ISO 18167:2020
(Main)Textile floor coverings — Installation practices — General
Textile floor coverings — Installation practices — General
This document sets out the requirements for installing textile floor coverings (carpets). It gives details of the work necessary in preparing subfloor surfaces together with the procedures that are to be adopted where textile floor coverings are laid over various types of subfloors and underlays and where subfloor heating units are installed. NOTE This document addresses needle insertion tufted, woven, fusion bonded, fibre bonded, knitted, non-woven, felted, and flocked textile floor coverings.
Revêtements de sol textiles — Pratiques d'installation — Généralités
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18167
First edition
2020-06
Textile floor coverings — Installation
practices — General
Revêtements de sol textiles — Pratiques d'installation — Généralités
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
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ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Materials . 4
4.1 Textile floor coverings . 4
4.2 Underlays . 4
4.2.1 Underlays . 4
4.2.2 Soft underlays . 4
4.3 Adhesives . 4
4.4 Carpet gripper . 5
5 Pre-installation requirements . 5
5.1 Site inspection and report — Commercial installations . 5
5.1.1 Inspection by contractor . 5
5.1.2 Report by contractor . 5
5.2 Installation site — Residential installations. 6
5.3 Exchange of information. 6
5.3.1 General. 6
5.3.2 Commercial installations . 6
5.3.3 Residential installations . 8
5.4 Conditioning of floor coverings and subfloor . 8
5.4.1 General. 8
5.4.2 Commercial installations . 8
5.4.3 Residential installations . 9
6 Installation methods . 9
6.1 Planning, general layout, and dye batch continuity . 9
6.2 Pile lay, pattern matching, dye batch continuity, and finishing .11
6.3 Seaming and joining .11
6.3.1 General.11
6.3.2 Methods of seaming and cross joining .12
6.4 Stretching .13
6.5 Method of installation using the carpet gripper system .13
6.5.1 General.13
6.5.2 Carpet gripper .13
6.5.3 Procedure .13
6.6 Method of installation using the direct-stick system .14
6.6.1 General.14
6.6.2 Ambient temperature .14
6.6.3 Laying procedure .14
6.7 Method of installation using the double-bond system .15
6.8 Method of installation using the pre-applied underlay adhesive system .16
6.9 Method of installation using the hook and loop system.16
6.10 Installation on stairs .17
6.10.1 General.17
6.10.2 Method of installation using the carpet gripper system .17
6.10.3 Method of installation using the direct-stick system .17
6.10.4 Method of installation using the double-bond system .18
6.10.5 Method of installation using the hook and loop system .18
6.11 Completion of installation .18
Annex A (normative) Site information to be requested by the contractor from the purchaser .19
Annex B (informative) Determining the dryness and alkalinity of subfloors .21
Annex C (informative) Principles of stretching textile floor coverings .25
Annex D (informative) Guidelines to trowel selection .31
Annex E (normative) Soft underlays for textile floor coverings .33
Annex F (normative) Method for the determination of compression characteristics .35
Annex G (normative) Method for the determination of resistance to breaking and cracking .39
Bibliography .41
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee 219, Floor coverings.
This first edition of ISO 18167 cancels and replaces ISO/PAS 18167:2014, which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— update of methods and standards referenced in Annex E.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Introduction
The objective of this document is to provide the contractors, manufacturers, suppliers, and purchasers
of textile floor coverings and others, for example technical educators, with procedures to enable the
provision of correctly installed textile floor coverings.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18167:2020(E)
Textile floor coverings — Installation practices — General
1 Scope
This document sets out the requirements for installing textile floor coverings (carpets). It gives details
of the work necessary in preparing subfloor surfaces together with the procedures that are to be
adopted where textile floor coverings are laid over various types of subfloors and underlays and where
subfloor heating units are installed.
NOTE This document addresses needle insertion tufted, woven, fusion bonded, fibre bonded, knitted, non-
woven, felted, and flocked textile floor coverings.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 139, Textiles — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 1765, Machine-made textile floor coverings — Determination of thickness
ISO 1957, Machine-made textile floor coverings — Selection and cutting of specimens for physical tests
ISO 2094, Textile floor coverings — Determination of thickness loss under dynamic loading
ISO 2424, Textile floor coverings — Vocabulary
ISO 3415, Textile floor coverings — Determination of thickness loss after brief, moderate static loading
ISO 9073-3, Textiles — Test methods for nonwovens — Part 3: Determination of tensile strength and
elongation
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2424 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
adhesive
substance that dries to a film capable of holding materials together by surface attachment
Note 1 to entry: Applying adhesive to the floor is normally accomplished with a trowel (3.17), airless spray, or roller
3.2
contractor
firm or person authorized by the purchaser (3.9) to carry out the laying of the textile floor covering
3.3
crotch
junction of the lower edge of the riser with the rearmost edge of the stair tread
3.4
fill-out
installed length of textile floor covering of a width dimension less than its usable manufactured width
3.5
laitance
layer of material formed from the constituents of concrete which can collect on the surface soon
after pouring
3.6
pH
value representing the concentration of hydrogen ions in gram-equivalents per litre used to indicate
the acidity or alkalinity (base) of a substance on a scale from 0 to 14 with 7 representing neutrality,
numbers less than 7 increasing acidity, and numbers greater than 7 increasing alkalinity
Note 1 to entry: For laboratory and field testing of pH, distilled water should be used.
3.7
plane
condition such that when a straightedge 3,0 m long is placed on the surface at any position,
no part is more than 5 mm above or below the straightedge
3.8
power stretcher
mechanical stretching device
carpet installation tool used to stretch carpet for installation on the tack strip which consists of a
pinned plate that grips the carpet, tubular extensions, a padded end used to brace against an opposing
wall or other structure, and a lever system that multiplies the installer's applied stretching force
3.9
purchaser
principal to the contract or person authorized by the principal to superintend the work on his/her behalf
3.10
seam
joints or interface of two pieces of carpet using various securing techniques in a carpet installation
3.11
seam sealing
edge sealing
application of seam adhesive (3.16) to secure and protect cut edges of carpet to be seamed from edge
ravelling and delamination
3.12
seaming tape
tape used for joining two sections of the carpet
Note 1 to entry: Hot-melt tape is pre-coated with a thermoplastic adhesive and adhesives (3.1) can be applied
separately to other types of seaming tapes.
3.13
smooth
condition such that, when a straightedge 150 mm long is placed on the surface at any position,
no part of it is more than 1 mm below the straightedge
3.14
stair nosing
leading edge of a stair thread
Note 1 to entry: For carpet installation, it is required that this edge be rounded.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.15
subfloor
surface on which the textile floor covering or the underlay is to be laid
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.16
subfloor heating
underfloor heating
any panel heating appliance or system whereby the subfloor (3.15) structure is warmed intentionally
for space heating purposes
3.17
trowel
hand implement used for metering and spreading adhesive (3.1) to the floor or other substrate
3.18
work of compression
work done on the underlay when the pressure is increased from 2 kPa to 100 kPa, i.e. the area under the
load-deflection curve (3.20)
Note 1 to entry: A value of deflection (3.21) alone does not indicate the shape of the load-deflection curve. However,
work of compression does distinguish between soft underlays, although they can have the same value for
deflection, have different energy absorbing characteristics, and hence, differently shaped load-deflection curves.
3.19
initial thickness of underlay
thickness of the underlay measured under a pressure of 2 kPa
3.20
load-deflection curve
plot of decreasing thickness against increasing pressure from 2 kPa to 100 kPa
3.21
deflection
compression
change in thickness of the underlay when the pressure is increased from 2 kPa to 100 kPa
3.22
fibrous underlay
underlay made of fibrous material consolidated by impregnation with a binding agent
3.23
needlefelt underlay
underlay made wholly of fibres entangled or matted together by needling of a fibre batt
Note 1 to entry: A woven, non-woven, or film scrim may be included in a fibrous underlay (3.22) for support during
manufacture.
3.24
cellular plastics (polymeric) underlay
cellular polymeric underlay
underlay formed essentially of a vulcanized rubber foam, with or without a carrier or backing materials
bonded thereto
4 Materials
4.1 Textile floor coverings
Textile floor coverings shall comply with the requirements of the relevant International Standards.
Where applicable, the textile floor covering referred to in this document shall be suitable for use above
subfloor heating where the temperature of the upper surface of the subfloor does not exceed 29 °C.
4.2 Underlays
4.2.1 Underlays
Unless the subfloor is substantially free from grooves, ridges, gaps, holes, and similar imperfections,
the use of a hard underlay is recommended.
Where a hard underlay is used, the following requirements apply:
a) the underlay shall have an estimated service life not shorter than that of the textile floor covering;
b) the underlay shall be compatible with the textile floor covering and the adhesive(s) to be used;
c) the underlay shall be non-staining, non-exuding, and sufficiently dense to withstand normal traffic
load on the floor without becoming indented or deformed;
d) the underlay shall be capable of being bonded to the subfloor in such a manner that the bonding is
not affected by normal traffic loading;
e) the underlay shall be non-shrinking to the extent that when the textile floor covering is laid, no
evidence of gaps shall be visible;
f) the maximum variation in length between the diagonals of underlay sheet shall not exceed 1,0 mm;
g) for timber subfloors, the underlay shall be either reduced density hardboard flooring underlay or
medium density fibreboard or medium density fibre cement sheet known to manufacturers as hard
underlay.
NOTE Other products can be used if agreed between the contractor and the purchaser.
4.2.2 Soft underlays
The soft underlay shall have a service life no shorter than that of the textile floor covering in
accordance with the recommendations of the underlay manufacturer and the carpet manufacturer. The
requirements for soft underlays are detailed in Annex E of this document, supplemented by the related
test methods in Annexes F and G that shall be followed.
In commercial applications, soft underlays shall have a total thickness not greater than 10 mm. For
installation of soft underlays, see 6.7 and 6.8.
Carpet should never be laid over existing carpet and/or existing underlay as this can cause permanent
damage to the new floor covering installation.
4.3 Adhesives
The choice of adhesives shall be made by consultation between the contractor and the manufacturer/
supplier of the selected underlay, manufacturer/supplier of the textile floor covering, and the
manufacturer/supplier of the adhesive and the purchaser shall be advised if requested.
Adhesives used shall be such that they ensure minimal hazardous risk to both personnel and property
involved with the installation and site.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Safety data sheets which should be easily obtainable from manufacturers of all chemical products
should be provided on-site whenever adhesives are being used.
Where the relative humidity of the atmosphere in the building is 75 % or more, only adhesives suitable
for such conditions shall be used. Any such adhesive shall be used in accordance with the instructions
of the manufacturers of the textile floor covering and of the adhesive.
NOTE 1 In high humidity, condensation can form on the surface of the substrate and/or adhesive and prevent
adhesion of the flooring.
Where subfloor heating units are installed, the adhesive shall be such that it is not affected adversely
by the temperature at which the heating units are to be operated.
Where additives such as curing agents, parting agents, and surface treatments which can have a
deleterious effect on an adhesive are present on the subfloor, the adhesive shall be isolated from the
deleterious material/s with the use of appropriate trowelled-on compounds.
NOTE 2 Some curing agents might need to be removed by grinding or sanding. Some parting agents can be
removed by washing with sugar soap, water blasting, and/or grinding.
4.4 Carpet gripper
The carpet gripper shall be constructed of five even thickness plywood layers.
The carpet gripper shall be constructed of sufficient pins and nails so as to withstand a minimum
stretching force of 6 580 N over a 1 220 mm length.
5 Pre-installation requirements
5.1 Site inspection and report — Commercial installations
5.1.1 Inspection by contractor
For textile floor coverings to be installed, a state of cleanliness for concrete/timber floors is required.
Cleanliness of floors can require, as a minimum, sanding, grinding, power washing, wet/dry vacuuming,
or similar.
If dry clean processes are used, remove all residual waste materials by vacuuming. If wet clean
processes are used, ensure that the floors are dry enough to vacuum waste surface materials before
installing the textile floor coverings.
The contractor shall obtain the site information on the subfloor outlined in Annex A and inspect the
following:
a) each of the relevant particulars required in Annex A;
b) whether any repairs to the subfloor are required and whether the surface of timber subfloors
needs to be sanded;
c) whether the surface of the subfloor requires cleaning to remove existing floor covering, any
deleterious materials such as grease, oil, paint curing or parting agents, or any surface treatment
which could adversely affect adhesion.
5.1.2 Report by contractor
If the contractor considers the subfloor under inspection to be unsuitable, the contractor shall submit a
report in writing to the purchaser, and where appropriate, the builder.
The report shall state the following:
a) whether the subfloor over which the floor covering is to be laid is in suitable condition;
b) any and all conditions that, in the contractor's opinion, will affect the satisfactory execution of
the installation work or impair the durability and serviceability of the textile floor covering or
installation systems.
Where the contractor indicates that the subfloor is not in a suitable condition for laying of the floor
coverings, the contractor shall specify reasons for the unsuitability of the subfloor.
Where the contractor indicates that removal or rectification work on the subfloor, doors, quads, or
scotia moulding is needed, the contractor shall advise the purchaser that this work is the responsibility
of other parties or as otherwise agreed.
5.2 Installation site — Residential installations
The contractor shall advise the purchaser, prior to installation, of the factors which can make the
subfloor unsuitable to receive the new floor covering(s). Where the condition of the subfloor can be
practically determined, the contractor shall advise the purchaser of necessary remedial work.
5.3 Exchange of information
5.3.1 General
The information to be exchanged between the contractor and the purchaser shall include advice
as to whether the installation should be in accordance with the commercial or residential laying
requirements of this document.
Where, because of economics or aesthetics, compliance with part of the content of this document is not
practical, the contractor shall discuss the effects of non-compliance with the purchaser and reach an
understanding on the effects of non-compliance.
5.3.2 Commercial installations
In addition to the information required to be provided by the contractor, elsewhere specified in this
document, there shall be consultation, preferably early in the design stage and generally throughout the
whole course of the contract between all parties concerned with the work. Information to be exchanged
shall include the following as applicable:
a) site factors such as location, access, other contractors on site, unloading, hoisting and storage
facilities, air conditioning, heating, lighting and power supply, floor loading, and security
arrangements;
b) building factors such as the nature of the building, assessment of type and density of traffic,
particulars of corrosive conditions, or other potentially damaging conditions;
c) specifications for or details of
1) the floor structure,
2) the damp-proof membrane and its location within the floor construction,
3) screed curing and drying times,
4) floor warming installations,
5) underlays,
6) adhesives and accessories including floor preservation treatments,
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
7) textile floor coverings, including type, batch or rotation number, classification, supplier,
dimensions, and repeat pattern size if applicable,
8) subsequent maintenance of the textile floor covering, and
9) finished floor level and permissible deviations;
d) associated work including services embedded in or passing through the floor, skirtings and
abutments, ducts and junctions with other adjacent floorings;
e) planning and procedures for the installation, i.e.
1) adequate details of total area including landings and stairs,
2) number of stair treads and landings where direction of seams or lay of the pile is outside
normal practice, and
3) method of installation and seaming;
f) details on the intended means of protection including the method of, and responsibility for, the
protection of the stored textile floor covering and the completed work and fabric of the building;
g) storage instructions: the textile floor covering shall be stored on a flat, clean, dry surface preferably
suspended from the sub-floor, protected from soil, dust, and moisture. Heavy objects shall not be
stacked on top of the carpet rolls and carpet rolls shall not be stacked more than three rolls high;
h) contract information shall include particulars of the form and type of contract, whether the work is
to be completed in any specific order or in sections, safeguarding against damage and theft, safety
and health provisions, welfare facilities, air conditioning, heating, lighting and power supply, and
insurance;
i) time schedule for the progress of the work in relation to other trades and services (see Annex A);
j) time lapse before use: where pressure sensitive adhesive, direct-stick or double-bond systems have
been used, advice shall be given that concentrated foot and wheeled traffic should be avoided for
24 h after installation so that arrangements can be made for protection if avoidance is not possible;
k) details of problems which might be expected to arise and where special consultation might be
necessary, e.g. pattern matching;
l) prior to the installation of the textile floor covering, the purchaser shall be informed of the floor
covering plan setting out the details required by this clause. The floor covering plan shall include
the following:
1) a scaled drawing or proportional sketch of the areas in which the installation shall take place;
2) all dimensions necessary to the installation in accordance with this document;
3) all dimensions recorded in millimetres;
4) all dimensions recorded in a manner that enables them to be read from the bottom-right
hand corner;
5) where possible, all dimensions recorded inside the scaled drawing or proportional sketch;
6) the approximate position of all seams and cross-joins;
7) the manufacturer's description of the textile floor covering for the installation;
8) the manufacturer's description of the underlay for the installation;
9) the manufacturer's description of the accessories for the installation;
10) as far as possible, a description of the condition of the subfloor;
11) as far as possible, details of the subfloor preparation required to obtain a subfloor that
conforms with 5.4.2.3;
12) the method of seaming to be used for the installation;
13) the direction of pile lay, clearly identified.
5.3.3 Residential installations
The contractor shall provide the following:
a) the manufacturer's description of the textile floor covering material to be installed;
b) the manufacturer's description of the type of underlay to be used for the installation;
c) where appropriate, a description of accessories and fittings;
d) where the condition of the subfloor can be practicably determined by the contractor or where the
contractor has previously advised the purchaser of necessary subfloor preparation, the nature of
any work required to the subfloor.
The contractor shall provide the purchaser with the total quantity meterage and an assurance that the
textile floor covering will be installed in accordance with this installation document.
5.4 Conditioning of floor coverings and subfloor
5.4.1 General
The following shall apply:
a) before conditioning, textile floor covering and underlay materials shall be kept in a clean, dry, well-
ventilated place and stored as specified in 5.3.2 g);
b) before installation, the textile floor covering shall be allowed to come to the same temperature and
relative humidity as the area where it is to be laid;
c) the preferred ambient installation temperature in the area where the textile floor covering is
to be laid shall be between 10 °C and 35 °C, but reference shall be made to the manufacturer's
recommendation;
d) the textile floor covering shall be installed only where relative humidity of the area does not exceed
75 % or fall below 30 %.
NOTE The optimum installation temperature is between 15 °C and 25 °C. Floor coverings installed outside
this temperature range can experience variations in carpet tension.
Adequate ventilation and airflow should be maintained at all times before and after conditioning
materials and adhesives and sub-floor preparation. For double-bond and pre-applied installations, see
6.7 c) for conditioning of soft underlay.
5.4.2 Commercial installations
5.4.2.1 Air-conditioned areas
Wherever possible, no underlay or textile floor covering shall be laid on the subfloor until the air-
conditioning units have been in operation at normal operating temperature for at least seven days.
During this period, the temperature should not be allowed to fall outside the textile floor coverings
manufacturer's recommended limits. These conditions should be maintained during laying and for the
next 72 h.
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Where air-conditioning is to be installed, but is not yet operational, it is recommended that the room
be maintained within the temperature range of 10 °C to 35 °C for seven days prior to and during
installation and for the next 72 h.
Without such temperature control at this stage, subsequent movement of the subfloor, underlay, and
textile floor coverings can occur.
5.4.2.2 Heating units
Where underfloor heating units are installed on or in the subfloor, the following shall apply:
a) the heating units shall be turned on prior to laying the floor covering for a period sufficient to
ensure that the moisture condition of the heated subfloor is such that it will permit successful
laying of the covering;
b) the heating unit shall then be turned off to allow the subfloor to return to the temperature range
recommended by the textile floor coverings manufacturer and soft underlay manufacturer before
the laying is commenced;
c) the heating units shall remain turned off during the laying and shall not be turned on until 48 h
after the laying is completed in order to allow the adhesive to cure;
d) heating units shall not be used to dry the concrete subfloor before the concrete is fully cured, e.g.
one month after placing. The concrete shall be allowed to dry out slowly to minimize cracking.
Cyclic heating should be avoided during this period. Following curing, it is recommended that the lowest
temperature setting be used and heating be maintained over a period of at least seven days to assist in
lowering the moisture content.
5.4.2.3 Subfloor preparation
Before a floor coverings installation is commenced over a concrete subfloor or screed topping all
subfloor, surfaces shall be dry, smooth, plane sound, and clean (see Annex A). Dryness shall be
considered satisfactory when relative humidity by the hygrometer test does not exceed 70 %.
NOTE Annex B provides methods for the determination of subfloor dryness.
When double-bond or direct-stick systems are used, porous subfloors shall be primed as recommended
by the adhesive manufacturer.
5.4.3 Residential installations
Before the installation of the floor coverings is commenced, all subfloor surfaces shall be dry, smooth,
plane, sound and clean (see Annex A).
When double-bond or direct-stick systems are used, porous subfloors shall be primed as recommended
by the adhesive manufacturer.
6 Installation methods
6.1 Planning, general layout, and dye batch continuity
The contractor shall give consideration to the general layout so that, where possible:
a) seams run the length of the area;
b) traffic runs along rather than across the seams;
c) light from windows does not strike across seams;
d) all pile faces away from the main source of incident light;
e) all pile faces towards the main entry to the area of installation;
f) on stairs, the pile lay runs towards the leading stair edge;
g) selvedge seams are accurately aligned throughout the entire installation;
h) textile floor coverings start within a full width on the door side;
i) part width fill-outs are placed on the opposite side of the room from the door;
j) textile floor coverings are accurately and closely fitted to all skirtings, architraves, and other
perimeters;
k) where a textile floor covering joins occur in a doorway, it is recommended that the joins fall within
the thickness of the closed door;
l) where a textile floor covering abuts a different floor covering in a doorway, it is recommended that
the join falls within the thickness of the closed door;
m) where a textile floor covering edge finishes at a bare subfloor in a doorway, it is recommended that
the edge of the textile floor covering falls within the thickness of the closed door;
n) full widths of textile floor coverings should be used wherever practical;
o) textile floor coverings shall all run in the same direction in any one area,
p) where textile floor coverings run contiguously in adjoining areas on the same level, the textile floor
coverings shall all run in the same direction and be from the same dye batch;
q) fill-outs are not used in doorways where the same textile floor coverings are on both sides;
r) in circumstances where two fill-outs are used in one room, they do not abut;
s) fill-outs are not positioned between full widths except in unusual circumstances where laying has
to commence on opposite walls and proceed to the middle of floor area. The final width installed
can be reduced to no less than 50 % of a full width (see Figure 1.).
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Key
A out direction
B wall
C reduced width
D direction of lay
1 to 8 strips of textile floor covering
Figure 1 — Possible reduced width where laying has commenced at opposite walls
6.2 Pile lay, pattern matching, dye batch continuity, and finishing
The following shall apply:
a) where two or more pieces of the textile floor coverings abut, the pile direction shall be the same;
b) where possible or where the manufacturer's tolerance allows, the pattern repeat shall be aligned;
c) where textile floor covering runs continuously in adjoining areas on the same level, it shall all be
from the same dye batch;
d) where two or more pieces of textile floor coverings are adjacent (i.e. lie in the same field of vision),
the pile direction shall be the same, unless otherwise specified.
Edging and dividing strips available in wood, metal, or other suitable materials can be used between
dissimilar types of floor coverings at door openings or to act as a finish to a floor. Textile floor coverings
can then be used as skirtings, but in such cases, adequate provision should be made for the protection
of the exposed raw edge of the materials.
6.3 Seaming and joining
6.3.1 General
Except for fibre-bonded textile floor coverings, the following requirements and recommendations apply:
a) the seams and cross-joins shall be strong enough to permit the textile floor coverings to be stretched
without gaping and to not break down under traffic using machine or hand-stitched installation
processes or a seaming tape recommended by the manufacturer for the intended purpose;
b) the direct stick system and the double-bond system can be used for method of seaming and joining;
c) the pile lay shall be in the same direction on either side of a seam or cross-join;
d) the pile shall not be caught down into a seam or cross-join, nor shall there be gaps in the pile;
e) the seams and cross-joins shall be straight and aligned;
f) the seams and cross-joins shall be as flat as possible;
g) the diagonals and designs shall be, where possible, correctly aligned;
h) the backing edges shall butt and they shall not overlap or gape;
i) care shall be taken to minimize cross-joins in an installation;
j) cross-joins shall be unobtrusive;
k) wherever possible, cross-joins shall not be placed in main traffic ways;
l) cross-joins in a fill-out shall be not less than 100 cm apart;
m) wherever possible, the number of cross-joins in a fill out shall be not greater than
1) in a half-width, one cross-join,
2) in a third-width fill, two cross-joins, or
3) in a quarter-width fill, three cross-joins;
n) where the pattern of a textile floor covering requires cross-joins less than 100 cm apart, they shall
be the closest multiple of the pattern to 100 cm;
o) any variance from these requirements for cross-joins shall be determined through negotiations
with the purchaser (see 5.3.1).
6.3.2 Methods of seaming and cross joining
6.3.2.1 Machine or hand sewing
Make the stitching of even tension. Protect cut edges of woven carpets to prevent loss of pile along the
seam. Use approximately 20 stitches per 10 cm depending on the type of carpet being sewn.
When seaming woven carpets in commercial installations, it is recommended that the contractor consult
the textile floor coverings manufacturer on preferred seaming techniques. Particular seaming methods
can be preferable for particular woven carpet constructions or where there are site specific factors such
as end-use environment or traffic conditions which favour the use of the particular seaming method.
6.3.2.2 Hot-melt adhesive tapes (heat bond iron or electrically activated)
When a heat bond iron is used, protect the textile floor coverings with a heat shield with the iron set
and move along the seam at a rate in accordance with the instructions given by the hot-melt adhesive
tape manufacturer. Use electrically heated tapes in accordance with the instructions given by the
electrically activated tape and control unit manufacturer. Butt all edges. When seaming carpets with
hot-melt adhesive tape in contact with a polyethylene surfaced underlay, joining tape with silicon
release backing shall be used if required to prevent the carpet bonding to the underlay.
NOTE A slip-sheet or powder equivalent can also be used in this application.
6.3.2.3 Seam sealing
Apply appropriate seam sealer to each cut edge to ensure that the tufts are adequately anchored within
the textile floor covering.
12 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Before using methods described in 6.3.2.2 and 6.3.2.3, all edges which are to be seamed or joined
should be cut straight and square (cuts shoul
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