ISO 5474-2:2024

Electrically propelled road vehicles - Functional and safety requirements for power transfer between vehicle and external electric circuit - Part 2: AC power transfer

This document in combination with ISO 5474-1 specifies requirements for conductive power transfer using alternating current (AC) with a voltage up to 1 000 V a.c. between electrically-propelled road vehicles and external electric circuits. NOTE External electric circuits are not part of the vehicle. This document provides requirements for conductive charging in modes 2, 3 according to IEC 61851-1 and reverse power transfer. This document applies to vehicle power supply circuits. Examples of circuit diagrams for different configurations of chargers on-board electric vehicles are shown in Annex A. This document also provides requirements for reverse power transfer through on-board standard socket-outlets and/or a EV plug or vehicle inlet according to IEC 62196-1 or IEC 62196-2 conductively connected to the vehicle power supply circuit. Requirements for AC power transfer using a charger without at least simple separation are under consideration. This document does not provide: - requirements for simultaneous operation of multiple EV plugs or vehicle inlets and - requirements for power transfer while driving (electric road systems) but they are under consideration. This document does not provide: - requirements for mopeds and motorcycles (which are specified in ISO 18246); - comprehensive safety information for manufacturing, maintenance and repair personnel; - requirements for vehicle to load adapters.

Véhicules routiers à propulsion électrique — Exigences fonctionnelles et exigences de sécurité pour le transfert de puissance entre le véhicule et le circuit électrique externe — Partie 2: Transfert de puissance AC

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Jun-2024
• ICS: 43.120 - Electric road vehicles
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 37 - Electrically propelled vehicles
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 37 - Electrically propelled vehicles
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Start Date: 06-Dec-2024
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Overview

ISO 5474-2:2024 - Electrically propelled road vehicles - Part 2: AC power transfer - specifies functional and safety requirements for conductive alternating-current (AC) power transfer between electrically propelled road vehicles and external electric circuits. Together with ISO 5474-1, it applies to vehicle power supply circuits for AC voltages up to 1 000 V a.c. and covers conductive charging modes 2 and 3 (IEC 61851-1) as well as reverse power transfer (vehicle-to-grid, vehicle-to-home, vehicle-to-load scenarios). The standard focuses on the vehicle side; external electric circuits are out of scope.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope & applicability: Conductive AC charging up to 1 000 V, vehicle power supply circuits, examples of on-board charger configurations (Annex A).
• Safety requirements: Protection against electric shock (insulation resistance, touch current, insulation coordination), protective conductor requirements, and basic protection for unmated vehicle contacts.
• Thermal protection: Requirements for normal operation, overcurrent protection, residual energy after disconnection, and arc protection.
• Functional parameters: Voltage and frequency ranges, inrush current, continuous load current, power factor, phase order and three-phase operation considerations.
• Reverse power transfer: Functional and safety rules for grid-forming and grid-following modes, including unearthed and earthed external circuits (vehicle-to-load, vehicle-to-grid, vehicle-to-home).
• Hardware interfaces: Requirements for EV plugs, vehicle inlets, on-board standard socket-outlets, and cable/plug compatibility per IEC 62196 series.
• Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and protection against unintended power transfer.
• Testing & verification: Test procedures such as protective conductor resistance, insulation resistance, withstand voltage, touch current, and inrush current measurements.
• Documentation: Owner’s manual and marking requirements.

Applications and who uses it

ISO 5474-2:2024 is used by:

• Automotive OEMs and EV powertrain engineers designing on-board chargers and vehicle power supply circuits.
• EV charger and connector manufacturers implementing compliant EV plugs, vehicle inlets and socket-outlets.
• Test laboratories and certification bodies performing safety, EMC and functional testing (insulation, touch current, inrush).
• Grid operators, energy service providers and integrators deploying V2G/V2H solutions and assessing reverse power transfer safety.
• Regulators and standards committees aligning national safety and installation rules for AC charging.

Practical benefits include clearer requirements for safe conductive AC charging, standardized reverse power transfer behavior, and harmonized test methods to support market access and interoperability.

Related standards

• ISO 5474-1:2024 (General requirements for conductive power transfer)
• ISO 6469-3 (Electrical safety for EVs)
• IEC 61851-1 (EV conductive charging - modes)
• IEC 62196-1 / IEC 62196-2 (Plugs, inlets and connectors)
• IEC 60664-1, IEC 60038 and related IEC low-voltage/installation standards

Keywords: ISO 5474-2:2024, AC power transfer, conductive charging, reverse power transfer, vehicle-to-grid, vehicle-to-home, EV plug, vehicle inlet, IEC 61851, IEC 62196.

Standards Content (Sample)

International
Standard
ISO 5474-2
First edition
Electrically propelled road
2024-06
vehicles — Functional and safety
requirements for power transfer
between vehicle and external
electric circuit —
Part 2:
AC power transfer
Véhicules routiers à propulsion électrique — Exigences
fonctionnelles et exigences de sécurité pour le transfert de
puissance entre le véhicule et le circuit électrique externe —
Partie 2: Transfert de puissance AC
Reference number
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 System architecture . 3
5 Environmental and operational conditions . 6
6 Safety requirements. 6
6.1 General .6
6.2 Protection of persons against electric shock .6
6.2.1 General .6
6.2.2 Compatibility with external safety devices .7
6.2.3 Insulation resistance .7
6.2.4 Touch current .7
6.2.5 Insulation coordination.7
6.2.6 Protective conductor .7
6.2.7 Basic protection when connected to an external electric circuit .7
6.2.8 Requirements for unmated vehicle contacts .7
6.3 Protection against thermal incident .8
6.3.1 Requirements for normal operation .8
6.3.2 Overcurrent protection .8
6.3.3 Residual energy after disconnection related to thermal incident .8
6.3.4 Arc protection .9
6.4 Vehicle movement .9
6.5 AC or DC electric power at the same contacts .9
7 Electromagnetic compatibility . 9
8 Protection in case of unintended power transfer . 9
9 Functional requirements . 9
9.1 Voltage and frequency ranges for normal operation .9
9.2 Inrush current .9
9.3 Load current .10
9.4 Active factor .10
9.5 Phase order and number of phases in three-phase operation .11
9.6 Requirements for the plug and cable .11
9.7 Requirements for the vehicle inlet . 12
9.8 Compatibility with self test functions of EV supply equipment . 12
10 Additional requirements for reverse power transfer .12
10.1 General . 12
10.2 Safety requirements . 12
10.2.1 General . 12
10.2.2 Reverse power transfer in grid forming mode to unearthed external circuit
(vehicle to load) . 12
10.2.3 Reverse power transfer in grid following mode to earthed external circuit
(vehicle to grid) . 15
10.2.4 Reverse power transfer in grid forming mode to earthed external circuit
(vehicle to home) . 15
10.3 Functional requirements . . 15
10.3.1 General . 15
10.3.2 Reverse power transfer in grid forming mode . 15
10.3.3 Reverse power transfer in grid following mode .16
11 Requirements for power transfer to on-board standard socket-outlets .16
11.1 General .16

iii
11.2 Protective conductor .16
11.3 Insulation resistance.16
12 Owner’s manual and marking . 16
13 Test procedure .16
13.1 General .16
13.2 Resistance of protective conductor .17
13.3 Insulation resistance.17
13.4 Withstand voltage test .17
13.5 Measurement of touch current .17
13.6 Inrush current test . . 20
13.6.1 General . 20
13.6.2 Measurement .21
Annex A (informative) Examples of circuit diagrams for different configurations of chargers
on-board an electric vehicle .22
Bibliography .28

iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
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with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
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related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22 Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 37
Electrically propelled vehicles.
A list of all parts in the ISO 5474 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

v
International Standard ISO 5474-2:2024(en)
Electrically propelled road vehicles — Functional and safety
requirements for power transfer between vehicle and
external electric circuit —
Part 2:
AC power transfer
1 Scope
This document in combination with ISO 5474-1 specifies requirements for conductive power transfer using
alternating current (AC) with a voltage up to 1 000 V a.c. between electrically-propelled road vehicles and
external electric circuits.
NOTE External electric circuits are not part of the vehicle.
This document provides requirements for conductive charging in modes 2, 3 according to IEC 61851-1 and
reverse power transfer.
This document applies to vehicle power supply circuits. Examples of circuit diagrams for different
configurations of chargers on-board electric vehicles are shown in Annex A.
This document also provides requirements for reverse power transfer through on-board standard socket-
outlets and/or a EV plug or vehicle inlet according to IEC 62196-1 or IEC 62196-2 conductively connected to
the vehicle power supply circuit. Requirements for AC power transfer using a charger without at least simple
separation are under consideration.
This document does not provide:
— requirements for simultaneous operation of multiple EV plugs or vehicle inlets and
— requirements for power transfer while driving (electric road systems)
but they are under consideration.
This document does not provide:
— requirements for mopeds and motorcycles (which are specified in ISO 18246);
— comprehensive safety information for manufacturing, maintenance and repair personnel;
— requirements for vehicle to load adapters.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5474-1:2024, Electrically propelled road vehicles — Functional requirements and safety requirements for
power transfer — Part 1: General requirements for conductive power transfer
ISO 6469-3:2021, Electrically propelled road vehicles — Safety specifications — Part 3: Electrical safety

IEC 60038, IEC standard voltages
IEC 60364-4-43, Low-voltage electrical installations — Part 4-43: Protection for safety — Protection against
overcurrent
IEC 60364-8-82:2022, Low-voltage electrical installations — Part 8-82: Functional aspects - Prosumer’s low-
voltage electrical installations
IEC 60664-1:2020, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage supply systems — Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 60898-1:2015, Electrical accessories — Circuit-breakers for overcurrent protection for household and
similar installations — Part 1: Circuit-breakers for a.c. operation
IEC 61851-1:2017, Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements
IEC 62196-1, Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets — Conductive charging of electric
vehicles — Part 1: General requirements
IEC 62196-2, Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets — Conductive charging of electric
vehicles — Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube
accessories
ISO 15118 (all parts), Road vehicles — Vehicle to grid communication interface
IEC 60364-5-54, Low-voltage electrical installations — Part 5-54: Selection and erection of electrical equipment
— Earthing arrangements and protective conductors
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5474-1 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
active factor
cos φ
for a two-terminal element or a two-terminal circuit under sinusoidal conditions, ratio of the active power to
the apparent power
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-131:2002, 131-11-49, modified — The symbol “cos φ” was added and the note deleted.]
3.2
protective separation
electrically protective separation
separation of one electric circuit from another by means of:
— double insulation; or
— basic insulation and electrically protective screening (shielding); or
— reinforced insulation
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-826:2004, 826-12-29]

3.3
vehicle-to-load
V2L
power transfer from the vehicle power supply circuit to at least one external electric load, where the load is
assumed to be without permanent connection to protective earth
Note 1 to entry: The external electric load can be connected to the vehicle power supply circuit via an on-board
standard socket-outlet, or the vehicle inlet, directly or using a V2L adapter (3.4).
3.4
V2L adapter
equipment which connects to the vehicle power supply circuit using the vehicle inlet and provides at least
one standard socket-outlet for external electric loads
3.5
grid forming mode
mode of reverse power transfer not in parallel with the supply network
3.6
grid following mode
mode of reverse power transfer in parallel and following the operational parameters of the supply network
3.7
isolation
disconnection providing adequate insulation between electrical equipment, a system, an installation or part
of an installation and their energy sources
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-195:2021, 195-06-23]
4 System architecture
ISO 5474-1:2024, Clause 4 applies except as follows:
An example of vehicle-to-load AC reverse power transfer (AC reverse power transfer in grid forming mode to
unearthed external circuit) is provided in Figure 1.
An example of vehicle-to-grid AC reverse power transfer (AC reverse power transfer in grid following mode
to earthed external circuit) is provided in Figure 2.
An example of of vehicle-to-home AC reverse power transfer (AC reverse power transfer in grid forming
mode or grid following mode to earthed external circuit) is provided in Figure 3.

Key
2 vehicle
3a AC vehicle coupler
4 V2L adapter
5a socket-outlet provided by V2L adapter and standard plug
5b standard socket-outlet provided on-board the vehicle and standard plug
11 external electric load
21e bidirectional power converter with at least simple separation in grid forming mode
22a vehicle power supply circuit
25a disconnection device
200 RESS
210 electric drive
220 other voltage class B electric loads
300 voltage class A electric loads
Figure 1 — Single-line diagram of example of vehicle-to-load AC reverse power transfer (AC reverse
power transfer in grid forming mode to unearthed external circuit)

Key
1d AC EV supply equipment capable of reverse power transfer function grid connected
2 vehicle
3a AC vehicle coupler
21c bidirectional power converter with at least simple separation in grid following mode
22a vehicle power supply circuit
110 public network
120 local distribution
200 RESS
210 electric drive
220 other voltage class B electric loads
300 voltage class A electric loads
Figure 2 — Single-line diagram of example of vehicle-to-grid AC reverse power transfer (AC reverse
power transfer in grid following mode to earthed external circuit)

Key
1e AC EV supply equipment capable of reverse power transfer function islanded without grid connection
2 vehicle
3a AC vehicle coupler
21d bidirectional power converter with at least simple separation in grid forming mode or grid following mode
22a vehicle power supply circuit
110 public network
120 local distribution
130 switching device for islanding
140 PV system
200 RESS
210 electric drive
220 other voltage class B electric loads
300 voltage class A electric loads
Figure 3 — Single-line diagram of example of vehicle-to-home AC reverse power transfer (AC
reverse power transfer in grid forming mode or grid following mode to earthed external circuit)
5 Environmental and operational conditions
ISO 5474-1:2024, Clause 5 applies.
6 Safety requirements
6.1 General
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.1 applies.
6.2 Protection of persons against electric shock
6.2.1 General
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.1 applies except as follows:
The vehicle shall provide at least protective separation between the live parts of the vehicle power supply
circuit and voltage class A circuits as provision for basic and fault protection.
The vehicle shall provide at least simple separation between the live parts of the vehicle power supply circuit
and other voltage class B2 circuits as provision for fault protection.

6.2.2 Compatibility with external safety devices
NOTE 1 The protective provisions of the vehicle are coordinated with an EV supply equipment which complies with
IEC 62752 for mode 2 and IEC 62955 for mode 3.
Compatibility with continuity checking of the protective conductor shall be achieved by limiting the
Y-capacitance according to 6.2.4.
NOTE 2 High Y-capacitance of the vehicle power supply circuit can interfere with continuity checking of the
protective conductor.
6.2.3 Insulation resistance
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.3 applies.
6.2.4 Touch current
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.4 applies except as follows.
Replacement of the last paragraph:
Conformance shall be tested in accordance with 13.5.
EV supply equipment may contribute to the touch current for mode 2 charging with a value up to 1 mA in
case of loss of continuity of protective conductor, refer to IEC 62752.
NOTE In normal condition, the resistance of the earth electrode in a TT earthing system can have a value up to
166 Ω, see IEC 60364-4-41:2005+AMD1: 2017, 411.5.1, NOTE.
6.2.5 Insulation coordination
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.5 applies except as follows:
The insulation shall be designed according to requirements given in 6.2.1.
The insulation shall be designed for rated impulse withstand voltage in accordance with IEC 60664-1:2020,
Table F.1 with overvoltage category II. If the vehicle power supply circuit includes measures that limit
transient overvoltage to a level according to overvoltage category I, parts of the vehicle power supply circuit
that are protected by these measures may be designed according to overvoltage category I according to
IEC 60664-1.
Conformance of withstand to temporary overvoltages shall be tested in accordance with 13.4.
Conformance of withstand to overvoltage category II impulse voltage shall be tested in accordance with
ISO 6469-3:2021, 10.6.
6.2.6 Protective conductor
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.6 applies.
6.2.7 Basic protection when connected to an external electric circuit
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.7 applies.
6.2.8 Requirements for unmated vehicle contacts
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.8 applies.

6.3 Protection against thermal incident
6.3.1 Requirements for normal operation
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.3.1 applies.
6.3.2 Overcurrent protection
6.3.2.1 General
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.3.2.1 applies.
6.3.2.2 Overload protection
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.3.2.2 applies.
6.3.2.3 Short-circuit protection
For short-circuit current supplied by an external electric circuit (e.g. external electric power supply), at least
one of the following requirements shall be fulfilled.
a) The cross-sectional area of the live conductors of the vehicle power supply circuit shall have a short-
circuit current withstand rating (I t) according to the characteristics of the overcurrent protection of
the external electric circuit. For the connection to an external electric power supply with a rated current
up to 80 A, the vehicle power supply circuit shall have a short-circuit current withstand rating (I t) of at
2 2
least 80 000 A s. I t value shall be calculated according to IEC 60364-4-43.
Conformance is checked by measuring the cross-sections or by design review.
NOTE The breaking time for short-circuit protection can be up to 5 s (see IEC 60364–4-41).
b) Overcurrent protection (e.g. fuse, circuit breaker) shall be provided in each live conductor of the vehicle
power supply circuit. The live conductors protected by this overcurrent protection shall have sufficient
cross-sectional area to carry the overcurrent according to the characteristics of this overcurrent
protection. The cross-sectional area of the live conductor between the vehicle inlet and the overcurrent
protection shall fulfil 6.3.2.3 a).
Conformance is checked by checking the parameters of overcurrent protection and by measuring the
cross-sections, or by design review.
c) The charger shall provide an overcurrent protection (e.g. fuse, circuit breaker) in each live conductor
of the vehicle power supply circuit. The live conductors between the vehicle inlet and the overcurrent
protection shall have sufficient cross-sectional area to carry the overcurrent according to the
characteristics of this overcurrent protection. The vehicle power supply circuit between the vehicle
inlet and the overcurrent protection shall be protected against mechanical damage so that single failure
does not cause an insulation fault between live conductors or between live conductors and electrical
chassis.
Conformance is checked by checking the parameters of overcurrent protection and by measuring the
cross-sections and by checking the protection against mechanical damage, or by design review.
The vehicle shall provide short-circuit protection for short-circuit current that is supplied by power sources
of the vehicle.
6.3.3 Residual energy after disconnection related to thermal incident
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.3.3 applies.

6.3.4 Arc protection
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.3.4 applies except as follows:
If an interlock function is required in accordance with ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.3.4, one of the following types
shall be used:
— Electrical interlock: when the proximity detection circuit is used for such an interlock function, the
vehicle shall stop power transfer operation and reduce the current through the vehicle coupler to less
than or equal 1 A within 100 ms after actuation of the switch in the proximity detection circuit.
— Mechanical interlock: when mechanical interlock is used, the vehicle shall inhibit release of the vehicle
connector while the vehicle current exceeds 1 A.
Conformance is checked by design review.
NOTE The proximity detection circuit is specified in IEC 61851–1.
6.4 Vehicle movement
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.4 applies.
6.5 AC or DC electric power at the same contacts
ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.5 applies.
7 Electromagnetic compatibility
ISO 5474-1:2024, Clause 7 applies.
8 Protection in case of unintended power transfer
ISO 5474-1:2024, Clause 8 applies.
9 Functional requirements
9.1 Voltage and frequency ranges for normal operation
The vehicle power supply circuit shall operate as intended within the voltage range of the nominal voltage
with a tolerance of +10 % and –15 %. The vehicle power supply circuit shall operate as intended within the
frequency range of 50 Hz ± 1 % or 60 Hz ± 1 %.
NOTE 1 This voltage range is derived from an application of values indicated in IEC 60038 (max. –10 %) and
IEC 60364-5-52 (low voltage installations supplied directly from a public low voltage distribution system: max. –5 %).
NOTE 2 In a low voltage installation supplied from private low voltage supply, the voltage can be down to –19 %. The
voltage range is derived from an application of values indicated in IEC 60038 (max. –10 %), IEC 60364-5-52 (low voltage
installation supplied from private low voltage supply: max. –8 %) and voltage drop by IC-CPD cable (about –1 %).
9.2 Inrush current
The vehicle shall limit the inrush current into the vehicle power supply circuit in each live conductor
individually as follows.
— Event 1: after closing the EV supply equipment’s contactor of a specific live conductor at the peak value of
the supply voltage on this live conductor, the current in this specific live conductor shall not exceed 230 A
peak within the duration of 100 µs. The current in this live conductor shall decline and not exceed the
limit of the event 2 at and after 100 µs until event 2 takes place. Currents in this specific live conductor

caused by the closing of an EV supply equipment’s contactor of a different live conductor shall not be
considered.
NOTE 1 The maximum value of the event 1 inrush current is coordinated with the switching devices in the EV
supply equipment to avoid welding.
NOTE 2 230 A for 100 µs is the limit adopted by IEC 61851-1:2017, 12.2.6 and IEC 62752:2016, 9.8.2.1.
— Event 2: during the precharging of the capacitors in the charger, the RMS value of the current in each
live conductor, measured over each period of the supply voltage, shall not exceed 30 A. Current peaks
exceeding 42,4 A may occur as long as requirements of IEC 61000-3-3 or IEC 61000-3-11 are not violated.
The event 2 shall not exceed 1 s.
NOTE 3 The event 2 inrush current is limited in order to avoid tripping of the miniature circuit breakers (MCB).
The value of 30 A (rms) corresponds to a 10 A MCB with tripping characteristic B as defined in IEC 60898-1.
NOTE 4 The inrush current is caused by the following two phenomena: during event 1, the inrush current is caused
by the EMC filters upstream of the charger power-electronics. During event 2, the inrush current is caused by the
capacitance of the DC circuit (DC voltage link) of the charger power electronics. Event 2 does not necessarily follow
event 1 immediately.
Conformance shall be tested in accordance with 13.6.
9.3 Load current
The vehicle load current shall not exceed the lowest of the following limits:
— the maximum allowed current value indicated by the typical control pilot function in accordance with
IEC 61851-1:2017, A.2.2;
— 10 A from a single phase, if the vehicle is using the simplified control pilot function in accordance with
IEC 61851-1:2017, A.2.3;
— the maximum allowed current value provided by digital communication in accordance with the ISO 15118
series or other digital communication standards as applicable;
NOTE 1 SAE J3068 provides requirements for digital communication in the following countries: US.
— the maximum current of the cable assembly, as indicated by the coding resistor of the vehicle connector,
if the vehicle inlet provides a proximity contact for simultaneous proximity detection and current coding
as specified in IEC 61851-1:2017, B.2.
For PWM related pilot control function interactions and thresholds, see IEC 61851-1:2017 Table A.6.
NOTE 2 The EV supply equipment can cut off the power in case the EV load current exceeds the maximum allowed
current indicated by PWM signal according to IEC 61851-1:2017, Annex A.
NOTE 3 In some countries, the use of simplified pilot function is not allowed: US.
New vehicle designs should not use the simplified control pilot function according to IEC 61851-1:2017, A.2.3.
9.4 Active factor
This subclause applies for power transfer from the external electric circuit to the electrically propelled
vehicle.
The active factor of the vehicle at its rated power shall be at least 0,95 unless the vehicle allows to adjust the
active factor of its charger according to additional information provided by the EV supply equipment. See
IEC 61851-21-1 for requirements for emissions of harmonics on AC power lines.
For each individual line conductor, the active factor shall be at least 0,9 unless the active power of this phase
is less than 5 % of the rated power of the charger or 300 W whichever is higher.

The operation of an individual line conductor at an active factor of below 0,9 should be limited to 30 min per
charging session.
If the active factor is below 0,9, the reactive power should be limited to 300 var per line conductor.
NOTE 1 Extended operation durations at low cos(phi) / active factor unnecessarily loads the AC grid with
reactive power.
NOTE 2 The vehicle can open S2 (see IEC 61851-1) which triggers a transition to state B (i.e. disconnection of the
vehicle from the AC grid by the EV supply equipment) which avoids further loading of the AC grid with reactive power.
NOTE 3 The active factor can be below 0,9 during certain operating conditions (e.g. preconditioning, cell balancing).
NOTE 4 In the following countries the time to operate at active factors below 0,9 is limited to 1 hour per charging
session by the connection requirements of distribution system operators: DE.
NOTE 5 In the following countries the reactive power is limited to 1 kvar if the active factor is below 0,9 per line
conductor by the connection requirements of distribution system operators: DE.
If the vehicle allows to adjust the active factor of its charger according to additional information provided by
the EV supply equipment, the vehicle should:
— implement applicable communication from the ISO 15118 series, and
— adjust either:
a) its active factor as a fixed value within the range between 0,90 inductive and 0,90 capacitive, or
b) its reactive power as a function of supply voltage, Q(U), or
c) its active factor as a function of power, cos φ (P).
The conformance may be checked at the vehicle level or the relevant component level with the resistive load
connected at the operating power range of the device under test.
NOTE 6 In case of component level test, only the operating power points that are defined at vehicle level can be
considered.
9.5 Phase order and number of phases in three-phase operation
This subclause applies if the vehicle supports three-phase power transfer.
The vehicle shall be fully operational:
— when connected to an external electric circuit with clockwise phase sequence (L1-L2-L3) and
— when connected to an external electric circuit with anti-clockwise phase sequence (L1-L3-L2).
If the vehicle supports reverse power transfer in three-phase operation, the vehicle shall be fully operational
when connected to an external electric circuit with clockwise phase sequence (L1-L2-L3).
Dynamic change of phases is under consideration in IEC 61851-1 and should be considered by the vehicle
manufacturer.
Conformance is checked by inspection.
9.6 Requirements for the plug and cable
The plug (case A) shall comply with:
— IEC 62196-1 or
— IEC 62196-2.
See IEC 62440 for general guidance on the safe usage of cables.
A cable that is specifically intended for charging of electric vehicles is specified in IEC 62893-3 or similar
national standards.
9.7 Requirements for the vehicle inlet
The vehicle inlet (case B and case C) shall conform to:
— IEC 62196-1 or
— IEC 62196–2.
9.8 Compatibility with self test functions of EV supply equipment
Self test functions of the EV supply equipment are under consideration in IEC 61851-1 and should be
considered by the vehicle manufacturer.
10 Additional requirements for reverse power transfer
ISO 5474 1:—, Clause 10 is applicable except as follows.
10.1 General
Reverse power transfer through a plug is under consideration.
NOTE SAE J2847-5 provides requirements for vehicle to load applications in the following countries: US and Canada.
Requirements for multiphase reverse power transfer in grid forming mode to unearthed external circuit are
under consideration.
10.2 Safety requirements
10.2.1 General
Unless otherwise specified fault protection shall be applied based on the fault mode analysis by vehicle
manufacturer.
10.2.2 Reverse power transfer in grid forming mode to unearthed external circuit (vehicle to load)
The vehicle manufacturer shall give adequate methods for the initial and periodic verification of the power
electronic converter.
10.2.2.1 Protection against electric shock
10.2.2.1.1 Insulation resistance
The value of insulation resistance of the vehicle power supply circuit shall be higher than the thresholds
given in ISO 5474-1:2024, 6.2.3.
10.2.2.1.2 Protection under single fault condition
Requirements are given for a vehicle power supply circuit isolated from electric chassis (i.e. similar to IT-
system). Requirements for a vehicle power supply circuit not isolated from electric chassis (i.e. similar to
TN-System) are under consideration.

The vehicle shall provide one of the following protective provisions between the vehicle power supply circuit
and other voltage class B circuits of the vehicle:
— protective separation;
— simple separation, and the vehicle shall detect a fault of the simple separation. In case of a fault of the
simple separation the vehicle shall perform both of the following:
— reduce the touch voltage between any contact and any other contact of the vehicle inlet or any on-
board socket-outlet as well as the touch voltage between any contact of the vehicle inlet or any on-
board socket-outlet which is conductively connected to the vehicle power supply circuit and the
electric chassis to below 60 V d.c. and 30 V a.c. within less than or equal to 1 s and
— remove a temporary overvoltage, if applicable, within a time according to IEC 60664-1:2020, 5.4.3.2
(e.g. de-energization of the vehicle power supply circuit or disconnection from the source of
overvoltage).
NOTE 1 A long-term temporary overvoltage can have a duration longer than 5 s according to IEC
60664-1:2020, 5.4.3.2.
Conformance of separation and de-energization is checked by design review.
Conformance of detecting fault of the simple separation is checked by simulation of a fault or by design review.
If the vehicle power supply circuit provides more than one socket-outlet, the protective provisions shall
provide the same level of safety for each socket-outlet.
If a socket-outlet provides a protective conductor terminal, it shall be connected to the vehicle electric
chassis with a protective conductor.
The cross-sectional area of the protective conductor shall be designed in accordance with IEC 60364-5-54.
Conformance is checked by design review.
For vehicle to load operation, at least one of the following protective provisions shall be applied.
a) An individual residual current protective function shall be provided for
— each of the on-board standard socket-outlets and
— each of the vehicle inlets
that are simultaneously-conductively connected to the vehicle power supply circuit. For a definition of
the term “conductively connected” refer to ISO 6469-3:2021, 3.7.
The residual current protective function shall after operation effectively isolate the circuit concerned
from all live conductors of the supply.
The residual current protective function shall operate at I not exceeding 30 mA a.c., the
Δnom
disconnection timing requirements shall be fulfilled according to IEC 60479-1.
The position of the contacts of the residual current protective function or other means of isolation
should, in the isolated position, be either externally visible or clearly and reliably indicated.
NOTE 2 In some countries specific requirements for the residual current protective functions exist: US.
NOTE 3 The requirement to have an individual residual current protective function for each standard socket-
outlet in an IT system is derived from IEC 60364-4-41:2005, 411.6.1 and 411.6.3, NOTE 2.
NOTE 4 According to IEC Guide 116:2018, 7.2.3.1, a doubl
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