ISO/IEC 16504:2011

Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - MAC and PHY for operation in TV white space

ISO/IEC 16504:2011 specifies a medium access control (MAC) sub-layer and a physical (PHY) layer for personal/portable cognitive wireless networks operating in TV bands. It also specifies a MUX sublayer for higher layer protocols. ISO/IEC 16504:2011 specifies a number of incumbent protection mechanisms which may be used to meet regulatory requirements.

Technologies de l'information — Télécommunications et échange d'information entre systèmes — MAC et PHY pour opération en espace blanc TV

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 07-Nov-2011
• ICS: 35.110 - Networking
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6 - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6/WG 1 - Physical and data link layers
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Start Date: 23-May-2025
• Completion Date: 30-Oct-2025

Overview - ISO/IEC 16504:2011 (TV white space MAC & PHY)

ISO/IEC 16504:2011 defines the medium access control (MAC) sublayer, the physical (PHY) layer, and a MUX sublayer for personal/portable cognitive wireless networks operating in TV white space (TV bands). The standard addresses protocol architecture, network formation and addressing, PHY features and MAC services required for reliable operation in TV bands. It also specifies incumbent protection mechanisms to support regulatory compliance in shared-spectrum environments.

Key technical topics and requirements

• MAC & PHY specification: Frame formats, MAC common part sublayer, PHY features and data rates (layering needed for TV band operation).
• MUX sublayer: Support for higher-layer protocol multiplexing.
• Beaconing & superframe structure: Beacon periods, slot states, signalling windows and synchronization.
• Medium access methods: Prioritized contention, channel reservation, fragmentation/aggregation, ARQ and multirate support.
• Dynamic channel selection & spectrum measurement: Channel scan, channel measurement, classification and evacuation to protect incumbents.
• Self-coexistence mechanisms: Distributed and centralized methods for multiple devices/networks to coexist within TVWS.
• Power management: Device power states, hibernation modes and power transition behaviors for portable devices.
• Security: Security modes, key management (4‑way handshake, GTK/PTK concepts), frame integrity and replay protection; AES‑128 CCM inputs described.
• Network entry & initialization: Discovery, pairing, create/join beacon groups and master‑slave association processes.

Keywords: ISO/IEC 16504, TV white space, MAC, PHY, cognitive radio, incumbent protection, dynamic channel selection, beaconing, spectrum sharing.

Practical applications - who uses ISO/IEC 16504

• Chipset and device manufacturers designing radios for TV bands (portable and personal devices).
• System integrators and product teams developing broadband or IoT solutions that leverage TV white space for extended range and building penetration.
• Network designers and software developers implementing MAC/PHY stacks, channel selection and coexistence logic.
• Regulators and test labs validating incumbent protection, channel measurement and evacuation strategies to meet local spectrum rules.
• Research and standards professionals working in cognitive radio, dynamic spectrum access and spectrum sharing fields.

Related standards and interoperability

ISO/IEC 16504 complements other TV white space and cognitive-radio work such as IEEE standards for TVWS (e.g., IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af) and regional regulatory frameworks. Implementers often reference multiple standards and regulatory rules to achieve compliant, interoperable TV band products.

For product development or compliance testing, ISO/IEC 16504 provides the protocol-level foundation for secure, spectrum‑aware MAC/PHY operation in TV white space.

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 16504
First edition
2011-11-15
Information technology —
Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems — MAC and
PHY for operation in TV white space
Technologies de l'information — Télécommunications et échange
d'information entre systèmes — MAC et PHY pour opération en espace
blanc TV
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2011
©  ISO/IEC 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56  CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword . vii
Introduction . viii
1  Scope . 1
2  Conformance . 1
3  Normative references . 1
4  Terms and definitions . 1
5  Abbreviations and Acronyms . 4
6  General description . 7
6.1  Network components . 7
6.2  Network formation . 7
6.3  Protocol architecture . 8
6.4  Addressing . 9
6.5  PHY features . 9
6.6  Overview of MAC service functionality . 10
6.6.1  Logical groups . 11
6.6.2  Control algorithms . 11
6.6.3  Channel selection . 11
6.6.4  The superframe . 11
6.6.5  Beaconing . 12
6.6.6  Medium access . 13
6.6.7  Data communication between devices . 13
6.6.8  MAC frame data rates . 13
6.6.9  Security . 13
6.6.10  Information discovery . 14
6.6.11  Support for higher-layer timer synchronization . 14
6.6.12  Protection of incumbent users . 14
6.6.13  Self-coexistence . 14
6.6.14  Rate adaptation . 15
6.6.15  Power management . 15
7  MAC common part sublayer . 15
7.1  MAC Frame Format . 15
7.1.1  Frame format conventions . 16
7.1.2  General MAC frame format . 16
7.1.3  Beacon frames . 22
7.1.4  Control frames . 24
7.1.5  Command frames . 27
7.1.6  Data frames . 35
7.1.7  Aggregated data frames . 35
7.1.8  Information elements . 35
7.2  Frame processing . 63
7.2.1  Frame addresses . 63
7.2.2  Frame reception . 64
7.2.3  Frame transaction . 64
7.2.4  Frame transfer . 65
7.2.5  Frame retry . 65
7.2.6  Inter-frame space (IFS) . 65
7.2.7  Duplicate detection . 66
7.2.8  RTS/CTS use . 66
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved iii

7.2.9  MAC header fields.67
7.2.10  Information elements .69
7.3  MAC Structure and Beaconing .73
7.3.1  Beacon Period .74
7.3.2  Beacon slot state .74
7.3.3  BP length .74
7.3.4  Beacon transmission and reception .75
7.3.5  Beacon collision detection .76
7.3.6  BP contraction .76
7.3.7  Merger of multiple beacon groups .77
7.3.8  Signalling window.79
7.4  Device Synchronization .80
7.4.1  Clock accuracy .80
7.4.2  Synchronization for devices in hibernation mode .80
7.4.3  Guard times .80
7.5  Data Transfer Period .82
7.5.1  Prioritized Contention Access (PCA).83
7.5.2  Channel Reservation Access (CRA) .89
7.6  Fragmentation and Aggregation .96
7.6.1  Fragmentation and reassembly .96
7.6.2  Aggregation .97
7.7  ARQ, Multirate Support and Power Control .98
7.7.1  ARQ Policies .98
7.7.2  Multi-rate Support . 100
7.7.3  Transmit Power Control . 100
7.8  Dynamic Channel Selection . 100
7.9  Power Management Mechanisms . 101
7.9.1  Power management modes . 101
7.9.2  Device power states . 101
7.9.3  Power state transitions . 101
7.9.4  Hibernation mode operation . 103
7.9.5  Hibernation anchor operation . 103
7.10  Probe . 104
7.11  Protection of incumbents . 104
7.11.1  Channel Measurement . 104
7.11.2  Channel Classification . 107
7.11.3  Channel Evacuation . 108
7.12  Self-coexistence . 109
7.12.1  Self-coexistence scenarios . 109
7.12.2  Distributed self-coexistence mechanisms . 109
7.12.3  Centralized self-coexistence mechanisms . 110
7.13  Network Entry and Initialization . 111
7.13.1  Initial Channel SCAN and Device Discovery . 113
7.13.2  Master-Slave Association . 114
7.13.3  Pair discovery . 115
7.13.4  Create/join a beacon group . 116
7.13.5  Pairing . 116
7.13.6  Setup connections . 117
7.14  MAC sublayer parameters . 118
8  Security . 120
8.1  Security mechanisms . 120
8.1.1  Security operation . 120
8.1.2  4-way handshake . 121
8.1.3  Key transport . 121
8.1.4  Freshness protection . 121
8.1.5  Data encryption . 121
8.1.6  Frame integrity protection . 121
8.2  Security modes . 121
8.2.1  Security mode 0 . 123
iv © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

8.2.2  Security mode 1 . 123
8.2.3  Security mode 2 . 123
8.3  Temporal keys . 123
8.3.1  Mutual authentication and PTK derivation . 124
8.3.2  GTK exchange . 125
8.3.3  Pseudo-random function (PRF) definition . 126
8.3.4  PTK and KCK derivation . 127
8.3.5  PTK MIC generation . 127
8.3.6  Random number generation . 128
8.4  Frame reception steps and replay prevention measures . 128
8.4.1  Frame reception . 128
8.4.2  Replay prevention . 129
8.4.3  Implications on GTKs . 129
8.5  AES-128 CCM Inputs . 129
8.5.1  Overview . 129
8.5.2  Nonce . 130
8.5.3  CCM blocks . 130
9  PHY . 132
9.1  Introduction . 132
9.2  Symbol description . 132
9.2.1  OFDM symbol description . 132
9.2.2  Symbol parameters . 134
9.3  PPDU . 134
9.3.1  PLCP preamble . 135
9.3.2  PLCP header . 137
9.3.3  PSDU . 142
9.4  Constellation mapping and modulation . 148
9.4.1  Data modulation . 148
9.4.2  Pilot modulation . 150
9.5  OFDM modulation . 150
9.5.1  Data subcarriers . 151
9.5.2  Pilot subcarriers . 151
9.5.3  Null subcarriers . 153
9.5.4  Implementation of Fourier transform . 153
9.6  General block diagram for the OFDM PHY . 154
9.7  General requirements . 154
9.7.1  Operating frequency range . 154
9.7.2  Channel bandwidth and numbering . 155
9.7.3  PHY layer timing . 155
9.8  Transmitter requirements . 155
9.8.1  Transmit center frequency tolerance . 155
9.8.2  Symbol clock frequency tolerance . 155
9.8.3  Clock synchronization . 155
9.8.4  Transmitter constellation error . 156
9.9  Receiver requirements . 157
9.9.1  Receiver sensitivity . 157
9.9.2  Maximum received signal level . 158
9.9.3  Center frequency and symbol clock frequency tolerance . 158
9.9.4  Link quality estimate . 158
9.10  Control mechanisms . 159
9.10.1  Device synchronization . 159
9.10.2  Transmit power control . 159
9.11  Multiple antennae (optional) . 160
9.11.1  Multiple antennae normal preamble and burst preamble specification . 160
9.11.2  Multiple antennae PLCP header specification . 161
9.11.3  Pilot subcarriers for all multiple antennae modes . 163
9.11.4  Frequency interleaved transmit diversity (FITD) . 163
9.11.5  Alamouti space time block coding (STBC) . 163
9.11.6  Spatial multiplexing (SM) mode . 164
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved v

Annex A (normative) MUX sublayer . 165
Annex B (normative) OFDM parameters for 7 MHz and 8 MHz channel bandwidths . 167
Annex C (normative) Data rates for 7 MHz and 8 MHz channel bandwidths . 169
Annex D (normative) MAC policies . 170
Annex E (informative) FFT-based pilot sensing algorithms . 173
Annex F (informative) An example of TPC algorithm . 175
Bibliography . 178

vi © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 16504 was prepared by Ecma International (as ECMA-392) and was adopted, under a special “fast-
track procedure”, by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, in parallel with its
approval by national bodies of ISO and IEC.

© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved vii

Introduction
Analogue broadcasting systems have been or are being upgraded to digital technology, which frees up
channels in the TV frequency bands. This International Standard specifies a physical layer and a medium
access sub-layer for wireless devices to operate in the TV frequency bands.
Applications include high speed video streaming and internet access on personal/portable electronics, home
electronics equipment, and computers and peripherals.

viii © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 16504:2011(E)

Information technology — Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems — MAC and PHY for operation in
TV white space
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a medium access control (MAC) sub-layer and a physical (PHY) layer for
personal/portable cognitive wireless networks operating in TV bands. This International Standard also
specifies a MUX sublayer for higher layer protocols.
This International Standard specifies a number of incumbent protection mechanisms which may be used to
meet regulatory requirements.
2 Conformance
Conforming devices implement the MUX sub-layer, MAC sub-layer and the PHY layer as specified herein and
support at least one of the device types (master, peer, or slave) and at least one of bandwidths (6 MHz,
7 MHz, 8 MHz), and may support multiple antennae modes.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10646:2003, Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS)
ISO/IEC 18033-3:2005, Information technology — Security techniques — Encryption algorithms — Part 3:
Block ciphers
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
alien beacon group
group of devices for which the beacon period (BP) is not aligned with the BP of the current device
4.2
alien device
member of an alien beacon group
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved 1

4.3
Access Category
AC
common set of prioritized contention access (PCA) parameters to contend for the medium to transmit MAC
protocol data units (MPDUs) with certain priorities
4.4
beacon group
BG
set of devices that share the same beacon period start time (BPST)
4.5
beacon period
BP
time during which a device sends or listens for beacons
4.6
beacon period start time
BPST
start of the beacon period
4.7
channel reservation protocol
CRP
protocol to support negotiation and maintenance of channel time reservations
4.8
contention signalling window
time window for exchanging control or management information in the slotted aloha based manner
4.9
data integrity
assurance that the data has not been modified from its original form
4.10
data transfer period
DTP
time period within a superframe used mainly for data transfer via prioritized contention access (PCA)
or in reservations established using the channel reservation protocol (CRP)
4.11
device
entity conforming to this International Standard
4.12
extended beacon group
union of a device’s beacon group and the beacon groups of all devices in the device’s beacon group
4.13
incumbents
regulatory protected transmission systems operating in the TV bands
4.14
incumbent protection mechanisms
mechanisms including DFS, TPC, geo-location/database access, and spectrum sensing
4.15
MPDU
MAC PDU
2 © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

4.16
MSDU
MAC SDU
4.17
master
master device
device acting as a centralized coordinator of medium access on behalf of at least one slave device
4.18
master-slave group
group of devices with a master device and its slave devices
4.19
message integrity code
MIC
cryptographic checksum generated using a symmetric key
NOTE A MIC is typically appended to data for data integrity and source authentication similar to a digital signature.
4.20
neighbour
member of a beacon group
4.21
network allocation vector
NAV
remaining time a neighbour device has indicated it will access the medium
4.22
outband channel
channel other than the one being used for data transmission
4.23
peer
peer device
device coordinating medium access with other devices without a centralized coordinator
4.24
peer-to-peer group
group of peer devices
4.25
prioritized contention access
PCA
prioritized CSMA/CA access mechanism
4.26
proxy
peer device that coordinates outband channel measurement
4.27
quiet period
time period scheduled to detect incumbents
4.28
reservation
one or more medium access slots (MASs) within a superframe during which a device has preferential access
to the medium
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved 3

4.29
reservation signalling window
time window used for exchanging control or management information in the reservation based manner
4.30
slave
slave device
device associated with and coordinated by a master device for medium access
4.31
stream
logical flow of MSDUs from one device to one or more other devices
4.32
superframe
periodic time interval to coordinate frame transmissions between devices
4.33
transmission opportunity
TXOP
time interval for prioritized contention access (PCA) to initiate transmissions
4.34
TXOP holder
device that has successfully contended for a TXOP
5 Abbreviations and Acronyms
AC access category
ACK acknowledgment
A/D analog-to-digital
AES advanced encryption standard
AGC automatic gain control
AIFS arbitration inter-frame space
ASIE application-specific information element
AWGN additive white Gaussian noise
BPOIE beacon period occupancy information element
BPSK binary phase-shift keying
BcstAddr broadcast device address
BP beacon period
BPST beacon period start time
B-ACK block acknowledgment
BW bandwidth
CBC-MAC cipher block chaining-message authentication code
CCA clear channel assessment
CCM counter mode encryption and cipher block chaining message authentication code
CE channel estimation
CINR carrier-to-interference and noise ratio
4 © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

CP cyclic prefix
CRC cyclic redundancy check
CRP channel reservation protocol
CSMA/CA carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
CTS clear to send
D/A digital-to-analog
DC direct current
DestAddr destination device address
DevAddr device address
DME device management entity
DTP Data transfer period
EO encryption offset
EUI extended unique identifier
FCS frame check sequence
FEC forward error correction
FFT fast Fourier transform
FITD frequency interleaved transmit diversity
GF Galois field
GTK group temporal key
HDR header
HEI header error indicator
I inphase
ICI inter-carrier interference
ID identifier
IE information element
IFFT inverse FFT
IFS inter-frame space
Imm-ACK immediate acknowledgment
ISI inter-symbol interference
KCK key confirmation key
LQE link quality estimate
LSB least significant bit
M2S Master-to-Slave
MAC medium access control
MAS medium access slot
MCDU MAC command data unit
McstAddr multicast device address
MIB management information base
MIC message integrity code
MIFS minimum inter-frame space
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved 5

MKID master key identifier
MLME MAC sublayer management entity
MPDU MAC protocol data unit
MSB most significant bit
MSDU MAC service data unit
NAV network allocation vector
No-ACK no acknowledgement
OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OUI organizationally unique identifier
P2P Peer-to-Peer
PCA prioritized contention access
PER packet error rate
PHY physical layer
PLCP physical layer convergence protocol
PLME physical layer management entity
PMK pair-wise master key
PPDU PHY protocol data unit
ppm parts per million
PRBS pseudo-random binary sequence
PRF pseudo-random function
PSDU PHY service data unit
PTK pair-wise temporal key
Q quadrature
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
QP quiet period
QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying
RF radio frequency
RMS root mean square
RS Reed-Solomon
RSSI received signal strength indication
RTG receive-to-transmit transition gap
RTS request to send
SAP service access point
SFC secure frame counter
SFN secure frame number
SIFS short inter-frame space
SM spatial multiplexing
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
SrcAddr source device address
STBC space time block code
6 © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

TKID temporal key identifier
TPC transmit power control
TTG transmit-to-receive transition gap
TV television
TXOP transmission opportunity
UCA unused CRP reservation announcement
UCR unused CRP reservation response
UHF ultra high frequency
VHF very high frequency
WM wireless microphone
6 General description
6.1 Network components
A basic component of a network is a device. Two or more devices communicating on the same physical
channel constitute a network. There are three types of devices, master device, slave device, and peer device.
The device type of a device is preconfigured. The autonomous transition of device type is not supported in this
International Standard, although the device type may be reconfigurable by DME which is out of scope of this
International Standard.
6.2 Network formation
A basic network operates in one of two basic network formation modes: the master-slave mode or the peer-to-
peer mode. Both are shown in Figure 1. In the master-slave mode, a device is designated as master and
others are associated with the master as slaves. The master coordinates channel access in the master-slave
mode. Communication is normally established between slave devices and the master device. A slave device
may also directly communicate with another slave device under the coordination of the master.
A peer-to-peer network differs from a master-slave based network mainly in that devices can form a network
in the peer-to-peer way and coordinate channel access with distributed beaconing and channel reservation. A
peer-to-peer network comprises of peer devices. A peer device is able to access channel via distributed
reservation and directly communicate with any other peer device as long as they are in range of one another.
In other words, a peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc, self-organizing, and self-healing.

Figure 1 — Basic Network Formation
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved 7

Two or more networks can share the same channel and may also communicate with each other in a
coordinated way.
A number of networks may also form a large-scale network such as a mesh network or a cluster tree network.
It allows multiple hops to route messages from any device to any other device in the network. Such functions
can be added at the higher layer, but are not part of this International Standard.
6.3 Protocol architecture
This International Standard specifies a PHY layer and a MAC sublayer. As shown in Figure 2, the PHY layer
and the MAC sublayer correspond to the PHY layer and the MAC sublayer of the OSI basic reference
model [5] respectively. In this International Standard the MAC entity is represented by a device address.

Figure 2 — Architectural reference model
Service access points (SAPs) interaction with PHY and MAC sublayers are illustrated in Figure 3. As a
reference, Service access points (SAPs) are provided for both data transfer as well as management of the
MAC sublayer. Data transfer for the MAC sublayer is through the MAC SAP. Both the MAC sublayer and the
PHY layer conceptually include management entities, called the MAC sublayer management entity (MLME)
and physical layer management entity (PLME). These entities provide the layer management service
interfaces for the layer management functions. The DME is a layer-independent entity that may be viewed as
residing in a separate management plane or as residing “off to the side.” DME may be viewed as being
responsible for such functions as the gathering of layer-dependent status from the various layer management
entities, and similarly setting the value of layer-specific parameters. The DME typically performs such
functions on behalf of the general system management entities and implements standard management
protocols. Figure 3 depicts the relationship among the management entities. The specification of SAPs and
management entities, as shaded parts of Figure 3, is out of the scope of this International Standard.
In order to enable the coexistence of concurrently active higher layer protocols within a single device, a MUX
sublayer is specified. This sublayer routes outgoing and incoming MSDUs to and from their corresponding
higher layers. The MUX sublayer is described in Annex A.

8 © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

Figure 3 — The reference model for this International Standard
6.4 Addressing
Individual MAC entities are addressed via an EUI-48 [1], and are associated with a volatile abbreviated
address called a DevAddr. MAC address is included in beacon and/or control messages for global
identification.
Data frames normally use abbreviated DevAddr that identifies a single MAC entity for reducing overhead.
DevAddrs are 16-bit values, generated locally within the device. Consequently, it is possible for a single value
to ambiguously identify two or more MAC entities. This International Standard provides mechanisms for
resolving ambiguous DevAddrs.
The MAC addressing scheme includes multicast and broadcast address values. A multicast address identifies
a group of MAC entities. The broadcast address identifies all MAC entities.
Device name string may be used for helping user to identify a device, as specified in 7.1.8.16. Device name
string can be assigned and changed by DME. Device name string should be included in beacons for assisting
device discovery.
A stream ID may be determined locally by device to identify stream originating from itself.
6.5 PHY features
A MAC entity is associated with a single PHY entity.
The MAC sublayer requires the following features provided by the PHY:
 Frame transmission for both normal and burst modes;
 Frame reception for both normal and burst modes;
 Header error indication for PHY and MAC header;
 Clear channel assessment for estimation of medium activity.
Figure 4 shows the structure of a PHY frame.
 There are two types of preamble: normal and burst.
 The PLCP header including MAC and PHY Headers is protected by RS parity.
 The Frame
...