ISO 27548:2024

Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health, and safety — Test method for determination of particle and chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D printer

This document specifies test methods to determine particle emissions (including ultrafine particles) and specified volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes) from desktop MEX-TRB/P processes often used in non-industrial environments such as school, homes and office spaces in an emission test chamber under specified test conditions. However, these tests do not necessarily accurately predict real-world results. This document specifies a conditioning method using an emission test chamber with controlled temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, air velocity, and procedures for monitoring, storage, analysis, calculation, and reporting of emission rates. This document is intended to cover desktop MEX-TRB/P machine which is typically sized for placement on a desktop, used in non-industrial places like school, home and office space. The primary purpose of this document is to quantify particle and chemical emission rates from desktop MEX-TRB/P machine. However, not all possible emissions are covered by this method. Many feedstocks can release hazardous emissions that are not measured by the chemical detectors prescribed in this document. It is the responsibility of the user to understand the material being extruded and the potential chemical emissions. An example is Poly Vinyl Chloride feedstocks that can potentially emit chlorinated compounds, which cannot be measured by the method described in this document.

Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau

Le présent document spécifie des méthodes d’essai pour déterminer les émissions de particules (y compris les particules ultrafines) et de composés organiques volatils spécifiques (y compris les aldéhydes) par les procédés MEX-TRB/P de bureau souvent employés dans des environnements non industriels, tels que les écoles, les foyers et les espaces de bureau, dans une chambre d’essai d’émission utilisée dans des conditions d’essai spécifiées. Toutefois, ces essais ne prédisent pas nécessairement avec précision les résultats qui seront réellement obtenus. Le présent document spécifie une méthode de conditionnement utilisant une chambre d’essai d’émission avec une température, une humidité, un taux de renouvellement de l’air et une vitesse de l’air contrôlés, et des modes opératoires pour la surveillance, le stockage, l’analyse, le calcul et la consignation dans un rapport des taux d’émission. Le présent document concerne les machines MEX-TRB/P de bureau qui sont généralement dimensionnées pour être placées sur un bureau et utilisées dans des lieux non industriels, tels que les écoles, les foyers et les espaces de bureau. Le but principal du présent document est de quantifier les taux d’émission de particules et de produits chimiques des machines MEX-TRB/P de bureau. Toutefois, toutes les émissions possibles ne sont pas couvertes par cette méthode. De nombreuses matières premières peuvent libérer des émissions dangereuses qui ne sont pas mesurées par les détecteurs chimiques prescrits dans le présent document. Il relève de la responsabilité de l’utilisateur de connaître le matériau extrudé et les émissions chimiques potentielles. À titre d’exemple, le polychlorure de vinyle peut potentiellement émettre des composés chlorés qui ne peuvent pas être mesurés par la méthode décrite dans le présent document.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2024
• ICS: 13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
• ICS: 13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 261 - Additive manufacturing
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 261 - Additive manufacturing
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 01-Jul-2024
• Due Date: 30-May-2024
• Completion Date: 01-Jul-2024

Standards Content (Sample)

International
Standard
ISO 27548
First edition
Additive manufacturing of
2024-07
plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for
determination of particle and
chemical emission rates from
desktop material extrusion 3D
printer
Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé
et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des
taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau
Reference number
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 4
4.1 Abbreviated terms .4
4.2 Symbols .4
5 Method overview . 5
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement . 5
6.1 General .5
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC) .5
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses .5
6.1.3 Aerosol instruments .6
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and test specimen .6
6.2.1 Desktop MEX-TRB/P machine .6
6.2.2 Filament.6
6.2.3 Test specimen .7
7 ETC conditions and test procedures . 7
7.1 ETC general conditions .7
7.2 ETC background concentration .8
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer .8
7.4 Pre-extruding phase . .9
7.5 Extruding phase .9
7.6 Post-extruding phase .9
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances .9
7.7.1 Particles .9
7.7.2 Chemical substances .9
7.8 Measurement process .10
8 Calculation of emission rate .11
8.1 Calculation of emission rate of particles .11
8.2 Calculation of volatile organic compounds emission rate . 13
9 Test report . 14
9.1 Data on test condition and method .14
9.2 Data on filament and desktop 3D printer . 15
9.3 Description on standard test specimen .16
9.4 Information about test laboratory .16
9.5 Results . .16
Annex A (normative) Standard operating condition of a desktop 3D printer . 17
Annex B (normative) Test specimen .18
Annex C (informative) Examples of the particle and chemical emission rates .22
Bibliography .25

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive
manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
Academic communities have been releasing several papers warning that a significant number of particles
and chemical substances emitted from material extrusion (MEX) AM processes commonly used in schools,
private homes and similar non-industrial environments would be hazardous to humans when inhaled and
absorbed into the human body.
However, currently, there is no well-known test method to measure particle and chemical substances emitted
from desktop MEX-TRB/P machines, commonly called "3D printers" installed in the office environment,
classroom, and residential space.
Therefore, the goal of this document is to provide test procedures in line with specific operating conditions
for measuring particle and chemical emission rates emitted from desktop MEXTRB/P machine, also known
as a 3D printer which is widely used in the national marketplace.
Manufacturers of desktop MEX-TRB/P machines, also known as 3D printers, will be able to take advantage
of this document to develop and improve their products by minimizing particle and chemical emission rates,
and the end-users also would purchase more safe and improved machines from the market.

v
International Standard ISO 27548:2024(en)
Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for determination of particle and
chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion
3D printer
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods to determine particle emissions (including ultrafine particles) and
specified volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes) from desktop MEX-TRB/P processes often used
in non-industrial environments such as school, homes and office spaces in an emission test chamber under
specified test conditions. However, these tests do not necessarily accurately predict real-world results.
This document specifies a conditioning method using an emission test chamber with controlled temperature,
humidity, air exchange rate, air velocity, and procedures for monitoring, storage, analysis, calculation, and
reporting of emission rates.
This document is intended to cover desktop MEX-TRB/P machine which is typically sized for placement on
a desktop, used in non-industrial places like school, home and office space. The primary purpose of this
document is to quantify particle and chemical
...

Norme
internationale
ISO 27548
Première édition
Fabrication additive de
2024-07
plastiques — Environnement,
santé et sécurité — Méthode
d'essai pour la détermination
des taux d'émission de particules
et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par
extrusion de matériau
Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health, and
safety — Test method for determination of particle and chemical
emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D printer
Numéro de référence
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2024
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: [phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Termes abrégés et symboles . 4
4.1 Termes abrégés .4
4.2 Symboles .4
5 Présentation de la méthode . 5
6 Exigences relatives à l’instrument de mesure . 5
6.1 Généralités .5
6.1.1 Chambre d’essai d’émission (ETC) .5
6.1.2 Instruments pour les analyses chimiques .5
6.1.3 Instruments de mesure des aérosols .6
6.2 Exigences générales relatives à la machine MEX-TRB/P de bureau et à l’éprouvette
d’essai .7
6.2.1 Machine MEX-TRB/P de bureau .7
6.2.2 Filament.7
6.2.3 Éprouvette d’essai .7
7 Conditions de l’ETC et modes opératoires d’essai . 8
7.1 Conditions générales de l’ETC .8
7.2 Concentration de fond de l’ETC . .9
7.3 Préparation de l’ETC et de l’imprimante 3D de bureau . .9
7.4 Phase pré-extrusion .9
7.5 Phase d’extrusion .9
7.6 Phase post-extrusion .10
7.7 Prélèvement de particules et de substances chimiques .10
7.7.1 Particules .10
7.7.2 Substances chimiques .10
7.8 Processus de mesurage .10
8 Calcul du taux d’émission .12
8.1 Calcul du taux d’émission de particules . 12
8.2 Calcul du taux d’émission de composés organiques volatils.14
9 Rapport d’essai .15
9.1 Données concernant les conditions d’essai et la méthode . 15
9.2 Données relatives au filament et à l’imprimante 3D de bureau .16
9.3 Description d’une éprouvette d’essai standard.16
9.4 Informations sur le laboratoire d’essai .17
9.5 Résultats .17
Annexe A (normative) Conditions normales de fonctionnement d’une imprimante 3D de bureau .18
Annexe B (normative) Éprouvette d’essai . 19
Annexe C (informative) Exemples de taux d’émission de particules et de substances chimiques .23
Bibliographie .26

iii
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux
de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général
confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire
partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité
de tout droit de propriété revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO
n'avait pas reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application.
Toutefois, il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des
informations plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à
l'adresse www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié tout
ou partie de tels droits de propriété. Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le
présent document sont données pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et
ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de
l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html
Le présent document a été préparé par le Comité technique ISO/TC 261, Fabrication additive, ainsi
qu'en collaboration avec le comité technique CEN/TC 438, Fabrication additive, du Comité européen de
normalisation (CEN) conformément à l'Accord de coopération technique entre l'ISO et le CEN (Accord de
Vienne).
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.

iv
Introduction
Les universitaires ont publié plusieurs documents avertissant qu’un nombre significatif de particules et de
produits chimiques émis par les procédés de FA à extrusion de matière (MEX) communément utilisés dans
les écoles, les domiciles privés et d’autres environnements non industriels similaires seraient dangereux
pour les humains en cas d’inhalation et d’absorption par le corps humain.
Cependant, il n’existe actuellement aucune méthode d’essai connue pour mesurer la quantité de particules et
de produits chimiques émise par les machines de bureau MEX-TRB/P, communément appelées «imprimantes
3D» installées dans un environnement de bureau, une salle de classe ou un espace résidentiel.
Par conséquent, le but du présent document est de fournir des modes opératoires d’essai répondant à des
conditions de fonctionnement spécifiques permettant de mesurer les taux d’émission de particules et de
produits chimiques d’une machine MEXTRB/P de bureau, également appelée imprimante 3D, modèle qui est
largement utilisé sur le marché national.
Les fabricants de machines de bureau MEX-TRB/P, également appelées imprimantes 3D, vont pouvoir
tirer parti du présent document pour développer et améliorer leurs produits en réduisant au minimum les
taux d’émission de particules et de substances chimiques, et l’utilisateur final trouvera sur le marché des
machines plus sûres et améliorées.

v
Norme internationale ISO 27548:2024(fr)
Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé
et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des
taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document spécifie des méthodes d’essai pour déterminer les émissions
...

FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/FDIS 27548
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing of
Secretariat: DIN
plastics — Environment, health,
Voting begins on:
and safety — Test method for
2024-04-10
determination of particle and
Voting terminates on:
chemical emission rates from
2024-06-05
desktop material extrusion 3D
printer
Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé
et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des
taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en) © ISO 2024

FINAL DRAFT
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
International
Standard
ISO/FDIS 27548
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing of
Secretariat: DIN
plastics — Environment, health,
Voting begins on:
and safety — Test method for
determination of particle and
Voting terminates on:
chemical emission rates from
desktop material extrusion 3D
printer
Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé
et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des
taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2024
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en) © ISO 2024

ii
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 4
4.1 Abbreviated terms .4
4.2 Symbols .4
5 Method overview . 5
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement . 5
6.1 General .5
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC) .5
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses .5
6.1.3 Aerosol instruments .6
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and test specimen .6
6.2.1 Desktop MEX-TRB/P machine .6
6.2.2 Filament.6
6.2.3 Test specimen .7
7 ETC conditions and test procedures . 7
7.1 ETC general conditions .7
7.2 ETC background concentration .8
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer .8
7.4 Pre-extruding phase . .9
7.5 Extruding phase .9
7.6 Post-extruding phase .9
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances .9
7.7.1 Particles .9
7.7.2 Chemical substances .9
7.8 Measurement process .10
8 Calculation of emission rate .11
8.1 Calculation of emission rate of particles .11
8.2 Calculation of volatile organic compounds emission rate . 13
9 Test report . 14
9.1 Data on test condition and method .14
9.2 Data on filament and desktop 3D printer . 15
9.3 Description on standard test specimen .16
9.4 Information about test laboratory .16
9.5 Results . .16
Annex A (normative) Standard operating condition of a desktop 3D printer . 17
Annex B (normative) Test specimen .18
Annex C (informative) Examples of the particle and chemical emission rates .22
Bibliography .25

iii
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive
manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
Introduction
Academic communities have been releasing several papers warning that a significant number of particles
and chemical substances emitted from material extrusion (MEX) AM processes commonly used in schools,
private homes and similar non-industrial environments would be hazardous to humans when inhaled and
absorbed into the human body.
However, currently, there is no well-known test method to measure particle and chemical substances emitted
from desktop MEX-TRB/P machines, commonly called "3D printers" installed in the office environment,
classroom, and residential space.
Therefore, the goal of this document is to provide test procedures in line with specific operating conditions
for
...

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ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
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ISO/TC 261
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Secretariat: DIN
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Date: 2024-03-02xx
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Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health, and
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safety — Test method for determination of particle and chemical
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emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D printer
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Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la Style Definition
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détermination des taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des imprimantes 3D de bureau par
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extrusion de matériau
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St l D fi iti
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
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may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
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or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Formatted: French (France)
EmailE-mail: [e-mail]
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Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
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Published in Switzerland
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ii
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
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Contents
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 4
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 4
4.2 Symbols . 4
5 Method overview . 5
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement . 5
6.1 General. 5
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC) . 5
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses . 6
6.1.3 Aerosol instruments . 6
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and test specimen . 7
6.2.1 Desktop MEX-TRB/P machine . 7
6.2.2 Filament . 7
6.2.3 Test specimen . 7
7 ETC conditions and test procedures . 8
7.1 ETC general conditions . 8
7.2 ETC background concentration . 9
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer . 9
7.4 Pre-extruding phase . 9
7.5 Extruding phase . 10
7.6 Post-extruding phase . 10
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances . 10
7.7.1 Particles . 10
7.7.2 Chemical substances . 10
7.8 Measurement process . 10
8 Calculation of emission rate . 12
8.1 Calculation of emission rate of particles . 12
8.2 Calculation of volatile organic compounds emission rate . 14
9 Test report . 16
9.1 Data on test condition and method . 16
9.2 Data on filament and desktop 3D printer . 17
9.3 Description on standard test specimen . 17
9.4 Information about test laboratory . 18
9.5 Results . 18
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Annex A (normative) Standard operating condition of a desktop 3D printer . 19
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Bibliography . 27
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Foreword . iv
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Introduction . v Formatted: Font: 11 pt
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1 Scope . 1
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© ISO 2024 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/FDIS 27548:2024(en)
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2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 4
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 4
4.2 Symbols . 5
5 Method overview . 5
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and test specimen . 7
7 ETC conditions and test procedures . 8
7.1 ETC general conditions . 8
7.2 ETC background concentration . 9
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer . 9
7.4 Pre-extruding phase . 10
7.5 Extruding phase . 10
7.6 Post-extruding phase. 10
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances . 10
7.8 Measurement process . 11
8 Calculation of emission rate . 12
8.1 Calculation of emission rate of particles . 12
8.2 Calculation of volatile organic compounds emission rate . 15
9 Test report . 16
9.1 Data on test condition and method . 16
9.2 Data on filament and desktop 3D printer . 17
9.3 Description on standard test specimen . 17
9.4 Information about test laboratory . 17
9.5 Results . 18
Annex A (Normative) Standard operating condition of a desktop 3D printer . 19
Annex B (normative) Test specimen . 20
Annex C (Informative) Examples of the particle and chemical emission rates . 24
Bibliography .
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