoire des caractéristiques de
performance aérodynamique
Reference number
ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols. 1
3.1 Terms and definitions. 1
3.2 Symbols . 6
4 Air curtain airflow rate test . 8
4.1 Apparatus and instruments . 8
4.2 Preparation of air curtain airflow rate test . 8
4.3 Test procedure . 8
4.4 Calculation. 9
4.5 Test report . 11
5 Outlet air velocity uniformity test. 11
5.1 Apparatus and instruments . 11
5.2 Air velocity projection and outlet air velocity uniformity test. 12
5.3 Test procedure . 12
5.4 Calculation. 13
5.5 Test report . 14
6 Air curtain velocity projection test. 14
6.1 Apparatus and instruments . 14
6.2 Equipment and organization . 14
6.3 Test procedure . 15
6.4 Calculation. 16
6.5 Test report . 16
7 Illustration of tests. 17
Annex A (normative) Uncertainty in velocity determination using Pitot-static tube and
manometer. 28
Bibliography . 29
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 27327-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 117, Fans.
ISO 27327 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fans — Air curtain units:
⎯ Part 1: Laboratory methods of testing for aerodynamic performance rating
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 27327 is the first developed by ISO/TC 117 and is intended to determine the aerodynamic
performance rating of an air curtain. The principal aerodynamic attributes determined by this part of
ISO 27327 are airflow rate, power consumption, velocity uniformity near the exit plane and average air curtain
core velocities at specified distances from the exit plane.
While a fan energy efficiency calculation is included in this part of ISO 27327, it is generally recognized by the
developers of this part of ISO 27327 that a different measure of energy effectiveness is more important and
meaningful than fan efficiency because the energy savings that can be obtained by a properly selected,
installed and controlled air curtain are significantly higher than the energy needed to drive the motor(s) of an
air curtain. This part of ISO 27327 is developed with the understanding that another test standard can be
developed at a later stage, which can define a test method for energy effectiveness.
This part of ISO 27327 is not intended as an in situ test International Standard and neither is it applicable to
thermodynamic performance.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
Fans — Air curtain units —
Part 1:
Laboratory methods of testing for aerodynamic performance
rating
1 Scope
This part of ISO 27327 establishes uniform methods for laboratory testing of air curtain units to determine
aerodynamic performance in terms of airflow rate, outlet air velocity uniformity, power consumption and air
velocity projection, for rating or guarantee purposes.
This part of ISO 27327 is not applicable to the specification of test procedures to be used for design,
production or field testing.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5801:2007, Industrial fans — Performance testing using standardized airways
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
air curtain airstream
directionally-controlled airstream, moving across the entire height and width of an opening, which can reduce
the infiltration or transfer of air from one side of the opening to the other and/or inhibit the passage of insects,
dust and debris
3.1.2
air curtain depth
airstream dimension perpendicular to both the direction of airflow and the airstream width
NOTE This is the short dimension of the airstream.
3.1.3
air curtain width
airstream dimension perpendicular to both the direction of airflow and the airstream depth
NOTE This is the long dimension of the airstream.
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
3.1.4
air curtain unit
ACU
air-moving device which produces an air curtain
3.1.5
air discharge nozzle
component or an assembly in the ACU which directs and controls the airstream
NOTE This may include adjustable vanes.
3.1.6
air discharge nozzle depth
h
n
inside dimension perpendicular to both the direction of airflow and the airstream width
NOTE This depth is expressed in millimetres.
3.1.7
air discharge nozzle width
b
n
inside dimension perpendicular to both the direction of airflow and the nozzle depth
NOTE This width is expressed in millimetres.
3.1.8
air discharge angle
θ
angle between the plane of the protected opening and the direction in which the air curtain leaves the
discharge
3.1.9
dry-bulb temperature
T
d
air temperature measured by a dry temperature sensor in the test enclosure, near the ACU inlet or airway inlet
NOTE This temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius.
3.1.10
wet-bulb temperature
T
w
air temperature measured by a temperature sensor covered by a water-moistened wick and exposed to air in
motion
NOTE 1 When properly measured, it is a close approximation to the temperature of adiabatic saturation.
NOTE 2 This temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius.
3.1.11
air density
ρ
a
mass per unit volume of air
NOTE Air density is expressed in kilograms per cubic metre.
3.1.12
pressure
force per unit area
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
3.1.13
absolute pressure
p
value of a pressure when the datum pressure is absolute zero
NOTE This is always positive.
3.1.14
atmospheric pressure
p
a
absolute pressure of the free atmosphere at the mean altitude of the ACU
NOTE This pressure is normally expressed in pascals.
3.1.15
gauge pressure
p
e
value of the pressure when the datum pressure is the atmospheric pressure at the point of measurement
NOTE 1 Gauge pressure can be negative or positive.
NOTE 2 Gauge pressure is determined using Equation (1):
pp=−p (1)
ea
NOTE 3 This pressure is normally expressed in pascals.
3.1.16
dynamic pressure at a point
p
d
pressure calculated from the velocity and the density, ρ , of the air at a point
a
NOTE 1 The point is determined using Equation (2):
2
⎛⎞
v
p = ρ⎜⎟ (2)
da
⎜⎟
2
⎝⎠
NOTE 2 This pressure is normally expressed in pascals.
3.1.17
gauge stagnation pressure at a point
p
esg
difference between the absolute stagnation pressure, p , and the atmospheric pressure, p
sg a
NOTE 1 This pressure is calculated using Equation (3):
p = p − p (3)
esg sg a
NOTE 2 This pressure is normally expressed in pascals.
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
3.1.18
ACU airflow rate
q
airflow volume which leaves the discharge nozzle, at standard air conditions, as measured in accordance with
ISO 5801
NOTE 1 This is given by Equation (4):
q = q (4)
Vsg1
NOTE 2 This rate is expressed in cubic metres per second.
3.1.19
inlet stagnation volume flow rate
q
Vsg1
mass flow rate divided by the inlet stagnation density
NOTE 1 This is determined using Equation (5):
q
m
q = (5)
Vsg1
ρ
sg1
NOTE 2 Inlet stagnation volume flow rate is expressed in cubic metres per second.
3.1.20
ACU pressure
p
ACU
difference between the stagnation pressure at the ACU outlet and the stagnation pressure at the ACU inlet
NOTE 1 This is determined using Equation (6):
p = p − p (6)
ACU sg2 sg1
NOTE 2 When the Mach number is less than 0,15, it is possible to use the relationship given in Equation (7):
p = p − p (7)
ACU t2 t1
NOTE 3 ACU pressure is expressed in pascals.
3.1.21
ACU static pressure
p
sACU
conventional quantity defined as the ACU pressure minus the ACU dynamic pressure corrected by the Mach
factor
NOTE 1 This is determined using Equation (8):
p = −p (8)
sACU sg1
NOTE 2 ACU static pressure is expressed in pascals.
3.1.22
average outlet air velocity
ν
a
airflow rate produced by the ACU divided by the cross-sectional area of the discharge nozzle plane at free-air
delivery
NOTE See 4.4.3 for calculation of the value.
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
3.1.23
outlet air velocity uniformity
u
ACU
indicator of the consistency of air velocities across the air curtain width
NOTE 1 See 5.4.4 for calculation of the value. See Figure 7.
NOTE 2 The outlet air velocity uniformity is expressed as a percentage.
3.1.24
air curtain core velocity
ν
cx
maximum air velocity of the air curtain at point x as measured across both the air curtain depth and width at
specified distances from the discharge nozzle
NOTE See 5.1.1 and 5.3.4.
3.1.25
air curtain average core velocity
ν
ca
average of air curtain core velocities measured along the air curtain width at specified distances from the
discharge nozzle
NOTE See 6.4.3.
3.1.26
air curtain velocity projection
set of average air curtain core velocities measured along the air curtain width at specified distances from the
discharge nozzle
NOTE 1 See 6.3.2.5.
NOTE 2 Velocity is expressed in metres per second.
3.1.27
motor input power
P
e
electrical power supplied at the terminals of an electric motor drive
NOTE Motor input power is expressed in watts.
3.1.28
ACU energy effectiveness
E
ACU
ratio described by the difference in energy loss through an opening without and with the use of an air curtain
divided by the energy loss without the air curtain
NOTE The energy loss with the use of the air curtain includes the energy consumption of the air curtain
3.1.29
ACU fan efficiency
η
fan
ratio of the air power of the ACU to the motor input power of the ACU
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
3.1.30
ACU target distance
l
t
distance perpendicular to the discharge nozzle depth in metres, determined by the sponsor of the test, for the
purpose of setting up the test
3.1.31
air power of ACU
P
ACU
conventional output power which is the product of the inlet volume flow rate, q , and the ACU
Vsg1
pressure, p
ACU
NOTE 1 This is determined using Equation (9):
P q p (9)
ACU = Vsg1 × ACU
NOTE 2 The air power of the ACU is expressed in watts when q is in cubic metres per second and p is in
Vsg1 ACU
pascals.
3.1.32
point of operation
relative position on the air curtain performance curve corresponding to a particular airflow rate, pressure,
power and efficiency
3.1.33
free-air delivery
that point of operation where the ACU operates against zero static pressure
3.1.34
determination
complete set of measurements for a particular point of operation for the parameter being determined
3.1.35
test
series of determinations of various characteristics at a single point of operation of an ACU
3.2 Symbols
Symbol Term Unit
2
A Nozzle cross-sectional area m
n
b Air discharge nozzle width mm
n
C The calculated test line spacing mm
d
E ACU energy effectiveness 1
ACU
h air discharge nozzle depth mm
n
l ACU target distance m
t
η ACU fan efficiency per unit
fan
n Number of data points 1
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
N ACU speed (rotational) r/min
p Absolute pressure Pa
p Atmospheric pressure Pa
a
p ACU pressure Pa
ACU
p Dynamic pressure at a point Pa
d
p Gauge pressure Pa
e
p Gauge stagnation pressure at a point Pa
esg
p Absolute stagnation pressure Pa
sg
p Stagnation pressure at the ACU inlet Pa
sg1
p Stagnation pressure at the ACU outlet Pa
sg2
p ACU static pressure Pa
sACU
P Motor input power W
e
P Air power of ACU W
ACU
3
q ACU airflow rate m /s
q Mass flow rate kg/s
m
3
q Inlet stagnation volume flow rate m /s
Vsg1
3
ρ Air density kg/m
a
3
ρ Inlet stagnation density kg/m
sg1
s Standard deviation 1
θ Air discharge angle degrees
T Dry-bulb temperature °C
d
T Wet-bulb temperature °C
w
u Outlet air velocity uniformity %
ACU
ν Velocity m/s
ν Velocity, average outlet m/s
a
ν Velocity, average (air curtain core) m/s
ca
ν Velocity, air curtain core, at section x m/s
cx
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
4 Air curtain airflow rate test
4.1 Apparatus and instruments
4.1.1 General
Instruments and methods of measurement shall be in compliance with ISO 5801, except where specifically
noted.
4.1.2 Power
Power shall be measured with the following.
4.1.2.1 Wattmeter, having a certified accuracy of ± 1 % of the observed reading.
4.2 Preparation of air curtain airflow rate test
The ACU shall be mounted with its inlet sealed to the test chamber in compliance with the requirements of
Figure 1 a). The seal shall be adequate enough to minimize leakage. The air discharge nozzle or adjustable
vanes in the air discharge nozzle shall be set to 0° ± 3°. Additional tests may be run at discharge angles other
than 0°.
4.3 Test procedure
4.3.1 Initial conditions
The unit under test shall be energized and operated for not less than 15 min to allow equilibrium conditions to
become established before the first determination. If the unit is equipped with a heating and/or cooling
accessory (i.e. hydronic coil, electric coil and gas furnace), it shall be attached as catalogued. The accessory
shall not be powered or activated during any part of the test unless it contributes to the active generation of
airflow. In such cases, only the fan section(s) shall be energized.
4.3.2 Data to be recorded
4.3.2.1 ACU under test
The following information shall be recorded:
a) the initial conditions;
b) the name and address of the manufacturer;
c) the trade name;
d) the model number;
e) the impeller diameter;
f) the inlet and outlet areas;
g) the number of fans;
h) the air discharge angle;
i) the number of motors;
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
j) the data on the motor nameplate;
k) the accessories attached;
l) the accessories which are energized.
4.3.2.2 Test method
The description of the test method shall be recorded, including specific dimensions, as required by Figures 1,
3, 4 and 5. Alternatively, an annotated photograph of the arrangement shall be attached to the recorded data.
4.3.2.3 Apparatus and instruments
The apparatus and instruments used in the test shall be listed. Names, model numbers, serial numbers, scale
ranges and calibration information shall be recorded.
4.3.2.4 Initial and final conditions
Initial and final readings of ambient dry-bulb temperature, T , ambient wet-bulb temperature, T and
d w
atmospheric pressure, p , shall be recorded for each determination.
a
4.3.3 Airflow rate determination
To establish the airflow rate at free-air delivery, a minimum of three determinations shall be taken at chamber
gauge stagnation pressures ranging from +25 Pa to −25 Pa. If a chamber gauge stagnation pressure of
−25 Pa cannot be obtained, then the lowest obtainable gauge stagnation pressure shall be used as the lower
limit and the negative of this value shall be considered the upper limit. Plans shall be made to vary the
chamber throttling device such that the test points will be well-spaced in terms of pressure. Approximately half
of these determinations shall be taken at a positive pressure and the other half at a negative pressure.
4.4 Calculation
4.4.1 General
Calculations, except as noted in this subclause, shall be in compliance with the requirements of ISO 5801.
4.4.2 Static pressure as a function of airflow rate
The relationship between air curtain static pressure and air curtain airflow rate, for the range of static pressure
tested, is represented by the second order polynomial in Equation (13):
p = p (10)
esg1 esg3
p = −p (11)
sACU esg1
q = q (12)
Vsg1
Where the coefficients K , K and K are derived from Equations (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21),
2 1 0
(22), (23), (24) and (25):
2
p = K q + K q + K (13)
sACU 2 1 0
a = n (14)
0
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
n
aq= (15)
1i∑
i=1
n
2
aq= (16)
2i∑
i=1
n
3
aq= (17)
3i∑
i=1
n
4
aq= (18)
4i∑
i=1
n
bp= (19)
0 ∑ sACUi
i=1
n
bq=()p (20)
1 ∑ i sACUi
i=1
n
2
bq=()p (21)
2 ∑ i sACUi
i=1
22 3
Ga=−aa aa−a a+ 2aaa−a (22)
42 0 4 1 3 0 3 2 1 2
⎛⎞1
22
K=−aa b a b−a a b+aab+a ab−a b (23)
()
22⎜⎟021230121131020
G
⎝⎠
⎛⎞1
2
K =− aab −aab −aaba+ ba+ ab −aab (24)
()
1 ⎜⎟ 3 02 21 2 4 0 1 2 1 4 1 0 3 2 0
G
⎝⎠
⎛⎞1
22
K=−aaba ba− ab+aab+aab−a b (25)
()
03⎜⎟122241132142030
G
⎝⎠
The value for K shall be negative, indicating that the static pressure vs. airflow curve is concave inward. If K
2 2
is positive, then additional determinations should be selected in such a way as to broaden the range of static
pressure for which airflow is determined.
Figure 2 graphically shows the curve defined by Equation (13). The free air point of operation is the point
where the curve intersects the X-axis (p = 0).
sACU
Mathematically, the air curtain airflow rate at free delivery, q, is calculated using Equation (26):
2
−−K KK− 4K
11 02
q = (26)
2K
2
4.4.3 Average outlet air velocity
The average outlet air velocity, ν , shall be the unit airflow rate divided by the cross-sectional area of the
a
discharge nozzle plane, determined using Equation (27):
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
q
ν = (27)
a
A
n
4.4.4 Air power of air curtain
The air power of an ACU is calculated using the values p and q from an airflow rate test conducted in
ACU
accordance with ISO 5801. This is calculated using Equation (28):
P = q × p (28)
ACU ACU
4.4.5 Power input to motor
corresponding to the value of q used in 4.4.4.
The power input to the motor is determined from the value of P
e
4.4.6 Fan energy efficiency
Fan energy efficiency, η , is determined using Equation (29):
fan
P
ACU
η = (29)
fan
P
e
Fan energy efficiency is of less importance than ACU energy effectiveness due to the fact that the reduction of
energy loss by an air curtain is much more than the energy input to the air curtain.
4.5 Test report
The test report shall be presented in consistent units. The test report shall contain the following information:
a) the name and address of the manufacturer;
b) the trade name;
c) the model number;
d) the impeller diameter;
e) the inlet and outlet areas;
f) the number of fans;
g) the number of motors;
h) the data on the motor nameplate.
The ACU airflow rate shall be presented graphically as shown in Figure 6.
In addition, the report shall be in compliance with ISO 5801.
5 Outlet air velocity uniformity test
5.1 Apparatus and instruments
Instruments and methods of measurement shall be in compliance with ISO 5801, except where specifically
noted.
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
5.1.1 Air curtain core velocity measurement
Air curtain core velocity, ν , shall be measured with either of the following.
cx
5.1.1.1 Pitot-static tube and manometer.
5.1.1.2 Hot-wire anemometer, or any other device reading to an accuracy of ± 5,0 % of the air velocity
being measured. See 5.3.2.
5.2 Air velocity projection and outlet air velocity uniformity test
The ACU shall be placed in the testing area in compliance with the requirements of Figure 3 so that the inlet
and outlet are unrestricted and the air curtain width is perpendicular to the floor. The air discharge nozzle or
adjustable vanes in the air discharge nozzle shall be set to 0° ± 3°. Units shall be mounted so that nothing
interferes with the airstream. Additional tests may be run at discharge angles other than 0°.
5.3 Test procedure
5.3.1 Initial conditions
The unit under test shall be energized and operated for not less than 15 min to allow equilibrium conditions to
become established before the first determination. If the unit is equipped with a heating and/or cooling
accessory (i.e. hydronic coil, electric coil or gas furnace), it shall be attached as catalogued. The accessory
shall not be powered or activated during any part of the test unless it contributes to the active generation of
airflow. In such cases, only the fan section(s) shall be energized.
5.3.2 Data to be recorded
5.3.2.1 ACU under test
The following information shall be recorded:
a) the initial conditions;
b) the name and address of the manufacturer;
c) the trade name;
d) the model number;
e) the impeller diameter;
f) the inlet and outlet areas;
g) the number of fans;
h) the air discharge angle;
i) the number of motors;
j) the data on the motor nameplate;
k) the accessories attached;
l) the accessories which are energized.
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ISO 27327-1:2009(E)
5.3.2.2 Test method
The description of the test method shall be recorded, including specific dimensions as required by Figures 1, 3,
4 and 5. Alternatively, an annotated photograph of the arrangement shall be attached to the recorded data.
5.3.2.3 Apparatus and instruments
The apparatus and instruments used in the test shall be listed. Names, model numbers, serial numbers, scale
ranges and calibration information shall be recorded.
5.3.2.4 Initial and final conditions
Initial and final readings of ambient dry-bulb temperature, T , ambient wet-bulb temperature, T , and
d w
atmospheric pressure, p , shall be recorded for each determination.
a
5.3.3 Outlet air velocity uniformity test
The outlet air velocity uniformity test shall be based on air curtain core velocity, ν , measurements taken on a
cx
minimum of five equally spaced test lines on Plane 1 located one air discharge nozzle depth away from, and
parallel to, the air discharge nozzle width. The test line locations at the two ends of the plane shall be one air
discharge nozzle depth in from each end as shown in Figure 4. The remaining test line locations shall be
equally spaced and each space shall not exceed 100 mm. Record the maximum air curtain core velocity
readings along each test line within the plane. See Figure 7.
5.3.4 Air curtain core velocity
The maximum air curtain core velocities, ν , of the airstream shall be obtained by traversing each test line x,
cx
as shown in Figure 4 and recording each maximum reading using the instruments given in 5.1.1.
5.4 Calculation
5.4.1 General
Calculations, except as noted in this subclause, shall be in compliance with the requirements of ISO 5801.
5.4.2 Sta
...
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