ISO 18466:2016
(Main)Stationary source emissions — Determination of the biogenic fraction in CO2 in stack gas using the balance method
Stationary source emissions — Determination of the biogenic fraction in CO2 in stack gas using the balance method
ISO 18466:2016 enables the determination of the biogenic fraction in CO2 in stack gas using the balance method. The balance method uses a mathematical model that is based on different operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (including stack gas composition) and information about the elementary composition of biogenic and fossil matter present in the fuel used. NOTE Use only mixed fuels when using the calculation method.
Émission des sources fixes — Détermination de la fraction biogénique de CO2 dans les gaz de cheminées en utilisant la méthode des bilans
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Določevanje biogenega deleža CO2 v odpadnih plinih z metodo izračuna
Ta dokument omogoča določitev biogenega deleža CO2 v dimnem plinu z metodo
izračuna. Metoda izračuna uporablja matematični model, ki temelji na različnih operativnih podatkih
obrata za predelavo odpadkov (WfE) (vključno s sestavo plinov iz dimnikov) in informacijah o osnovni
sestavi biogenih in fosilnih snovi v uporabljenem gorivu.
OPOMBA: Pri uporabi računske metode uporabljajte samo mešana goriva.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 18466:2019
01-julij-2019
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Določevanje biogenega deleža CO2 v odpadnih plinih
z metodo izračuna
Stationary source emissions - Determination of the biogenic fraction in CO2 in stack gas
using the balance method
Émission des sources fixes - Détermination de la fraction biogénique de CO2 dans les
gaz de cheminées en utilisant la méthode des bilans
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18466:2016
ICS:
13.040.40 Emisije nepremičnih virov Stationary source emissions
SIST ISO 18466:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 18466:2019
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SIST ISO 18466:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18466
First edition
2016-12-15
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of the biogenic
fraction in CO in stack gas using the
2
balance method
Émission des sources fixes — Détermination de la fraction biogénique
de CO dans les gaz de cheminées en utilisant la méthode des bilans
2
Reference number
ISO 18466:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18466:2019
ISO 18466:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 18466:2019
ISO 18466:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Requirements . 4
5.1 Input stream parameters . 4
5.2 Output stream parameters . 4
6 Sampling . 5
6.1 Sampling of input streams . 5
6.2 Sampling of output streams . 5
7 Test methods . 5
7.1 General . 5
7.2 Process input . 5
7.2.1 Amount of fuel that is combusted . 5
7.2.2 Amount of combustion air . 6
7.2.3 Auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment . 6
7.3 Process output . 6
7.3.1 Stack emissions . 6
7.3.2 Energy production . 6
7.3.3 Solid outputs. 6
8 Balance calculation . 6
8.1 General . 6
8.2 Mass balance . 7
8.3 Ash balance . 7
8.4 Carbon balance . 7
8.5 Energy balance . 7
8.6 O consumption balance . 8
2
8.7 Difference between O consumption and CO production . 9
2 2
8.8 Water balance .10
8.9 Composition of the organic matter .10
8.10 Operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant and plausibility checks .11
8.11 Mathematical solution with data reconciliation .12
8.12 Calculation model .13
9 Operating the model .20
9.1 Installation routines .20
9.2 Ongoing operation calculation routines .21
10 Uncertainty budget methodology and interpretation .21
Annex A (informative) Reference chemical compositions of moisture and ash free biogenic
and fossil organic matter .22
Annex B (informative) Reference chemical compositions for the auxiliary fuels .23
Bibliography .24
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST ISO 18466:2019
ISO 18466:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1, Stationary
source emissions.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 18466:2019
ISO 18466:2016(E)
Introduction
During the combustion of solid fuels, O is consumed and CO is simultaneously produced. Biogenic
2 2
and fossil organic matter do not only show strong differences regarding O consumption and CO
2 2
production, but also differences in their respective calorific value and carbon content are observable.
The balance method can be used when the elementary composition of moisture and ash free biomass
and fossil matter present in the fuel used is known and online stack gas composition measurements
(O and CO ) are available at high accuracy. It will enable online modelling of biomass fossil ratio’s in
2 2
stack gas giving the user the opportunity to control or report that ratio. The generated model data can
14
be verified using the radiocarbon ( C) determined biomass fuel ratio. The results obtained using this
document will be complementary to the results obtained with ISO 13833. In ISO 13833, the biogenic
14
fraction in stack gas from plants with unknown fuel composition is determined using the C method. If
the chemical composition of pure biogenic and fossil matter (contents of C, H, N, S, O referred of moisture
and ash free biomass and fossil organic matter, respectively) present in the fuel used is known, the
biogenic CO fraction can be calculated utilizing different operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2
plant. When the chlorine content is sufficiently high, it can be additionally used to optimize the mass
balances.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v
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SIST ISO 18466:2019
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SIST ISO 18466:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18466:2016(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of the
biogenic fraction in CO in stack gas using the balance
2
method
1 Scope
This document enables the determination of the biogenic fraction in CO in stack gas using the balance
2
method. The balance method uses a mathematical model that is based on different operating data of the
Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (including stack gas composition) and information about the elementary
composition of biogenic and fossil matter present in the fuel used.
NOTE Use only mixed fuels when using the calculation method.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12039, Stationary source emissions — Determination of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and
oxygen — Performance characteristics and calibration of automated measuring systems
EN 14181, Quality assurance of automated measuring systems
EN 15259, Air quality — Measurement of stationary source emissions — Requirements for measurement
sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report
EN 15267-3, Air quality — Certification of automated measuring systems — Part 3: Performance criteria
and test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/
3.1
biogenic
produced in natural processes by living organisms but not fossilized or derived from fossil resources
3.2
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formation or transformed to fossil
3.3
radiocarbon
14
radioactive isotope of the element carbon, C, having 8 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 electrons
3.4
sample
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined
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3.5
sample preparation
all the actions taken to obtain representative analyses, samples (3.4) or test portions (3.6) from the
original sample
3.6
test portion
quantity of material drawn from the test sample (or from the laboratory sample if both are the same)
and on which the test or observation is actually carried out
3.7
balance method
numerical procedure to calculate the fraction of biogenic (3.1) matter in waste continuously by solving
a set of equations
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
(f)
C organic carbon content of the waste fuel derived from operating data
(kg C/kg waste fuel)
ΔH net enthalpy of steam cycle of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (MJ/kg)
J Jacobian matrix of range 6xN, with N representing the number of the measured
x
variables
J Jacobian matrix of range 6xK, with K representing the number of the unknown
y
variables
L evaporation heat (MJ/kg)
vap
mass fractions of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil matter, water and
w , w , w ,
B F
HO
2
inert matter (kg/kg waste fuel)
w
I
M relative molecular mass of carbon (12,010 7 g/mol)
C
M relative molecular mass of hydrogen (1,007 94 g/mol)
H
M relative molecular mass of oxygen (15,999 4 g/mol)
O
M relative molecular mass of nitrogen (14,006 7 g/mol)
N
M relative molecular mass of sulfur (32,065 g/mol)
S
M molecular weight of auxiliary gas fuel (g/mol)
gas
molecular weight of water (g/mol)
M
HO
2
(f)
O oxygen consumption of the waste fuel derived from operating data
(mol O /kg waste fuel);
2
p vapour pressure of the inlet combustion air (Pa);
v
average lower heating value of the waste feed within a defined period Δt (MJ/kg)
q
LHV
w
elemental lower heating value of the combustible fractions
q
LHV
k
(k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (MJ/kg)
3
average lower heating value of the auxiliary gas fuel (MJ/m )
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
q
LHV
gas
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average lower heating value of the auxiliary oil fuel (MJ/kg)
q
LHV
oil
R * specific gas constant for the dry air [287,0558 14 J/(kg K)]
as
S steam production of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period
vap
(kg/Δt)
Δt defined time period (arbitrary time unit, e.g. days)
T temperature of the inlet combustion air (°C);
air
3
V volume of the inlet combustion air (m );
air 273.15 K, 1.01325 bar
V dry flue gas volume of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period
fg
3
(m /Δt)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
V auxiliary gas fuel volume into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined
gas
3
period (m /Δt)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
V molar volume of ideal gas under standard temperature and pressure
m
3
(22,414 dm /mol)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
m mass of auxiliary oil fuel into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
oil
a defined period (kg/Δt)
m mass of waste feed into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined
tot
period (kg/Δt)
W vapour mass in the combustion air
v
ΣW sum of solid residues (dry substance) of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
s
a defined period (kg/Δt)
elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the biogenic matter
k
c
B
(ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the fossil organic matter
k
c
F
(ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the auxiliary gas fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
k
c
gas
nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the auxiliary oil fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
k
c
oil
nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
average O and CO content in the dry flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2 2
x , x
O,fg CO ,fg
2 2
plant within a defined period Δt (vol %)
average O and CO content of dry combustion air of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2 2
x ,
O,air
2
plant within a defined period Δt (vol %)
x
CO ,air
2
average water content in the flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
x
HO
2
a defined period Δt (vol %)
x vector of N estimated values of the measured variables
s
y vector of the K unknown variables
s
η energy efficiency of the steam boiler of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
ε vapour molecular weight/dry air molecular weight (0,621 98)
k weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free
σ
B
biogenic matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S)
weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free
k
σ
F
fossil matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S)
σ standard deviation associated to the mass flow of the k-th type of waste
wk
SRF solid recovered fuel
WfE waste for energy plant
5 Requirements
5.1 Input stream parameters
For the application of the balance method, the following input parameters are required:
— mass of waste feed (within a defined period, Δt);
— mass/volume of auxiliary fuels such as fuel oil or gas (within a defined period, Δt);
— elemental composition of the auxiliary fuels (fuel oil or gas) used (for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and sulfur);
— total mass and elementary composition of fuels that are either composed of biogenic matter or fossil
matter only (e.g. sewage sludge, wood waste);
— elemental composition (probable range) of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil organic
matter (with respect to the content of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) present in
the waste feed;
— ratio of different waste types present in the waste feed such as municipal solid waste (MSW) or
hospital waste (in case that the waste types are characterized by different elemental composition
of biogenic and fossil organic matter);
— energy efficiency of the boiler;
— average temperature of feed water for the boiler (within defined period, Δt);
— amount of air used for the combustion (within defined period, Δt), not compulsory.
5.2 Output stream parameters
For the application of the balance method, the following output stream parameters are required:
— CO concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, Δt);
2
— O concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, Δt);
2
— flue gas flow volume within defined period, Δt (standardized to 273 K and 101,325 kPa);
— moisture content within defined period, Δt;
— temperature in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, Δt (in order to
convert flue gas flow to standard temperature of 273 K), not compulsory;
— pressure in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, Δt (in order to
convert flue gas flow to standard pressure of 101,325 kPa), not compulsory;
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— total dry mass of solid residues (e.g. bottom ash, boiler ash and fly ash) produced within defined
period, Δt;
— steam produced within defined period, Δt;
— temperature of steam produced within defined period, Δt;
— pressure of steam produced within defined period, Δt.
6 Sampling
6.1 Sampling of input streams
For determining of the necessary input stream parameters, use the following procedures:
— amount of waste combusted (by crane weight data and the adjustment of this data to the waste
amount delivered into the waste bunker within a longer time period);
— amount of auxiliary fuels (by volume flow measurements);
— ratio of different waste types present in the waste feed [data provided by trucks delivering waste to
the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant];
— elemental composition of biogenic and fossil organic matter present in the waste feed (either
reference data provided in Annex A).
6.2 Sampling of output streams
For determination of the necessary output streams parameters, use the following procedures:
— amount of flue gas (by volume flow measurements);
— amount of CO and O in the dry flue gas (by concentration);
2 2
— amount of residues (all kind of ashes, by content);
— amount of steam (by content).
7 Test methods
7.1 General
In this subclause, methods are described which define how data shall be generated and collected when
they exist. However, more data might be needed than what appears below which is mainly due to lack of
relevant method descriptions and standards for data generation and collection.
For all data not covered specifically below, it is expected that these will be generated and collected
according to established industry standards and an acceptable level of accuracy. This shall be
documented.
7.2 Process input
7.2.1 Amount of fuel that is combusted
The amount of fuel that is combusted is continuously determined by the crane weight which is calibrated
according to internal procedures. More precise results might be produced using the weighbridge data
for a period (e.g. yearly) and this is calibrated using relevant CEN and ISO standards, e.g. EN 45501.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5
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7.2.2 Amount of combustion air
The amount of air used for combustion is determined using a calculation including the measured
flue gas flow and the combustion products (this is more precise than the regular measurement data
available). For an average combustion air temperature (15 °C) and average relative humidity (70 %), the
relationship between combustion air and flue gas flow is the following: Wet combustion air flow = 1,035
times the dry flue gas flow.
7.2.3 Auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment
Metering of auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment shall be in accordance with industry best practice and
undergo regular maintenance and periodic calibration.
7.3 Process output
7.3.1 Stack emissions
The quality of all air emissions shall follow EN 14181 or similar national or industry equivalents (needs
documentation and evaluation of differences).
Determine the concentration of water, CO , CO and O in the stack gas using ISO 12039.
2 2
Determine the stack gas flow using EN 15259 and EN 15267-3 or similar national or industry equivalents
(needs documentation and evaluation of differences).
7.3.2 Energy production
Metering of steam and feed-water shall be in accordance with industry best practice and undergo
regular maintenance and periodic calibration.
The energy efficiency of the boiler is typically only measured at the guarantee test of the facility. This
value can be used if no other and more recent value is available and if the following is ensured: a) the
boiler is well maintained, b) the boiler is cleaned according to industry practice, and c) the boiler design
is unchanged. If a measurement is not available, a total energy balance including all energy losses and a
detailed flue gas loss calculation can be used to establish a boiler efficiency. The value used shall always
be documented together with its source.
7.3.3 Solid outputs
The production of bottom ash and fly ash is to be measured periodically and documented. The method
of measurement shall be in accordance with industry best practice or follow a relevant standard if
available.
8 Balance calculation
8.1 General
The balance calculation is a method to calculate the fraction of biogenic matter in waste continuously
by solving a set of formulae. All data required are either available from literature or from operating
data routinely measured (see 5.1 and 5.2).
When hydrogen is used as auxiliary fuel, special care should be taken regarding the use of the different
balance formulae.
The balance method is based on five mass balances and one energy balance. If combustion air data are
available, an additional water balance formula can be included. The result of each balance, which
describes a certain waste characteristic (e.g. content of organic carbon, heating value), are attuned to
physical or chemical waste characteristics derived from routinely measured operating data. In order to
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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set up the theoretical balance formulae, the different materials comprised in the waste are virtually
divided into four “groups”: inert (w ), biogenic and fossil organic materials (w , w ) and water w ,
I B F
()
HO
2
which represents the unknowns in the set of formulae that are to be determined. Inert materials include
all incombustible solid residues such as glass, stones, ashes or other inorganic matter from bio wastes
and plastics (e.g. kaolin in paper). Biogenic and fossil organic material groups refer only to the moisture
free and ash free organic matter.
8.2 Mass balance
w , w , w and w represent the mass fraction of each material group. The sum of all mass fractions
I B F
HO
2
should be equal to 1 as shown in Formula (1):
ww++ w +=w 1 (1)
IB F HO
2
8.3 Ash balance
The mass fraction of the inert (inorganic) material w (the ash content of the waste) corresponds
I
approximately to the quotient of the measured mass flow of solid residues ΣW and the waste input m
s tot
of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant. As
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18466
First edition
2016-12-15
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of the biogenic
fraction in CO in stack gas using the
2
balance method
Émission des sources fixes — Détermination de la fraction biogénique
de CO dans les gaz de cheminées en utilisant la méthode des bilans
2
Reference number
ISO 18466:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 18466:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 18466:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Requirements . 4
5.1 Input stream parameters . 4
5.2 Output stream parameters . 4
6 Sampling . 5
6.1 Sampling of input streams . 5
6.2 Sampling of output streams . 5
7 Test methods . 5
7.1 General . 5
7.2 Process input . 5
7.2.1 Amount of fuel that is combusted . 5
7.2.2 Amount of combustion air . 6
7.2.3 Auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment . 6
7.3 Process output . 6
7.3.1 Stack emissions . 6
7.3.2 Energy production . 6
7.3.3 Solid outputs. 6
8 Balance calculation . 6
8.1 General . 6
8.2 Mass balance . 7
8.3 Ash balance . 7
8.4 Carbon balance . 7
8.5 Energy balance . 7
8.6 O consumption balance . 8
2
8.7 Difference between O consumption and CO production . 9
2 2
8.8 Water balance .10
8.9 Composition of the organic matter .10
8.10 Operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant and plausibility checks .11
8.11 Mathematical solution with data reconciliation .12
8.12 Calculation model .13
9 Operating the model .20
9.1 Installation routines .20
9.2 Ongoing operation calculation routines .21
10 Uncertainty budget methodology and interpretation .21
Annex A (informative) Reference chemical compositions of moisture and ash free biogenic
and fossil organic matter .22
Annex B (informative) Reference chemical compositions for the auxiliary fuels .23
Bibliography .24
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1, Stationary
source emissions.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
Introduction
During the combustion of solid fuels, O is consumed and CO is simultaneously produced. Biogenic
2 2
and fossil organic matter do not only show strong differences regarding O consumption and CO
2 2
production, but also differences in their respective calorific value and carbon content are observable.
The balance method can be used when the elementary composition of moisture and ash free biomass
and fossil matter present in the fuel used is known and online stack gas composition measurements
(O and CO ) are available at high accuracy. It will enable online modelling of biomass fossil ratio’s in
2 2
stack gas giving the user the opportunity to control or report that ratio. The generated model data can
14
be verified using the radiocarbon ( C) determined biomass fuel ratio. The results obtained using this
document will be complementary to the results obtained with ISO 13833. In ISO 13833, the biogenic
14
fraction in stack gas from plants with unknown fuel composition is determined using the C method. If
the chemical composition of pure biogenic and fossil matter (contents of C, H, N, S, O referred of moisture
and ash free biomass and fossil organic matter, respectively) present in the fuel used is known, the
biogenic CO fraction can be calculated utilizing different operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2
plant. When the chlorine content is sufficiently high, it can be additionally used to optimize the mass
balances.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18466:2016(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of the
biogenic fraction in CO in stack gas using the balance
2
method
1 Scope
This document enables the determination of the biogenic fraction in CO in stack gas using the balance
2
method. The balance method uses a mathematical model that is based on different operating data of the
Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (including stack gas composition) and information about the elementary
composition of biogenic and fossil matter present in the fuel used.
NOTE Use only mixed fuels when using the calculation method.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12039, Stationary source emissions — Determination of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and
oxygen — Performance characteristics and calibration of automated measuring systems
EN 14181, Quality assurance of automated measuring systems
EN 15259, Air quality — Measurement of stationary source emissions — Requirements for measurement
sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report
EN 15267-3, Air quality — Certification of automated measuring systems — Part 3: Performance criteria
and test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/
3.1
biogenic
produced in natural processes by living organisms but not fossilized or derived from fossil resources
3.2
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formation or transformed to fossil
3.3
radiocarbon
14
radioactive isotope of the element carbon, C, having 8 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 electrons
3.4
sample
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
3.5
sample preparation
all the actions taken to obtain representative analyses, samples (3.4) or test portions (3.6) from the
original sample
3.6
test portion
quantity of material drawn from the test sample (or from the laboratory sample if both are the same)
and on which the test or observation is actually carried out
3.7
balance method
numerical procedure to calculate the fraction of biogenic (3.1) matter in waste continuously by solving
a set of equations
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
(f)
C organic carbon content of the waste fuel derived from operating data
(kg C/kg waste fuel)
ΔH net enthalpy of steam cycle of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (MJ/kg)
J Jacobian matrix of range 6xN, with N representing the number of the measured
x
variables
J Jacobian matrix of range 6xK, with K representing the number of the unknown
y
variables
L evaporation heat (MJ/kg)
vap
mass fractions of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil matter, water and
w , w , w ,
B F
HO
2
inert matter (kg/kg waste fuel)
w
I
M relative molecular mass of carbon (12,010 7 g/mol)
C
M relative molecular mass of hydrogen (1,007 94 g/mol)
H
M relative molecular mass of oxygen (15,999 4 g/mol)
O
M relative molecular mass of nitrogen (14,006 7 g/mol)
N
M relative molecular mass of sulfur (32,065 g/mol)
S
M molecular weight of auxiliary gas fuel (g/mol)
gas
molecular weight of water (g/mol)
M
HO
2
(f)
O oxygen consumption of the waste fuel derived from operating data
(mol O /kg waste fuel);
2
p vapour pressure of the inlet combustion air (Pa);
v
average lower heating value of the waste feed within a defined period Δt (MJ/kg)
q
LHV
w
elemental lower heating value of the combustible fractions
q
LHV
k
(k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (MJ/kg)
3
average lower heating value of the auxiliary gas fuel (MJ/m )
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
q
LHV
gas
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
average lower heating value of the auxiliary oil fuel (MJ/kg)
q
LHV
oil
R * specific gas constant for the dry air [287,0558 14 J/(kg K)]
as
S steam production of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period
vap
(kg/Δt)
Δt defined time period (arbitrary time unit, e.g. days)
T temperature of the inlet combustion air (°C);
air
3
V volume of the inlet combustion air (m );
air 273.15 K, 1.01325 bar
V dry flue gas volume of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period
fg
3
(m /Δt)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
V auxiliary gas fuel volume into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined
gas
3
period (m /Δt)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
V molar volume of ideal gas under standard temperature and pressure
m
3
(22,414 dm /mol)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
m mass of auxiliary oil fuel into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
oil
a defined period (kg/Δt)
m mass of waste feed into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined
tot
period (kg/Δt)
W vapour mass in the combustion air
v
ΣW sum of solid residues (dry substance) of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
s
a defined period (kg/Δt)
elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the biogenic matter
k
c
B
(ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the fossil organic matter
k
c
F
(ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the auxiliary gas fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
k
c
gas
nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the auxiliary oil fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
k
c
oil
nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
average O and CO content in the dry flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2 2
x , x
O,fg CO ,fg
2 2
plant within a defined period Δt (vol %)
average O and CO content of dry combustion air of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2 2
x ,
O,air
2
plant within a defined period Δt (vol %)
x
CO ,air
2
average water content in the flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
x
HO
2
a defined period Δt (vol %)
x vector of N estimated values of the measured variables
s
y vector of the K unknown variables
s
η energy efficiency of the steam boiler of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
ε vapour molecular weight/dry air molecular weight (0,621 98)
k weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free
σ
B
biogenic matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S)
weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free
k
σ
F
fossil matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S)
σ standard deviation associated to the mass flow of the k-th type of waste
wk
SRF solid recovered fuel
WfE waste for energy plant
5 Requirements
5.1 Input stream parameters
For the application of the balance method, the following input parameters are required:
— mass of waste feed (within a defined period, Δt);
— mass/volume of auxiliary fuels such as fuel oil or gas (within a defined period, Δt);
— elemental composition of the auxiliary fuels (fuel oil or gas) used (for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and sulfur);
— total mass and elementary composition of fuels that are either composed of biogenic matter or fossil
matter only (e.g. sewage sludge, wood waste);
— elemental composition (probable range) of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil organic
matter (with respect to the content of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) present in
the waste feed;
— ratio of different waste types present in the waste feed such as municipal solid waste (MSW) or
hospital waste (in case that the waste types are characterized by different elemental composition
of biogenic and fossil organic matter);
— energy efficiency of the boiler;
— average temperature of feed water for the boiler (within defined period, Δt);
— amount of air used for the combustion (within defined period, Δt), not compulsory.
5.2 Output stream parameters
For the application of the balance method, the following output stream parameters are required:
— CO concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, Δt);
2
— O concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, Δt);
2
— flue gas flow volume within defined period, Δt (standardized to 273 K and 101,325 kPa);
— moisture content within defined period, Δt;
— temperature in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, Δt (in order to
convert flue gas flow to standard temperature of 273 K), not compulsory;
— pressure in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, Δt (in order to
convert flue gas flow to standard pressure of 101,325 kPa), not compulsory;
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
— total dry mass of solid residues (e.g. bottom ash, boiler ash and fly ash) produced within defined
period, Δt;
— steam produced within defined period, Δt;
— temperature of steam produced within defined period, Δt;
— pressure of steam produced within defined period, Δt.
6 Sampling
6.1 Sampling of input streams
For determining of the necessary input stream parameters, use the following procedures:
— amount of waste combusted (by crane weight data and the adjustment of this data to the waste
amount delivered into the waste bunker within a longer time period);
— amount of auxiliary fuels (by volume flow measurements);
— ratio of different waste types present in the waste feed [data provided by trucks delivering waste to
the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant];
— elemental composition of biogenic and fossil organic matter present in the waste feed (either
reference data provided in Annex A).
6.2 Sampling of output streams
For determination of the necessary output streams parameters, use the following procedures:
— amount of flue gas (by volume flow measurements);
— amount of CO and O in the dry flue gas (by concentration);
2 2
— amount of residues (all kind of ashes, by content);
— amount of steam (by content).
7 Test methods
7.1 General
In this subclause, methods are described which define how data shall be generated and collected when
they exist. However, more data might be needed than what appears below which is mainly due to lack of
relevant method descriptions and standards for data generation and collection.
For all data not covered specifically below, it is expected that these will be generated and collected
according to established industry standards and an acceptable level of accuracy. This shall be
documented.
7.2 Process input
7.2.1 Amount of fuel that is combusted
The amount of fuel that is combusted is continuously determined by the crane weight which is calibrated
according to internal procedures. More precise results might be produced using the weighbridge data
for a period (e.g. yearly) and this is calibrated using relevant CEN and ISO standards, e.g. EN 45501.
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
7.2.2 Amount of combustion air
The amount of air used for combustion is determined using a calculation including the measured
flue gas flow and the combustion products (this is more precise than the regular measurement data
available). For an average combustion air temperature (15 °C) and average relative humidity (70 %), the
relationship between combustion air and flue gas flow is the following: Wet combustion air flow = 1,035
times the dry flue gas flow.
7.2.3 Auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment
Metering of auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment shall be in accordance with industry best practice and
undergo regular maintenance and periodic calibration.
7.3 Process output
7.3.1 Stack emissions
The quality of all air emissions shall follow EN 14181 or similar national or industry equivalents (needs
documentation and evaluation of differences).
Determine the concentration of water, CO , CO and O in the stack gas using ISO 12039.
2 2
Determine the stack gas flow using EN 15259 and EN 15267-3 or similar national or industry equivalents
(needs documentation and evaluation of differences).
7.3.2 Energy production
Metering of steam and feed-water shall be in accordance with industry best practice and undergo
regular maintenance and periodic calibration.
The energy efficiency of the boiler is typically only measured at the guarantee test of the facility. This
value can be used if no other and more recent value is available and if the following is ensured: a) the
boiler is well maintained, b) the boiler is cleaned according to industry practice, and c) the boiler design
is unchanged. If a measurement is not available, a total energy balance including all energy losses and a
detailed flue gas loss calculation can be used to establish a boiler efficiency. The value used shall always
be documented together with its source.
7.3.3 Solid outputs
The production of bottom ash and fly ash is to be measured periodically and documented. The method
of measurement shall be in accordance with industry best practice or follow a relevant standard if
available.
8 Balance calculation
8.1 General
The balance calculation is a method to calculate the fraction of biogenic matter in waste continuously
by solving a set of formulae. All data required are either available from literature or from operating
data routinely measured (see 5.1 and 5.2).
When hydrogen is used as auxiliary fuel, special care should be taken regarding the use of the different
balance formulae.
The balance method is based on five mass balances and one energy balance. If combustion air data are
available, an additional water balance formula can be included. The result of each balance, which
describes a certain waste characteristic (e.g. content of organic carbon, heating value), are attuned to
physical or chemical waste characteristics derived from routinely measured operating data. In order to
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18466:2016(E)
set up the theoretical balance formulae, the different materials comprised in the waste are virtually
divided into four “groups”: inert (w ), biogenic and fossil organic materials (w , w ) and water w ,
I B F
()
HO
2
which represents the unknowns in the set of formulae that are to be determined. Inert materials include
all incombustible solid residues such as glass, stones, ashes or other inorganic matter from bio wastes
and plastics (e.g. kaolin in paper). Biogenic and fossil organic material groups refer only to the moisture
free and ash free organic matter.
8.2 Mass balance
w , w , w and w represent the mass fraction of each material group. The sum of all mass fractions
I B F
HO
2
should be equal to 1 as shown in Formula (1):
ww++ w +=w 1 (1)
IB F HO
2
8.3 Ash balance
The mass fraction of the inert (inorganic) material w (the ash content of the waste) corresponds
I
approximately to the quotient of the measured mass flow of solid residues ΣW and the waste input m
s tot
of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant. As a matter of fact, it can be shown that mass losses or increases of
inorganic matter due to, e.g. the decomposition of lime (CaCO → CaO + CO ) or the oxidation of metals
3 2
(4Al + 3O → 2Al O ), are insignificant for the ash balance, mainly in cases where typical municipal
2 2 3
solid waste is incinerated. The contribution to solid residues ΣW is also neglected, so it is assumed that:
s
W
∑
S
w = (2)
I
m
tot
8.4 Carbon balance
The average content of organic carbon of the waste feed derived from the operating data of the plant
(i.e. volume flow of flue gas V , the CO concentration in the flue gas x and in the combustion air
fg 2
CO ,fg
2
x and the mass flow of the waste input m ), subtracting the contribution of auxiliary fuel, equals
tot
CO ,air
2
the product of the organic mass fractions (biomass w and fossil matter m ) and their carbon contents
B F
C C
cc, . The mass flow of carbon due to emissions of CO and hydrocarbons is neglected since its share
( )
B F
of the total mass flow of carbon is negligible in a well-controlled combustion system.
C C
wc +=wc
BB FF
100 −−xx
O,fg CO ,fg M
C M
22
gas (3)
Vx
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO 18466:2018
01-september-2018
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY'RORþHYDQMHELRJHQHJDGHOHåD&2YRGSDGQLKSOLQLK
]PHWRGRL]UDþXQD
Stationary source emissions - Determination of the biogenic fraction in CO2 in stack gas
using the balance method
Émission des sources fixes - Détermination de la fraction biogénique de CO2 dans les
gaz de cheminées en utilisant la méthode des bilans
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18466:2016
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
oSIST ISO 18466:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18466
First edition
2016-12-15
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of the biogenic
fraction in CO in stack gas using the
2
balance method
Émission des sources fixes — Détermination de la fraction biogénique
de CO dans les gaz de cheminées en utilisant la méthode des bilans
2
Reference number
ISO 18466:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
ISO 18466:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
ISO 18466:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Requirements . 4
5.1 Input stream parameters . 4
5.2 Output stream parameters . 4
6 Sampling . 5
6.1 Sampling of input streams . 5
6.2 Sampling of output streams . 5
7 Test methods . 5
7.1 General . 5
7.2 Process input . 5
7.2.1 Amount of fuel that is combusted . 5
7.2.2 Amount of combustion air . 6
7.2.3 Auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment . 6
7.3 Process output . 6
7.3.1 Stack emissions . 6
7.3.2 Energy production . 6
7.3.3 Solid outputs. 6
8 Balance calculation . 6
8.1 General . 6
8.2 Mass balance . 7
8.3 Ash balance . 7
8.4 Carbon balance . 7
8.5 Energy balance . 7
8.6 O consumption balance . 8
2
8.7 Difference between O consumption and CO production . 9
2 2
8.8 Water balance .10
8.9 Composition of the organic matter .10
8.10 Operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant and plausibility checks .11
8.11 Mathematical solution with data reconciliation .12
8.12 Calculation model .13
9 Operating the model .20
9.1 Installation routines .20
9.2 Ongoing operation calculation routines .21
10 Uncertainty budget methodology and interpretation .21
Annex A (informative) Reference chemical compositions of moisture and ash free biogenic
and fossil organic matter .22
Annex B (informative) Reference chemical compositions for the auxiliary fuels .23
Bibliography .24
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
ISO 18466:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1, Stationary
source emissions.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
ISO 18466:2016(E)
Introduction
During the combustion of solid fuels, O is consumed and CO is simultaneously produced. Biogenic
2 2
and fossil organic matter do not only show strong differences regarding O consumption and CO
2 2
production, but also differences in their respective calorific value and carbon content are observable.
The balance method can be used when the elementary composition of moisture and ash free biomass
and fossil matter present in the fuel used is known and online stack gas composition measurements
(O and CO ) are available at high accuracy. It will enable online modelling of biomass fossil ratio’s in
2 2
stack gas giving the user the opportunity to control or report that ratio. The generated model data can
14
be verified using the radiocarbon ( C) determined biomass fuel ratio. The results obtained using this
document will be complementary to the results obtained with ISO 13833. In ISO 13833, the biogenic
14
fraction in stack gas from plants with unknown fuel composition is determined using the C method. If
the chemical composition of pure biogenic and fossil matter (contents of C, H, N, S, O referred of moisture
and ash free biomass and fossil organic matter, respectively) present in the fuel used is known, the
biogenic CO fraction can be calculated utilizing different operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2
plant. When the chlorine content is sufficiently high, it can be additionally used to optimize the mass
balances.
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18466:2016(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of the
biogenic fraction in CO in stack gas using the balance
2
method
1 Scope
This document enables the determination of the biogenic fraction in CO in stack gas using the balance
2
method. The balance method uses a mathematical model that is based on different operating data of the
Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (including stack gas composition) and information about the elementary
composition of biogenic and fossil matter present in the fuel used.
NOTE Use only mixed fuels when using the calculation method.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12039, Stationary source emissions — Determination of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and
oxygen — Performance characteristics and calibration of automated measuring systems
EN 14181, Quality assurance of automated measuring systems
EN 15259, Air quality — Measurement of stationary source emissions — Requirements for measurement
sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report
EN 15267-3, Air quality — Certification of automated measuring systems — Part 3: Performance criteria
and test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/
3.1
biogenic
produced in natural processes by living organisms but not fossilized or derived from fossil resources
3.2
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formation or transformed to fossil
3.3
radiocarbon
14
radioactive isotope of the element carbon, C, having 8 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 electrons
3.4
sample
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
ISO 18466:2016(E)
3.5
sample preparation
all the actions taken to obtain representative analyses, samples (3.4) or test portions (3.6) from the
original sample
3.6
test portion
quantity of material drawn from the test sample (or from the laboratory sample if both are the same)
and on which the test or observation is actually carried out
3.7
balance method
numerical procedure to calculate the fraction of biogenic (3.1) matter in waste continuously by solving
a set of equations
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
(f)
C organic carbon content of the waste fuel derived from operating data
(kg C/kg waste fuel)
ΔH net enthalpy of steam cycle of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (MJ/kg)
J Jacobian matrix of range 6xN, with N representing the number of the measured
x
variables
J Jacobian matrix of range 6xK, with K representing the number of the unknown
y
variables
L evaporation heat (MJ/kg)
vap
mass fractions of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil matter, water and
w , w , w ,
B F
HO
2
inert matter (kg/kg waste fuel)
w
I
M relative molecular mass of carbon (12,010 7 g/mol)
C
M relative molecular mass of hydrogen (1,007 94 g/mol)
H
M relative molecular mass of oxygen (15,999 4 g/mol)
O
M relative molecular mass of nitrogen (14,006 7 g/mol)
N
M relative molecular mass of sulfur (32,065 g/mol)
S
M molecular weight of auxiliary gas fuel (g/mol)
gas
molecular weight of water (g/mol)
M
HO
2
(f)
O oxygen consumption of the waste fuel derived from operating data
(mol O /kg waste fuel);
2
p vapour pressure of the inlet combustion air (Pa);
v
average lower heating value of the waste feed within a defined period Δt (MJ/kg)
q
LHV
w
elemental lower heating value of the combustible fractions
q
LHV
k
(k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (MJ/kg)
3
average lower heating value of the auxiliary gas fuel (MJ/m )
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
q
LHV
gas
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO 18466:2018
ISO 18466:2016(E)
average lower heating value of the auxiliary oil fuel (MJ/kg)
q
LHV
oil
R * specific gas constant for the dry air [287,0558 14 J/(kg K)]
as
S steam production of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period
vap
(kg/Δt)
Δt defined time period (arbitrary time unit, e.g. days)
T temperature of the inlet combustion air (°C);
air
3
V volume of the inlet combustion air (m );
air 273.15 K, 1.01325 bar
V dry flue gas volume of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined period
fg
3
(m /Δt)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
V auxiliary gas fuel volume into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined
gas
3
period (m /Δt)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
V molar volume of ideal gas under standard temperature and pressure
m
3
(22,414 dm /mol)
273,15 K, 1,013 25 bar
m mass of auxiliary oil fuel into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
oil
a defined period (kg/Δt)
m mass of waste feed into the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within a defined
tot
period (kg/Δt)
W vapour mass in the combustion air
v
ΣW sum of solid residues (dry substance) of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
s
a defined period (kg/Δt)
elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the biogenic matter
k
c
B
(ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the combustible fractions of the fossil organic matter
k
c
F
(ash and moisture free; k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the auxiliary gas fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
k
c
gas
nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
elemental concentration of the auxiliary oil fuel (k is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
k
c
oil
nitrogen and sulfur) (kg/kg)
average O and CO content in the dry flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2 2
x , x
O,fg CO ,fg
2 2
plant within a defined period Δt (vol %)
average O and CO content of dry combustion air of the Waste for Energy (WfE)
2 2
x ,
O,air
2
plant within a defined period Δt (vol %)
x
CO ,air
2
average water content in the flue gas of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant within
x
HO
2
a defined period Δt (vol %)
x vector of N estimated values of the measured variables
s
y vector of the K unknown variables
s
η energy efficiency of the steam boiler of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant
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ε vapour molecular weight/dry air molecular weight (0,621 98)
k weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free
σ
B
biogenic matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S)
weighted standard deviation for the k-th content of the moisture and ash free
k
σ
F
fossil matter present in the waste feed (k = C, O, N, H, S)
σ standard deviation associated to the mass flow of the k-th type of waste
wk
SRF solid recovered fuel
WfE waste for energy plant
5 Requirements
5.1 Input stream parameters
For the application of the balance method, the following input parameters are required:
— mass of waste feed (within a defined period, Δt);
— mass/volume of auxiliary fuels such as fuel oil or gas (within a defined period, Δt);
— elemental composition of the auxiliary fuels (fuel oil or gas) used (for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and sulfur);
— total mass and elementary composition of fuels that are either composed of biogenic matter or fossil
matter only (e.g. sewage sludge, wood waste);
— elemental composition (probable range) of moisture and ash free biogenic and fossil organic
matter (with respect to the content of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) present in
the waste feed;
— ratio of different waste types present in the waste feed such as municipal solid waste (MSW) or
hospital waste (in case that the waste types are characterized by different elemental composition
of biogenic and fossil organic matter);
— energy efficiency of the boiler;
— average temperature of feed water for the boiler (within defined period, Δt);
— amount of air used for the combustion (within defined period, Δt), not compulsory.
5.2 Output stream parameters
For the application of the balance method, the following output stream parameters are required:
— CO concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, Δt);
2
— O concentration in dry flue gas (within defined period, Δt);
2
— flue gas flow volume within defined period, Δt (standardized to 273 K and 101,325 kPa);
— moisture content within defined period, Δt;
— temperature in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, Δt (in order to
convert flue gas flow to standard temperature of 273 K), not compulsory;
— pressure in stack at measurement point of flue gas flow, within defined period, Δt (in order to
convert flue gas flow to standard pressure of 101,325 kPa), not compulsory;
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— total dry mass of solid residues (e.g. bottom ash, boiler ash and fly ash) produced within defined
period, Δt;
— steam produced within defined period, Δt;
— temperature of steam produced within defined period, Δt;
— pressure of steam produced within defined period, Δt.
6 Sampling
6.1 Sampling of input streams
For determining of the necessary input stream parameters, use the following procedures:
— amount of waste combusted (by crane weight data and the adjustment of this data to the waste
amount delivered into the waste bunker within a longer time period);
— amount of auxiliary fuels (by volume flow measurements);
— ratio of different waste types present in the waste feed [data provided by trucks delivering waste to
the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant];
— elemental composition of biogenic and fossil organic matter present in the waste feed (either
reference data provided in Annex A).
6.2 Sampling of output streams
For determination of the necessary output streams parameters, use the following procedures:
— amount of flue gas (by volume flow measurements);
— amount of CO and O in the dry flue gas (by concentration);
2 2
— amount of residues (all kind of ashes, by content);
— amount of steam (by content).
7 Test methods
7.1 General
In this subclause, methods are described which define how data shall be generated and collected when
they exist. However, more data might be needed than what appears below which is mainly due to lack of
relevant method descriptions and standards for data generation and collection.
For all data not covered specifically below, it is expected that these will be generated and collected
according to established industry standards and an acceptable level of accuracy. This shall be
documented.
7.2 Process input
7.2.1 Amount of fuel that is combusted
The amount of fuel that is combusted is continuously determined by the crane weight which is calibrated
according to internal procedures. More precise results might be produced using the weighbridge data
for a period (e.g. yearly) and this is calibrated using relevant CEN and ISO standards, e.g. EN 45501.
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7.2.2 Amount of combustion air
The amount of air used for combustion is determined using a calculation including the measured
flue gas flow and the combustion products (this is more precise than the regular measurement data
available). For an average combustion air temperature (15 °C) and average relative humidity (70 %), the
relationship between combustion air and flue gas flow is the following: Wet combustion air flow = 1,035
times the dry flue gas flow.
7.2.3 Auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment
Metering of auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment shall be in accordance with industry best practice and
undergo regular maintenance and periodic calibration.
7.3 Process output
7.3.1 Stack emissions
The quality of all air emissions shall follow EN 14181 or similar national or industry equivalents (needs
documentation and evaluation of differences).
Determine the concentration of water, CO , CO and O in the stack gas using ISO 12039.
2 2
Determine the stack gas flow using EN 15259 and EN 15267-3 or similar national or industry equivalents
(needs documentation and evaluation of differences).
7.3.2 Energy production
Metering of steam and feed-water shall be in accordance with industry best practice and undergo
regular maintenance and periodic calibration.
The energy efficiency of the boiler is typically only measured at the guarantee test of the facility. This
value can be used if no other and more recent value is available and if the following is ensured: a) the
boiler is well maintained, b) the boiler is cleaned according to industry practice, and c) the boiler design
is unchanged. If a measurement is not available, a total energy balance including all energy losses and a
detailed flue gas loss calculation can be used to establish a boiler efficiency. The value used shall always
be documented together with its source.
7.3.3 Solid outputs
The production of bottom ash and fly ash is to be measured periodically and documented. The method
of measurement shall be in accordance with industry best practice or follow a relevant standard if
available.
8 Balance calculation
8.1 General
The balance calculation is a method to calculate the fraction of biogenic matter in waste continuously
by solving a set of formulae. All data required are either available from literature or from operating
data routinely measured (see 5.1 and 5.2).
When hydrogen is used as auxiliary fuel, special care should be taken regarding the use of the different
balance formulae.
The balance method is based on five mass balances and one energy balance. If combustion air data are
available, an additional water balance formula can be included. The result of each balance, which
describes a certain waste characteristic (e.g. content of organic carbon, heating value), are attuned to
physical or chemical waste characteristics derived from routinely measured operating data. In order to
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set up the theoretical balance formulae, the different materials comprised in the waste are virtually
divided into four “groups”: inert (w ), biogenic and fossil organic materials (w , w ) and water w ,
I B F
()
HO
2
which represents the unknowns in the set of formulae that are to be determined. Inert materials include
all incombustible solid residues such as glass, stones, ashes or other inorganic matter from bio wastes
and plastics (e.g. kaolin in paper). Biogenic and fossil organic material groups refer only to the moisture
free and ash free organic matter.
8.2 Mass balance
w , w , w and w represent the mass fraction of each material group. The sum of all mass fractions
I B F
HO
2
should be equal to 1 as shown in Formula (1):
ww++ w +=w 1 (1)
IB F HO
2
8.3 Ash balance
The mass fraction of the inert (inorganic) material w (the ash content of the waste) corresponds
I
approximately to the quotient of the measured mass flow of solid residues ΣW and the waste input m
s tot
of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant. As a matter o
...
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