ISO 7905-4:2022

Plain bearings - Bearing fatigue - Part 4: Tests on half-bearings of a metallic multilayer bearing material

This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of half-bearings of a multilayer bearing material.

Paliers lisses — Fatigue des paliers — Partie 4: Essais sur demi-coussinets en matériau antifriction métallique multicouche

Drsni ležaji - Utrujanje ležaja - 4. del: Preskušanje materiala večslojnih ležajnih blazinic

Ta dokument določa metodo za določanje meje vzdržljivosti pri utrujenosti polležajev iz večplastnega ležajnega materiala.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Jun-2022
• ICS: 21.100.10 - Plain bearings
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 123/SC 2 - Materials and lubricants, their properties, characteristics, test methods and testing conditions
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 123/SC 2 - Materials and lubricants, their properties, characteristics, test methods and testing conditions
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 07-Jun-2022
• Due Date: 08-Nov-2022
• Completion Date: 07-Jun-2022
• Ref Project: SIST ISO 7905-4:2023 - Plain bearings - Bearing fatigue - Part 4: Tests on half-bearings of a metallic multilayer bearing material

Relations

• Revises: ISO 7905-4:1995 - Plain bearings - Bearing fatigue - Part 4: Tests on half-bearings of a metallic multilayer bearing material
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2020

Overview

ISO 7905-4:2022 - Plain bearings - Bearing fatigue - Part 4 specifies a laboratory method to determine the endurance limit in fatigue for half-bearings made from a metallic multilayer bearing material. The standard defines specimen preparation, test setup, loading conditions, measurement procedures and result presentation for fatigue testing of ready-to-use half-bearings. It preserves residual manufacturing stresses and focuses on stresses in the crown area that typically govern fatigue life.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Test objective: determination of the fatigue endurance limit (σ_el) for half-bearings of metallic multilayer materials.
• Specimens: half-bearings ready for use; dimensions and layer thicknesses must be determined (microsection) after testing.
• Test principle and setup:
  • Specimens clamped at one end and loaded radially at the relief parting-line runout (cantilever-type load).
  • Load fluctuates between tension and compression; a mean tensile or compressive prestress may be applied to study mean-stress effects.
  • Frequency range: 50 Hz to 80 Hz.
  • Tests conducted in lubricant bath or in air at controlled temperature with tolerance ±2 °C.
• Measurements and calculations:
  • Nominal surface stress on bearing back measured by strain gauge or derived from radial force and cantilever beam theory.
  • Annex A provides stress-evaluation methods, dimensionless coefficients and worked examples for two- and three-layer systems.
  • Overlay stresses can be approximated via Young’s modulus ratios when overlay thickness is negligible.
• Crack detection and failure criteria:
  • Crack detection by dye penetrant in accordance with ISO 4386-3 or by microscopic inspection.
• Data presentation:
  • Endurance limit reported as σ-N (stress vs cycles) curves at specified temperature (±2 °C).
  • Typical termination for practical σ-N testing is 5 × 10^6 cycles; endurance limits can be quoted at specific cycles (e.g., 3×10^6, 10×10^6, 25×10^6, 50×10^6).
  • Statistical evaluation recommended due to scatter in fatigue results; Haigh diagrams (stress amplitude vs mean stress) suggested for additional presentation.

Applications

• Qualification and comparison of metallic multilayer plain bearing materials for automotive, industrial and heavy machinery plain bearings.
• Fatigue life assessment during bearing material development, quality control and failure analysis.
• Design validation where endurance limits of multilayer bearing linings are required for reliable plain-bearing systems.

Who should use this standard

• Bearing manufacturers and material suppliers
• Test laboratories and R&D teams in tribology and materials engineering
• OEMs and design engineers specifying bearing fatigue performance
• Quality assurance and certification bodies

Related standards

• ISO 4386-3 - Non-destructive penetrant testing (referenced for crack detection)
• ISO 7905-3 - Tests on plain strips of metallic multilayer bearing material
• ISO 3548-1, ISO 4378-1 - Related plain bearing design, materials and testing standards

Keywords: ISO 7905-4:2022, plain bearings, bearing fatigue, metallic multilayer bearing material, half-bearings, endurance limit, fatigue testing, σ-N curves.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2023
Drsni ležaji - Utrujanje ležaja - 4. del: Preskušanje materiala večslojnih ležajnih
blazinic
Plain bearings - Bearing fatigue - Part 4: Tests on half-bearings of a metallic multilayer
bearing material
Paliers lisses - Fatigue des paliers - Partie 4: Essais sur demi-coussinets en matériau
antifriction métallique multicouche
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 7905-4:2022
ICS:
21.100.10 Drsni ležaji Plain bearings
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7905-4
Second edition
2022-06
Plain bearings — Bearing fatigue —
Part 4:
Tests on half-bearings of a metallic
multilayer bearing material
Paliers lisses — Fatigue des paliers —
Partie 4: Essais sur demi-coussinets en matériau antifriction
métallique multicouche
Reference number
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 1
5 Test specimens . 2
6 Test methods . 3
7 E valuation and presentation of test results . 5
Annex A (informative) Evaluation of stress . 6
Bibliography .11
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 123, Plain bearing, Subcommittee SC 2,
Materials and lubricants, their properties, characteristics, test methods and testing conditions.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7905-4:1995), which has been editorially
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— adjustments to ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2:2018 have been made;
— Annex A has been revised;
— the Bibliography has been revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 7905 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7905-4:2022(E)
Plain bearings — Bearing fatigue —
Part 4:
Tests on half-bearings of a metallic multilayer bearing
material
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of half-
bearings of a multilayer bearing material.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4386-3, Plain bearings — Metallic multilayer plain bearings — Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant
testing
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Symbols
The symbols used in this document are described in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
A coefficient of stress at the bearing backing —
a 3 coefficients at the outside of the bearing back with i = 0, 1, 2 —
1,i
A coefficient of stress at the surface of the lining —
a 3 coefficients at the surface of the lining with i = 0, 1, 2 —
2,i
b bearing width mm
B coefficient of stress at the bearing backing —
b 3 coefficients at the outside of the bearing back with i = 0, 1, 2 —
1,i
B coefficient of stress at the surface of the lining —
b 3 coefficients at the surface of the lining with i = 0, 1, 2 —
2,i
E Young’s modulus MPa
E Young’s modulus, steel bearing backing, E = 210 · 10 MPa
1 1
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description Unit
E Young’s modulus, lining MPa
E * dimensionless Young’s modulus, E* = E /E —
2 2 2 2.0
E Young’s modulus of bearing used to construct curves in Figure A.2, E = 50 · 10 MPa
2,0 2,0
E Young’s modulus, overlay MPa
F radial force at clamping end N
mean value of radial force N
F
F amplitude of radial force N
A
N number of cycles to failure —
r̄radius of mean thickness r̄ = (r + r ) · 0,5 mm
3 4
r radius of interface between the bearing backing and lining mm
r radius of running surface (overlay thickness negligible) mm
r outer radius of bearing steel back mm
s total thickness of bearing mm
s* dimensionless total thickness, s* = 2 · [(r – r )/(r + r )] —
4 3 4 3
s thickness of steel backing mm
* *
—
s dimensionless steel backing thickness, s = (r – r )/(r – r )
1 1 4
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7905-4
Second edition
2022-06
Plain bearings — Bearing fatigue —
Part 4:
Tests on half-bearings of a metallic
multilayer bearing material
Paliers lisses — Fatigue des paliers —
Partie 4: Essais sur demi-coussinets en matériau antifriction
métallique multicouche
Reference number
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 1
5 Test specimens . 2
6 Test methods . 3
7 E valuation and presentation of test results . 5
Annex A (informative) Evaluation of stress . 6
Bibliography .11
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 123, Plain bearing, Subcommittee SC 2,
Materials and lubricants, their properties, characteristics, test methods and testing conditions.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7905-4:1995), which has been editorially
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— adjustments to ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2:2018 have been made;
— Annex A has been revised;
— the Bibliography has been revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 7905 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7905-4:2022(E)
Plain bearings — Bearing fatigue —
Part 4:
Tests on half-bearings of a metallic multilayer bearing
material
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of half-
bearings of a multilayer bearing material.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4386-3, Plain bearings — Metallic multilayer plain bearings — Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant
testing
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Symbols
The symbols used in this document are described in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
A coefficient of stress at the bearing backing —
a 3 coefficients at the outside of the bearing back with i = 0, 1, 2 —
1,i
A coefficient of stress at the surface of the lining —
a 3 coefficients at the surface of the lining with i = 0, 1, 2 —
2,i
b bearing width mm
B coefficient of stress at the bearing backing —
b 3 coefficients at the outside of the bearing back with i = 0, 1, 2 —
1,i
B coefficient of stress at the surface of the lining —
b 3 coefficients at the surface of the lining with i = 0, 1, 2 —
2,i
E Young’s modulus MPa
E Young’s modulus, steel bearing backing, E = 210 · 10 MPa
1 1
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description Unit
E Young’s modulus, lining MPa
E * dimensionless Young’s modulus, E* = E /E —
2 2 2 2.0
E Young’s modulus of bearing used to construct curves in Figure A.2, E = 50 · 10 MPa
2,0 2,0
E Young’s modulus, overlay MPa
F radial force at clamping end N
mean value of radial force N
F
F amplitude of radial force N
A
N number of cycles to failure —
r̄radius of mean thickness r̄ = (r + r ) · 0,5 mm
3 4
r radius of interface between the bearing backing and lining mm
r radius of running surface (overlay thickness negligible) mm
r outer radius of bearing steel back mm
s total thickness of bearing mm
s* dimensionless total thickness, s* = 2 · [(r – r )/(r + r )] —
4 3 4 3
s thickness of steel backing mm
* *
—
s dimensionless steel backing thickness, s = (r – r )/(r – r )
1 1 4 2 4 3
t time s
σ stress MPa
σ* dimensionless stress, σ* = σ/σ —
nom
σ stress amplitude MPa
el
σ nominal stress, σ = (6 · F · r̄ )/(b · s ) MPa
nom nom
σ stress at the outside of the bearing back MPa
*
dimensionless stress at the bearing steel back —
σ
σ stress at the surface of the lining MPa
*
dimensionless stress, lining surface —
σ
σ stress in overlay MPa
v Poisson’s ratio, steel backing —
v Poisso
...