ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016
(Main)Information technology — Future keyboards and other input devices and entry methods
Information technology — Future keyboards and other input devices and entry methods
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016 (TR) covers the following: - different input requirements catering for national and international practices and support of cultural and linguistic diversity; - recognition of requirements regarding comfort of use (for any user, including children, elderly and disabled people) and improved user productivity related to inputting data; - enhancements of keyboards and related input devices and methods required for new emerging phenomena such as Internet, multimedia, virtual reality; - virtual input requirements; - labelling issues (soft [LCD] and hard, permanent and temporary labels), function symbols and icons. ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016 does not cover implications of biometric input (fingerprint-based, iris-pattern-based, face-shape-based, etc.) devices for access and security. ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016 is aimed at both the users and manufacturers and intends to present the user requirements regarding keyboards and associated devices and methods, at the time of publication of this technical report.
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TECHNICAL ISO/IEC TR
REPORT 15440
Fourth edition
2016-02-01
Corrected version
2016-04-15
Information technology — Future
keyboards and other input devices
and entry methods
Technologies de l’information — Claviers futurs, autres dispositifs
d’entrée associés et méthodes d’entrée liées
Reference number
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2016
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Benefits and disadvantages of current keyboards and data entry devices on the market .1
4 Comfort of use and productivity considerations . 2
4.1 General comfort of use and productivity . 2
4.2 Ergonomic keytop labelling for keyboards with a secondary group . 3
5 Keyboard classification [including linear keyboards, segmented keyboards, mono-
handed keyboards, keyboards and input devices for disabled persons, specific
keyboards for general (fixed and mobile telephones) and/or specific applications
(banking, health care, trade, etc.), virtual keyboards] . 4
6 Data entry methods for graphic character sets (including numerical or non-
numerical use of numeric keypads, pen-based movements, alphabetic data entry
using telephone keypads, alphabetic data entry using telephone keypads) .4
7 Logical interface with the central unit, methods of recognition of keys (including
hardware or software recognized keys, use of scan codes, self-identifying keys,
software-hidden keys, etc.) . 5
8 Principles of adaptation related especially to linguistic and cultural characteristics .6
8.1 Current situation and perspectives . 6
8.2 Labelling support for multilingual keyboards . 6
9 Portability and interchangeability of keyboards and related input devices [drivers,
physical (plugs) and electrical connectivity] . 8
10 Consistency of use between desktop and portable keyboards . 8
11 Related input devices and especially pointing, dragging and tracing devices and
free hand-input devices: mouse, track ball, stick, joystick, pen, tablet, stylus, light
pen, eye-movement-driven data entry, etc. . 9
12 Control of multimedia actions, mechanical functions (screen reversal, sound and
clicker volume, etc.) and new additional functions (Internet integration, telephone,
tv-tuner, fax, etc.) . 9
13 Test methods for evaluation and optimization . 9
14 Function symbols, design and disposition of symbols on keys, consistency between
icons and symbols . 9
15 National keyboard layouts database. 9
Annex A (informative) Input methods .10
Bibliography .25
© ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee
SC 35, User interfaces.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO/IEC TR 15440:2005), which has been
technically revised.
This corrected version of ISO 15440:2016 incorporates the following corrections.
Korean and Chinese characters used throughout Annex A have been replaced with the correct symbols.
iv © ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
Introduction
This Technical Report, supported by the history of information technology keyboards during the last
three decades, lists current and anticipated problem areas as seen by users and tries to pave the way to
foreseen work items in JTC 1 for solving issues of the user interface with keyboards, other input devices
and input methods.
© ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
Information technology — Future keyboards and other
input devices and entry methods
1 Scope
This Technical Report (TR) covers the following:
— different input requirements catering for national and international practices and support of
cultural and linguistic diversity;
— recognition of requirements regarding comfort of use (for any user, including children, elderly and
disabled people) and improved user productivity related to inputting data;
— enhancements of keyboards and related input devices and methods required for new emerging
phenomena such as Internet, multimedia, virtual reality;
— virtual input requirements;
— labelling issues (soft [LCD] and hard, permanent and temporary labels), function symbols and icons.
This Technical Report does not cover implications of biometric input (fingerprint-based, iris-pattern-
based, face-shape-based, etc.) devices for access and security.
This Technical Report is aimed at both the users and manufacturers and intends to present the user
requirements regarding keyboards and associated devices and methods, at the time of publication of
this technical report.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions in ISO/IEC 9995-1 apply.
3 Benefits and disadvantages of current keyboards and data entry devices on
the market
— Most existing desktop and laptop keyboards on the market are following ISO/IEC 9995-1 and
ISO/IEC 9995-2. This helps for education and training.
— The situation on portable computers is less clear, as confusion very often exists between function
and alphanumeric keys; some dedicated keys like the portable Fn key are either not “seen” by
software or are used in different fashions between different manufacturers’ equipment. Different
cursor and editing functions are interfering with character data entry. Because of the reduced size
of the keyboard, row A in particular is really confusing, function keys varying locations from model
to model and not being really well-thought out (for example, the Insert key is sometimes placed
immediately next to the Delete key, which is extremely error-prone for the user); blind or visually
impaired persons have specific problems, particularly with portable computers: the variation in
the placement of the different keys due to the lack of strictly defined international standards for
common functions. Because of this, no clues exist to help them finding the location of these functions.
Even if the functions are not universal, a survey of the different functions should be made among
the devices available on the market and reserving a relative location to each one in an international
standard would be desirable.
— Most keyboards misinterpret some parts of ISO/IEC 9995. For example, the decimal separator is not
used as a function but rather as an alphanumeric key [this creates problems in countries in which
the decimal separator is multiple (this function should not depend from output representation)];
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ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
another case in point is the function terminology that is multiple and does not always respect
ISO/IEC 9995-7.
— New, much more programmable keyboard interfaces are now becoming available, such as
programmed keyboards displayed on a touch screen or displayed on some surface and recognized
via a camera. Standards for layouting such keyboards, including code assignment to each key, are
now available in ISO/IEC 24757, but actual use is limited. Guidance on using such mechanisms should
be produced.
4 Comfort of use and productivity considerations
4.1 General comfort of use and productivity
— No major improvement in the comfort of use has been done since 1995 except some innovative,
albeit sometimes very specific platform-oriented tools for multimedia and Internet usage working
with very specific drivers.
— Standardisation of placement and functionality of common functions would appear to be possible as
technology is stabilising.
EXAMPLE Print Screen function could be selectable at the platform-level as either an application-
dependent function or as a “hard-wired” feature that prints the screen independently of the application
running under a given operating system.
— Placement and functionality of functions such as Select Level 3 and Group Select remain to be
fixed (American keyboards typically do not have a Level 3 select function, for example, and Group
Select, when available, is done in different fashions due to lack of guidance in the first edition of
ISO/IEC 9995).
— One important drawback of current keyboards is that no software can be made “aware” of the actual
geometric layout as it is seen by the user, nor of the actual engraving seen by the user; if standard
(de-facto or de-jure, even OEM) keyboards were registered and assigned a worldwide-fixed number,
then the keyboard could identify itself (i.e. the actual engraving and geometry) to the software on
request and then the software could better display actual mapping to other character sets than
those engraved on the keyboard in addition to these. This is of particular importance in a more and
more global, multilingual environment. Such a scheme would not necessitate a change in the actual
“scan-code” technology used today. The use of ISO/IEC 24757 allows negotiating information on
actual engraving of the keyboard.
— Comfort of use is highly dependent of the actual work done by a specific user; reassigning keys
allows improvement of user productivity; this is possible only if the software is aware of the actual
placement of keys of which it “sees” the “scan codes”; keyboards should ideally be designed according
to human ergonomics and this is rarely the case. As an example, the common square keyboard is not
ergonomically designed according to the function of normal hands/arms.
— Reassignment of actual “scan codes” of the physical keyboard by software would be desirable (so
far, such reassignment is very difficult at the keyboard-driver level if at all possible) for example, to
allow the use of a 7-8-9 layout on a 1-2-3 numeric keypad. Currently, hard-wired “scan codes” can be
interpreted differently by software but that advantage becomes, at the same time, a problem if all
“keyboard-scan-code-aware” programs do not all use the same interpretation of these “scan codes”.
Such a reassignment would greatly improve software compatibility while serving the end-user and
innovative application needs.
— an NP is desirable to standardise the minimum set of keyboard software-driven functions that
should be made available by an operating system (and optionally, by an application), standardising
placement of the involved function keys at the same time. Functionality could include email, web
access, and turning audio on and off.
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ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
— ISO/IEC/TR 30109 has been approved to facilitate, among other things, a better match between the
user’s needs for functionality including national characters and input methods and the available
keyboard hardware, e.g. at an Internet café or a hotel in a foreign country.
— Function of the “Capitals Lock”/”Shift Lock” key.
While ISO/IEC 9995-2 expresses that a key providing one of the functions Capitals lock (usually called
“Caps Lock”), Level 2 lock (i.e. “Shift lock”), or Generalized lock (which is not specified further) needs
to be present, the exact function of this key is not standardized in the ISO/IEC 9995 series. Common
implementations show the inheritance from the mechanical typewriter, where such keys in fact were
acting by mechanical engagement and mechanical release by pressing of either the lock key again or
the Shift key. As, unlike on mechanical typewriters, the actuation of the lock key provides no special
tactile or audible feedback for the touch typist (like the spring force or the special sound of the engaging
mechanism), it is likely to be recognized only after long sequences of subsequent keys have been entered
and misinterpreted.
A solution could be standardized which, in addition to avoid the effect of an inadvertent hitting of the
lock key, has the advantage that the actuation has a unique function independent of any state (unlike
a solution where the lock key switches between lock-on and lock-off, thus being dependent from the
current lock state). This is the following:
— Shift + Lock (simultaneously pressed) switch to the state “Shift Lock”;
— “Level 3 Select” (i.e. AltGr) + Lock (simultaneously pressed) switch to the state “Caps Lock”;
— Lock pressed alone switches off any “Shift Lock” or “Caps Lock” state.
Thus, any inadvertent pressing of the lock key, while neither “Shift Lock” nor “Caps Lock” is on, has
no effect.
The function of the “Num Lock” key can be standardized analogously.
4.2 Ergonomic keytop labelling for keyboards with a secondary group
The current ISO/IEC 9995-1 requires for layouts with more than one group that on the keytops, the
characters of the (up to) three levels of each group are displayed in a column. While this is a clean
solution from a systematic view, it has the ergonomic disadvantage that the height on every character,
including the whitespace separating it from other characters or the keytop border, can be a third of
the total keytop height at maximum. This applies even for layouts where only four characters are to be
displayed, which is the case if the second group does not employ the third level, and employs the second
level only for capital letters with the paired lowercase letters at the first level, thus the second level
does not need to be displayed on the keytop also.
The T2 layout in the new German keyboard standard DIN 2137-01:2012-06 was designed deliberately
to accommodate these requirements.
If there is a way to display in two rows and two columns, the characters could be displayed considerably
larger. This is a real advantage especially for elderly people with age-related long-sightedness who are
not touch-typists.
In consequence, when there are only two groups displayed and support for only one level of group 2
is required, a future standard should allow the labelling as follows, provided that all levels of group 1
use the same colour or the same shade of gray in column 2 and column 1, and that the level of group 2
displayed uses a different colour or shade of gray:
— Group 1, Level 1: lower left corner of the keytop (colour A or shade of gray A);
— Group 1, Level 2: upper left corner of the keytop (colour A or shade of gray A);
— Group 1, Level 3: lower right corner of the keytop (colour A or shade of gray A);
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ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
— Group 2, Level 1: upper right corner of the keytop (colour B or shade of gray B).
As the current ISO/IEC 9995-1 already allows an according labelling for keyboards which employ only a
Group 1, this is a straightforward extension.
Figure 1 — Comparison of possible allocation when support for only one level of group 2 is
required
5 Keyboard classification [including linear keyboards, segmented keyboards,
mono-handed keyboards, keyboards and input devices for disabled persons,
specific keyboards for general (fixed and mobile telephones) and/or specific
applications (banking, health care, trade, etc.), virtual keyboards]
Disabled and elderly persons can have many different problems with using a keyboard. These problems
may be split up in, for example, problems with recognizing the wanted key, problems with controlling
the movement of the arms and fingers, difficulties with the mouse movements without trembling, and
possibility of using only one hand. This can result in different types of equipment to solve the problem.
Tactile identifiers are mentioned in ISO 9241-400 but not exactly specified. ETSI has produced a
standard on specifying in detail the conventional “touch-type” marking on alphanumeric keys F and
J and on the numerical keyboard part key 5. One problem with the numerical keyboard is that the
tactile identifier on key 5 does not tell the difference between the “1-2-3” or “7-8-9” layout. It has been
mentioned that the keyboard itself, instead of the keys, could be marked to tell which it is. Austria has
proposed to instead have different marks.
6 Data entry methods for graphic character sets (including numerical or non-
numerical use of numeric keypads, pen-based movements, alphabetic data entry
using telephone keypads, alphabetic data entry using telephone keypads)
Some mobile telephones systems (e.g. GSM) give the possibility to send text with help of the telephone
keypads (numeric keyboard). ISO/IEC 9995-8 assigns the letters A to Z to the digit keys. Additional
characters are generally implemented and accessible through repeated pressing of the keys. The
characters are then displayed on the window of the phone. A better and standardized way of doing it
would be wanted to improve the usability of text input on small keyboards and to replace the variety of
proprietary techniques in use in the industry.
Some of the improved industry technology includes just typing the key that represents multiple letters
or characters once and then for a whole character sequence, e.g. limited by a space, to see what is the
best probability for a properly spelled word in the respective language. Another idea is to use letter
assignments tailored to a specific language fitted by typical letter usage in that language.
4 © ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
A specification method for Input Methods would improve portability of these methods among platforms
for the benefit of users. A description of some Input Methods is contained in Annex A.
7 Logical interface with the central unit, methods of recognition of keys
(including hardware or software recognized keys, use of scan codes, self-
identifying keys, software-hidden keys, etc.)
Nowadays, most, if not all, keyboards on the market have integrated microprocessors which determine
by themselves which keys of the keyboard are being typed and which send indications to a central
computer (typically a PC) or a terminal controller whenever a key is depressed and when it is released,
possibly with a repetitive indication at every given time interval if the key is kept depressed for a long
enough time. Each one of such indications is called a “scan code” (from the fact that the microprocessor
is scanning the keyboard all the time to see if an electrical contact is made on the intersection of a row
and column of the keyboard matrix circuitry).
The only thing that is sent to the computer is hence a code which is used to theoretically identify the
coordinates of the keys depressed (for PC, these coordinates correspond indeed to the original 1981
PC keyboard, a geometry that is no longer used) and this allows reprogramming the keyboard in the
computer according to, for example, the language of the user or for any other customized purpose.
This method of operation is, on one hand, very flexible from a programming point of view. But on the
other hand, due to the numerous geometric reconfigurations of keyboards year after year and the
necessity to be backward compatible, the software in the computer can no longer “know” for sure the
actual location of a key depressed on the keyboard, which can be an annoyance if the keyboard is to be
presented on the screen for help or actual operation purposes.
Furthermore, the software is not aware of what is engraved on the keys. At the end of the 1980s, LCD-
display key keyboards were manufactured on a small scale which allowed the computer to show, in a
programmable way, what were the characters supported by the keyboard driver in use. These keyboards
were significantly expensive to produce (typically six times more than the average keyboard) and their
production was stopped. This technology will possibly be replaced by less expensive ways of providing
the same functionality but it will probably be more expensive than standard keyboards.
One idea to make sure that the computer would be made aware of what is engraved on the computer
would be to assign, in addition to the scan code, an identification of the characters engraved on the keys
(theoretically up to nine characters per key, for up to three groups of up to three levels each according to
ISO/IEC 9995) which could be queried by the computer to the keyboard. This would allow the keyboard
to be made aware of the complete physical layout of the actual keyboard (for display or help purposes),
including customized one, without affecting the “traditional” mode of keyboard operation, and also
inexpensively. The best way a character should be identified would be by using the canonical 4-octet
encoding assigned to each character in the Universal character set (ISO/IEC 10646), which assigns a
coding element to each one of the characters used by all known written languages on earth and much
beyond. To complete the solution to the physical placement of the keys on the keyboard, each key should
be identified in such a system by its location using the grid system of coordinates of ISO/IEC 9995. A
standard for describing the physical layout of a keyboard with key assignment to ISO/IEC 10646 is now
accomplished in ISO/IEC 24757.
An issue that would remain would be, for help purposes, to make known to the computer all the keys
of the keyboard which depression is never indicated to the computer (keys such as Fn key on portable
keyboards), and their location, by some private text identification and also in using the grid system of
coordinates of ISO/IEC 9995. As the number of keys affected by those hidden keys may be everything
from this hidden key itself to all the other keys of the computer (which depression is then not indicated
to the computer), an easy way out of this would be that the keyboard make the computer aware of its
generic model identification.
© ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016(E)
8 Principles of adaptation related especially to linguistic and cultural
characteristics
8.1 Current situation and perspectives
Today, the ISO/IEC 9995 series specifies the possibility to have many groups with three levels each.
Hopefully in the future, many keyboards will have the possibility to use this for, e.g. writing in different
languages or for different applications. If there are many versions, it would also be preferable if the
keyboard or connected PC had a visual indication at which layout is active at the moment. It would also
be helpful if there is an easy way to reset the keyboard to a default layout. This is something which is
absolutely required by people with visual defects. New specifications in ISO/IEC 9995 are underway,
allowing shifting between more scripts and allowing more characters for a multilingual input to be
keyed in in a convenient way.
Except for the possibility to choose between different groups for applications and languages, it would
also be possible to, e.g. configure different groups for different diacritics.
Further, it would be desirable if the keyboard could be able to identify for the connected system its
different possible groups.
Another similar possibility is a way of toggling between different characters used in, e.g. Japan called
IME (Input Method Editor). After setting the keyboard in the state for IME, a list of the alternatives for
characters to select from is displayed on-screen, either the alternatives are shown one-by-one or all
at once. By default, i.e. if key-in continues without any action to choose another alternative, the first
alternative should be picked. Getting the next or previous alternative could be done by the tab and
back-tab, respectively.
8.2 Labelling support for multilingual keyboards
Multilingual-multiscript keyboards are useful for environments like multinational administrations
(like the one of the E.U.) or universities. ISO/IEC 9995-9 addresses this. However, the rules for keyboard
labeling, as expressed in ISO/IEC 9995-1, are confined to the use of three groups. These rules are to be
expanded to employ
...
TECHNICAL ISO/IEC TR
REPORT 15440
Fourth edition
Information technology — Future
keyboards and other input devices
and entry methods
Technologies de l’information — Claviers futurs, autres dispositifs
d’entrée associés et méthodes d’entrée liées
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2015(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2015
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2015(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/IEC 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Benefits and disadvantages of current keyboards and data entry devices on the market .1
4 Comfort of use and productivity considerations . 2
4.1 General comfort of use and productivity . 2
4.2 Ergonomic keytop labelling for keyboards with a secondary group . 3
5 Keyboard classification [including linear keyboards, segmented keyboards, mono-
handed keyboards, keyboards and input devices for disabled persons, specific
keyboards for general (fixed and mobile telephones) and/or specific applications
(banking, health care, trade, etc.), virtual keyboards] . 4
6 Data entry methods for graphic character sets (including numerical or non-
numerical use of numeric keypads, pen-based movements, alphabetic data entry
using telephone keypads, alphabetic data entry using telephone keypads) .4
7 Logical interface with the central unit, methods of recognition of keys (including
hardware or software recognized keys, use of scan codes, self-identifying keys,
software-hidden keys, etc.) . 5
8 Principles of adaptation related especially to linguistic and cultural characteristics .6
8.1 Current situation and perspectives . 6
8.2 Labelling support for multilingual keyboards . 6
9 Portability and interchangeability of keyboards and related input devices [drivers,
physical (plugs) and electrical connectivity] . 8
10 Consistency of use between desktop and portable keyboards . 8
11 Related input devices and especially pointing, dragging and tracing devices and
free hand-input devices: mouse, track ball, stick, joystick, pen, tablet, stylus, light
pen, eye-movement-driven data entry, etc. . 9
12 Control of multimedia actions, mechanical functions (screen reversal, sound and
clicker volume, etc.) and new additional functions (Internet integration, telephone,
tv-tuner, fax, etc.) . 9
13 Test methods for evaluation and optimization . 9
14 Function symbols, design and disposition of symbols on keys, consistency between
icons and symbols . 9
15 National keyboard layouts database. 9
Annex A (informative) Input methods .10
Bibliography .25
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee
SC 35, User interfaces.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO/IEC TR 15440:2005), which has been
technically revised.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 15440:2015(E)
Introduction
This Technical Report, supported by the history of information technology keyboards during the last
three decades, lists current and anticipated problem areas as seen by users and tries to pave the way to
foreseen work items in JTC 1 for solving issues of the user interface with keyboards, other input devices
and input methods.
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 15440:2015(E)
Information technology — Future keyboards and other
input devices and entry methods
1 Scope
This Technical Report (TR) covers the following:
— different input requirements catering for national and international practices and support of
cultural and linguistic diversity;
— recognition of requirements regarding comfort of use (for any user, including children, elderly and
disabled people) and improved user productivity related to inputting data;
— enhancements of keyboards and related input devices and methods required for new emerging
phenomena such as Internet, multimedia, virtual reality;
— virtual input requirements;
— labelling issues (soft [LCD] and hard, permanent and temporary labels), function symbols and icons.
This Technical Report does not cover implications of biometric input (fingerprint-based, iris-pattern-
based, face-shape-based, etc.) devices for access and security.
This Technical Report is aimed at both the users and manufacturers and intends to present the user
requirements regarding keyboards and associated devices and methods, at the time of publication of
this technical report.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions in ISO/IEC 9995-1 apply.
3 Benefits and disadvantages of current keyboards and data entry devices on the
market
— Most existing desktop and laptop keyboards on the market are following ISO/IEC 9995-1 and
ISO/IEC 9995-2. This helps for education and training.
— The situation on portable computers is less clear, as confusion very often exists between function
and alphanumeric keys; some dedicated keys like the portable Fn key are either not “seen” by
software or are used in different fashions between different manufacturers’ equipment. Different
cursor and editing functions are interfering with character data entry. Because of the reduced size
of the keyboard, row A in particular is really confusing, function keys varying locations from model
to model and not being really well-thought out (for example, the Insert key is sometimes placed
immediately next to the Delete key, which is extremely error-prone for the user); blind or visually
impaired persons have specific problems, particularly with portable computers: the variation in
the placement of the different keys due to the lack of strictly defined international standards for
common functions. Because of this, no clues exist to help them finding the location of these functions.
Even if the functions are not universal, a survey of the different functions should be made among
the devices available on the market and reserving a relative location to each one in an international
standard would be desirable.
— Most keyboards misinterpret some parts of ISO/IEC 9995. For example, the decimal separator is not
used as a function but rather as an alphanumeric key [this creates problems in countries in which
the decimal separator is multiple (this function should not depend from output representation)];
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another case in point is the function terminology that is multiple and does not always respect
ISO/IEC 9995-7.
— New, much more programmable keyboard interfaces are now becoming available, such as programmed
keyboards displayed on a touch screen or displayed on some surface and recognized via a camera.
Standards for layouting such keyboards, including code assignment to each key, are now available in
ISO/IEC 24757, but actual use is limited. Guidance on using such mechanisms should be produced.
4 Comfort of use and productivity considerations
4.1 General comfort of use and productivity
— No major improvement in the comfort of use has been done since 1995 except some innovative,
albeit sometimes very specific platform-oriented tools for multimedia and Internet usage working
with very specific drivers.
— Standardisation of placement and functionality of common functions would appear to be possible as
technology is stabilising.
EXAMPLE Print Screen function could be selectable at the platform-level as either an application-
dependent function or as a “hard-wired” feature that prints the screen independently of the application
running under a given operating system.
— Placement and functionality of functions such as Select Level 3 and Group Select remain to be
fixed (American keyboards typically do not have a Level 3 select function, for example, and Group
Select, when available, is done in different fashions due to lack of guidance in the first edition of
ISO/IEC 9995).
— One important drawback of current keyboards is that no software can be made “aware” of the actual
geometric layout as it is seen by the user, nor of the actual engraving seen by the user; if standard
(de-facto or de-jure, even OEM) keyboards were registered and assigned a worldwide-fixed number,
then the keyboard could identify itself (i.e. the actual engraving and geometry) to the software on
request and then the software could better display actual mapping to other character sets than
those engraved on the keyboard in addition to these. This is of particular importance in a more and
more global, multilingual environment. Such a scheme would not necessitate a change in the actual
“scan-code” technology used today. The use of ISO/IEC 24757 allows negotiating information on
actual engraving of the keyboard.
— Comfort of use is highly dependent of the actual work done by a specific user; reassigning keys
allows improvement of user productivity; this is possible only if the software is aware of the actual
placement of keys of which it “sees” the “scan codes”; keyboards should ideally be designed according
to human ergonomics and this is rarely the case. As an example, the common square keyboard is not
ergonomically designed according to the function of normal hands/arms.
— Reassignment of actual “scan codes” of the physical keyboard by software would be desirable (so
far, such reassignment is very difficult at the keyboard-driver level if at all possible) for example, to
allow the use of a 7-8-9 layout on a 1-2-3 numeric keypad. Currently, hard-wired “scan codes” can be
interpreted differently by software but that advantage becomes, at the same time, a problem if all
“keyboard-scan-code-aware” programs do not all use the same interpretation of these “scan codes”.
Such a reassignment would greatly improve software compatibility while serving the end-user and
innovative application needs.
— an NP is desirable to standardise the minimum set of keyboard software-driven functions that
should be made available by an operating system (and optionally, by an application), standardising
placement of the involved function keys at the same time. Functionality could include email, web
access, and turning audio on and off.
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— ISO/IEC/TR 30109 has been approved to facilitate, among other things, a better match between the
user’s needs for functionality including national characters and input methods and the available
keyboard hardware, e.g. at an Internet café or a hotel in a foreign country.
— Function of the “Capitals Lock”/”Shift Lock” key.
While ISO/IEC 9995-2 expresses that a key providing one of the functions Capitals lock (usually called
“Caps Lock”), Level 2 lock (i.e. “Shift lock”), or Generalized lock (which is not specified further) needs
to be present, the exact function of this key is not standardized in the ISO/IEC 9995 series. Common
implementations show the inheritance from the mechanical typewriter, where such keys in fact were
acting by mechanical engagement and mechanical release by pressing of either the lock key again or
the Shift key. As, unlike on mechanical typewriters, the actuation of the lock key provides no special
tactile or audible feedback for the touch typist (like the spring force or the special sound of the engaging
mechanism), it is likely to be recognized only after long sequences of subsequent keys have been entered
and misinterpreted.
A solution could be standardized which, in addition to avoid the effect of an inadvertent hitting of the
lock key, has the advantage that the actuation has a unique function independent of any state (unlike
a solution where the lock key switches between lock-on and lock-off, thus being dependent from the
current lock state). This is the following:
— Shift + Lock (simultaneously pressed) switch to the state “Shift Lock”;
— “Level 3 Select” (i.e. AltGr) + Lock (simultaneously pressed) switch to the state “Caps Lock”;
— Lock pressed alone switches off any “Shift Lock” or “Caps Lock” state.
Thus, any inadvertent pressing of the lock key, while neither “Shift Lock” nor “Caps Lock” is on, has no
effect.
The function of the “Num Lock” key can be standardized analogously.
4.2 Ergonomic keytop labelling for keyboards with a secondary group
The current ISO/IEC 9995-1 requires for layouts with more than one group that on the keytops, the
characters of the (up to) three levels of each group are displayed in a column. While this is a clean
solution from a systematic view, it has the ergonomic disadvantage that the height on every character,
including the whitespace separating it from other characters or the keytop border, can be a third of
the total keytop height at maximum. This applies even for layouts where only four characters are to be
displayed, which is the case if the second group does not employ the third level, and employs the second
level only for capital letters with the paired lowercase letters at the first level, thus the second level
does not need to be displayed on the keytop also.
The T2 layout in the new German keyboard standard DIN 2137-01:2012-06 was designed deliberately
to accommodate these requirements.
If there is a way to display in two rows and two columns, the characters could be displayed considerably
larger. This is a real advantage especially for elderly people with age-related long-sightedness who are
not touch-typists.
In consequence, when there are only two groups displayed and support for only one level of group 2
is required, a future standard should allow the labelling as follows, provided that all levels of group 1
use the same colour or the same shade of gray in column 2 and column 1, and that the level of group 2
displayed uses a different colour or shade of gray:
— Group 1, Level 1: lower left corner of the keytop (colour A or shade of gray A);
— Group 1, Level 2: upper left corner of the keytop (colour A or shade of gray A);
— Group 1, Level 3: lower right corner of the keytop (colour A or shade of gray A);
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— Group 2, Level 1: upper right corner of the keytop (colour B or shade of gray B).
As the current ISO/IEC 9995-1 already allows an according labelling for keyboards which employ only a
Group 1, this is a straightforward extension.
Figure 1 — Comparison of possible allocation when support for only one level of group 2 is
required
5 Keyboard classification [including linear keyboards, segmented keyboards,
mono-handed keyboards, keyboards and input devices for disabled persons,
specific keyboards for general (fixed and mobile telephones) and/or specific
applications (banking, health care, trade, etc.), virtual keyboards]
Disabled and elderly persons can have many different problems with using a keyboard. These problems
may be split up in, for example, problems with recognizing the wanted key, problems with controlling
the movement of the arms and fingers, difficulties with the mouse movements without trembling, and
possibility of using only one hand. This can result in different types of equipment to solve the problem.
Tactile identifiers are mentioned in ISO 9241-400 but not exactly specified. ETSI has produced a
standard on specifying in detail the conventional “touch-type” marking on alphanumeric keys F and
J and on the numerical keyboard part key 5. One problem with the numerical keyboard is that the
tactile identifier on key 5 does not tell the difference between the “1-2-3” or “7-8-9” layout. It has been
mentioned that the keyboard itself, instead of the keys, could be marked to tell which it is. Austria has
proposed to instead have different marks.
6 Data entry methods for graphic character sets (including numerical or non-
numerical use of numeric keypads, pen-based movements, alphabetic data entry
using telephone keypads, alphabetic data entry using telephone keypads)
Some mobile telephones systems (e.g. GSM) give the possibility to send text with help of the telephone
keypads (numeric keyboard). ISO/IEC 9995-8 assigns the letters A to Z to the digit keys. Additional
characters are generally implemented and accessible through repeated pressing of the keys. The
characters are then displayed on the window of the phone. A better and standardized way of doing it
would be wanted to improve the usability of text input on small keyboards and to replace the variety of
proprietary techniques in use in the industry.
Some of the improved industry technology includes just typing the key that represents multiple letters
or characters once and then for a whole character sequence, e.g. limited by a space, to see what is the
best probability for a properly spelled word in the respective language. Another idea is to use letter
assignments tailored to a specific language fitted by typical letter usage in that language.
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A specification method for Input Methods would improve portability of these methods among platforms
for the benefit of users. A description of some Input Methods is contained in Annex A.
7 Logical interface with the central unit, methods of recognition of keys
(including hardware or software recognized keys, use of scan codes, self-
identifying keys, software-hidden keys, etc.)
Nowadays, most, if not all, keyboards on the market have integrated microprocessors which determine
by themselves which keys of the keyboard are being typed and which send indications to a central
computer (typically a PC) or a terminal controller whenever a key is depressed and when it is released,
possibly with a repetitive indication at every given time interval if the key is kept depressed for a long
enough time. Each one of such indications is called a “scan code” (from the fact that the microprocessor
is scanning the keyboard all the time to see if an electrical contact is made on the intersection of a row
and column of the keyboard matrix circuitry).
The only thing that is sent to the computer is hence a code which is used to theoretically identify the
coordinates of the keys depressed (for PC, these coordinates correspond indeed to the original 1981
PC keyboard, a geometry that is no longer used) and this allows reprogramming the keyboard in the
computer according to, for example, the language of the user or for any other customized purpose.
This method of operation is, on one hand, very flexible from a programming point of view. But on the
other hand, due to the numerous geometric reconfigurations of keyboards year after year and the
necessity to be backward compatible, the software in the computer can no longer “know” for sure the
actual location of a key depressed on the keyboard, which can be an annoyance if the keyboard is to be
presented on the screen for help or actual operation purposes.
Furthermore, the software is not aware of what is engraved on the keys. At the end of the 1980s, LCD-
display key keyboards were manufactured on a small scale which allowed the computer to show, in a
programmable way, what were the characters supported by the keyboard driver in use. These keyboards
were significantly expensive to produce (typically six times more than the average keyboard) and their
production was stopped. This technology will possibly be replaced by less expensive ways of providing
the same functionality but it will probably be more expensive than standard keyboards.
One idea to make sure that the computer would be made aware of what is engraved on the computer
would be to assign, in addition to the scan code, an identification of the characters engraved on the keys
(theoretically up to nine characters per key, for up to three groups of up to three levels each according to
ISO/IEC 9995) which could be queried by the computer to the keyboard. This would allow the keyboard
to be made aware of the complete physical layout of the actual keyboard (for display or help purposes),
including customized one, without affecting the “traditional” mode of keyboard operation, and also
inexpensively. The best way a character should be identified would be by using the canonical 4-octet
encoding assigned to each character in the Universal character set (ISO/IEC 10646), which assigns a
coding element to each one of the characters used by all known written languages on earth and much
beyond. To complete the solution to the physical placement of the keys on the keyboard, each key should
be identified in such a system by its location using the grid system of coordinates of ISO/IEC 9995. A
standard for describing the physical layout of a keyboard with key assignment to ISO/IEC 10646 is now
accomplished in ISO/IEC 24757.
An issue that would remain would be, for help purposes, to make known to the computer all the keys
of the keyboard which depression is never indicated to the computer (keys such as Fn key on portable
keyboards), and their location, by some private text identification and also in using the grid system of
coordinates of ISO/IEC 9995. As the number of keys affected by those hidden keys may be everything
from this hidden key itself to all the other keys of the computer (which depression is then not indicated
to the computer), an easy way out of this would be that the keyboard make the computer aware of its
generic model identification.
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8 Principles of adaptation related especially to linguistic and cultural
characteristics
8.1 Current situation and perspectives
Today, the ISO/IEC 9995 series specifies the possibility to have many groups with three levels each.
Hopefully in the future, many keyboards will have the possibility to use this for, e.g. writing in different
languages or for different applications. If there are many versions, it would also be preferable if the
keyboard or connected PC had a visual indication at which layout is active at the moment. It would also
be helpful if there is an easy way to reset the keyboard to a default layout. This is something which is
absolutely required by people with visual defects. New specifications in ISO/IEC 9995 are underway,
allowing shifting between more scripts and allowing more characters for a multilingual input to be
keyed in in a convenient way.
Except for the possibility to choose between different groups for applications and languages, it would
also be possible to, e.g. configure different groups for different diacritics.
Further, it would be desirable if the keyboard could be able to identify for the connected system its
different possible groups.
Another similar possibility is a way of toggling between different characters used in, e.g. Japan called
IME (Input Method Editor). After setting the keyboard in the state for IME, a list of the alternatives for
characters to select from is displayed on-screen, either the alternatives are shown one-by-one or all
at once. By default, i.e. if key-in continues without any action to choose another alternative, the first
alternative should be picked. Getting the next or previous alternative could be done by the tab and
back-tab, respectively.
8.2 Labelling support for multilingual keyboards
Multilingual-multiscript keyboards are useful for environments like multinational administrations
(like the one of the E.U.) or universities. ISO/IEC 9995-9 addresses this. However, the rules for keyboard
labeling, as expressed in ISO/IEC 9995-1, are confined to the use of three groups. These rules are to be
expanded to employ more groups in an ergonomic manner.
A possible way to employ this is adding a new clause 8.5 “Labellin
...
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