ISO 17804:2020
(Main)Founding — Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons — Classification
Founding — Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons — Classification
This document defines the grades and the corresponding requirements for ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons. This document specifies five grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron by a classification based on mechanical properties determined on machined test pieces prepared from: — separately cast samples, side-by-side cast or cast-on samples; — samples cut from a casting. This document also specifies two grades by a classification as a function of hardness.
Fonderie — Fontes ausferritiques à graphite sphéroïdal — Classification
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 17804
ISO/TC 25
Founding — Ausferritic spheroidal
Secretariat: BSI
graphite cast irons — Classification
Voting begins on:
20200311
Fonderie — Fontes ausferritiques à graphite sphéroïdal —
Classification
Voting terminates on:
20200506
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
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OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
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ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
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©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2020
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
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ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Designation . 2
5 Order information . 3
6 Manufacture . 3
7 Requirements . 3
7.1 General . 3
7.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples . 3
7.2.1 General. 3
7.2.2 Impact test . 4
7.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting . 5
7.4 Hardness . 5
7.5 Graphite structure . 5
7.6 Matrix structure . 5
8 Sampling . 5
8.1 General . 5
8.2 Cast samples . 6
8.2.1 Size of cast samples . 6
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests . 6
8.2.3 Separately cast samples . 7
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples . 9
8.2.5 Caston samples .10
8.2.6 Test pieces machined from cast samples .12
8.3 Samples cut from a casting .12
8.4 Formation of test units and number of tests .13
8.4.1 General.13
8.4.2 Examples of test units .13
8.4.3 Number of tests per test unit .13
9 Test methods .13
9.1 Tensile test .13
9.2 Impact test .14
9.3 Hardness test .14
9.4 Graphite structure examination .15
10 Retests .15
10.1 Need for retesting .15
10.2 Test validity .15
10.3 Nonconforming test results .15
10.4 Heat treatment of samples and castings .15
11 Additional information .16
Annex A (normative) Abrasion-resistant grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron .17
Annex B (normative) Minimum elongation values for a test piece with original gauge length
L = 4 × d .19
o
Annex C (informative) Guidance values for Brinell hardness .21
Annex D (informative) Procedure for the determination of the hardness range .22
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Annex E (informative) Guidance values for tensile strength and elongation after fracture
[ ]
for test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting 4 .24
Annex F (informative) Unnotched impact test .25
Annex G (informative) Additional information on mechanical and physical properties .27
Annex H (informative) Nodularity .31
Annex I (informative) Sectioning procedure for cast samples .32
Annex J (informative) Cross-references of similar grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite
cast iron .33
Bibliography .34
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17804:2005), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared with the previous edition are as follows:
a) the normative references have been updated;
b) the terms and definitions have been improved and supplemented;
c) a side-by-side cast sample has been included;
d) the method of manufacturing has been made more detailed (including pouring/heat treatment);
e) a subclause (9.4) for graphite structure examination has been added;
f) in Annex C (formerly Annex B), a new conversion table for tensile test results has been added;
g) in Annex H (formerly Annex G), new fatigue data have been added for five different test methods
from an international survey;
h) in Annex I (formerly Annex H), nodularity has been made more detailed, in accordance with
[2]
ISO 9454 ;
i) the previous Annex I on machinability has been deleted as it is no longer necessary;
j) in Annex J, Chinese GB/T grades have been added and several other international grade changes
have been made;
k) the Bibliography has been revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Introduction
Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron is a cast alloy, iron, carbon and silicon based, carbon primarily
in the form of spheroidal graphite particles.
[3]
Compared to the spheroidal graphite cast iron grades (see ISO 1083 ), four material grades combine
high strength, ductility and toughness properties while two grades combine higher strength with wear
resistance as a result of ausferrite matrix structures.
This document deals with the classification of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons in accordance
with the mechanical properties of the material.
The mechanical properties of these ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons depend on their structure,
e.g. the form of the graphite and the structure of the matrix.
The required structure is developed by selecting the appropriate composition and subsequent
processing.
The mechanical properties of the material can be evaluated on machined test pieces prepared from:
— separately cast samples with an appropriate gating system, able to provide metallurgical conditions
similar to those of the castings they represent;
— samples cast in the mould alongside the casting, with a joint running system, hereafter called “side-
by-side cast samples”;
— samples cast onto either the casting or the running system, hereafter referred to as “cast-on
samples”;
— samples cut from a casting (only by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the
agreement specifying, in particular, the conditions of sampling and the values to be obtained).
Two grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron are specified in Annex A, in accordance with
their hardness. These cast irons are used in applications where high abrasion resistance is required
(e.g. mining, earth moving and manufacturing industries).
Five grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron are specified by the mechanical properties.
When, for these grades, hardness is a requirement for the application, Annex D provides the means for
determining appropriate hardness ranges.
Some ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades can be used for pressure equipment.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Founding — Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons —
Classification
1 Scope
This document defines the grades and the corresponding requirements for ausferritic spheroidal
graphite cast irons.
This document specifies five grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron by a classification based
on mechanical properties determined on machined test pieces prepared from:
— separately cast samples, side-by-side cast or cast-on samples;
— samples cut from a casting.
This document also specifies two grades by a classification as a function of hardness.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1481, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 9451, Microstructure of cast irons — Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis
ISO 65061, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 68921, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO/TR 15931, Designation system for cast irons and pig irons
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron
austempered ductile iron
ADI
cast material, iron, carbon and silicon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal
graphite particles, subjected to an austempering heat treatment in order to produce an ausferritic matrix
3.2
graphite spheroidizing treatment
process that brings the liquid iron into contact with a substance to produce graphite in the spheroidal
form (predominantly form VI) during solidification
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
3.3
austempering
heat treatment process, consisting of heating the castings to a
temperature at which austenite starts to form during heating and holding a sufficient time for carbon
diffusion into the austenite, followed by cooling at a rate sufficient to avoid the formation of pearlite,
and transforming the matrix structure for a time and a temperature (above the martensite start
temperature) sufficient to produce the desired properties
Note 1 to entry: This process produces a microstructure that consists predominantly of ferrite and high carbon
austenite. This microstructure is called “ausferrite”. Examples of ausferritic microstructures are given in
[1]
ISO/TR 9453 .
3.4
ausferrite
cast iron microstructure, produced by a controlled thermal process, which consists of predominantly
acicular ferrite and high carbon austenite
3.5
cast sample
quantity of material cast to represent the cast material, including separately cast samples, side-by-side
cast samples and caston samples
3.6
separately cast sample
sample cast in a separate sand mould under representative manufacturing conditions and material grade
3.7
side-by-side cast sample
sample cast in the mould alongside the casting, with a joint running system
3.8
cast-on sample
sample attached directly to the casting
3.9
relevant wall thickness
section of the casting, agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, to which the determined
mechanical properties apply
Note 1 to entry: Relevant wall thickness may be associated with a range of casting sections and/or with a
sample type and size according to Table 3. The association is made by considering the cooling conditions during
solidification and heat treatment.
3.10
test unit
inspection lot
test batch
number of pieces or the tonnage of castings to be accepted or rejected together, on the basis of the
tests carried out on the test pieces in accordance with the requirements of the relevant specification,
material standard or order
4 Designation
The material shall be designated in accordance with ISO/TR 15931.
Annex J gives a selection of approximate cross-references of grade designations from this document to
standard grades from EN, ASTM, JIS, GB/T and SAE standards.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
5 Order information
The following information shall be supplied by the purchaser:
a) the complete designation of the material;
b) any special requirements (including the relevant wall thickness, when necessary)
All agreements shall be made between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of acceptance of
the order.
6 Manufacture
The method of producing ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron shall be left to the joint discretion of
the foundry and the heat treater.
The chemical composition shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer of the casting and the heat
treater.
The method of producing spheroidal graphite cast iron to be austempered shall be left to the discretion
of the foundry.
The heat treatment shall be left to the discretion of the heat treater.
Both shall ensure that the casting process and heat treatment process are carried out with the same
process parameters as the approved first sample(s).
7 Requirements
7.1 General
The property values of these materials apply to castings cast in sand moulds or moulds of comparable
thermal behaviour. Subject to amendments to be agreed upon in the order, they can apply to castings
obtained by alternative methods.
The material designation is based on the minimum mechanical properties obtained in separately cast,
cast side-by-side or cast-on samples with a thickness or diameter of 25 mm, cast in a sand mould or a
mould of comparable thermal behaviour, corresponding to a relevant wall thickness t ≤ 30 mm, as given
in Table 1.
For samples cut from the casting, the location shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
The designation is irrespective of the type of cast sample.
Mechanical properties for test pieces cut from a casting are affected not only by material properties (a
subject of this document), but also by the local casting soundness (not a subject of this document).
Tensile, impact and any other mechanical testing requires sound material in the test pieces to provide
representative test results.
7.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples
7.2.1 General
The mechanical properties of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades shall be as specified in
Table 1 and, if applicable, in accordance with the requirements given in 7.2.2.
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Table 1 — Mechanical properties determined on test pieces machined from separately cast
[ ]
samples, side-by-side cast samples or cast-on samples 4
Relevant wall
Tensile 0,2 % proof Elongation after
Material designation thickness of
strength strength fracture
the casting
t R R A
m p0,2 5
MPa MPa %
mm
min. min. min.
t ≤ 30 800 10
ISO 17804/JS/800-10
30 < t ≤ 60 750 500 6
ISO 17804/JS/800-10RT
60 < t ≤ 100 720 5
t ≤ 30 900 8
ISO 17804/JS/900-8 30 < t ≤ 60 850 600 5
60 < t ≤ 100 820 4
t ≤ 30 1 050 6
ISO 17804/JS/1050-6 30 < t ≤ 60 1 000 700 4
60 < t ≤ 100 970 3
t ≤ 30 1 200 3
ISO 17804/JS/1200-3 30 < t ≤ 60 1 170 850 2
60 < t ≤ 100 1 140 1
t ≤ 30 1 400 1 100 1
ISO 17804/JS/1400-1 30 < t ≤ 60 1 170
To be agreed between the manufacturer
and the purchaser
60 < t ≤ 100 1 140
NOTE 1 The properties of castings are not uniform because of the complexity and variation in section thickness.
NOTE 2 With the appropriate heat treatment, the specified minimum 0,2 % proof strength values according to this
table can be maintained. However, with increasing casting wall thickness, the tensile strength and elongation values will
decrease.
NOTE 3 1 MPa = 1 N/mm .
7.2.2 Impact test
The impact energy values given in Table 2 at room temperature, if applicable, shall only be determined
if specified by the purchaser at the time of acceptance of the order.
Table 2 — Minimum impact energy values determined on V-notched test pieces machined from
[ ]
separately cast samples, side-by-side cast samples or cast-on samples 4
Relevant wall Minimum impact energy value at room
thickness of the casting temperature (23 ± 5 °C)
Material designation
Mean value of 3 tests Individual value
t
J J
mm
t ≤ 30 10 9
ISO 17804/JS/800-10RT 30 < t ≤ 60 9 8
60 < t ≤ 100 8 7
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
7.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting
If applicable, the manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree on:
— the location(s) on a casting where the sample(s) shall be taken;
— the mechanical properties that shall be determined;
— the minimum values (or allowable range of values) for these mechanical properties (for information,
see Annex E).
Tables 1 and 2 may be used for guidance on the likely mechanical properties of the castings. These
properties may be equal to or lower than those given in these tables.
7.4 Hardness
Guidance values for the Brinell hardness range of the material grades are given in Annex C.
The grades of abrasionresistant ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons in terms of hardness shall be
as specified in Annex A.
7.5 Graphite structure
The graphite structure shall be predominantly of form Vl in accordance with ISO 945-1. A more precise
definition may be agreed upon at the time of the acceptance of the order.
This structure shall be confirmed by metallographic examination. The technique, visual or image
analysis, should be agreed upon at the time of the acceptance of the order.
Additional information regarding nodularity is given in Annex H.
7.6 Matrix structure
[1]
Information on matrix structure is given in ISO/TR 945-3:2016, Table 4.6 .
The matrix structure of the various grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron consists
predominantly of ferrite and austenite, otherwise known as ausferrite. Other matrix constituents (e.g.
martensite, carbides) may be present at a level that will not affect the required mechanical properties.
Intercritical austenitization may be used to produce ISO 17804/JS/800-10 or 800-10/RT. This will
result in the formation of a mixed microstructure that includes the presence of proeutectoid ferrite.
Intercritical austenitization requires a higher hardenability than the grades specified in Table 1.
The cooling rate within some sections may not be sufficient to avoid the formation of pearlite or other
transformation products. In such cases, the maximum acceptable quantities of these microconstituents,
the locations within the casting and the mechanical properties in these locations may be agreed upon
between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
8 Sampling
8.1 General
Samples shall be provided to represent the castings produced.
Samples shall be made from the same material as that used to produce the castings which they
represent. The same melt and heat treatment processes shall be applied.
Several types of samples (separately cast samples, cast-on samples, side-by-side cast samples, samples
cut from a casting) can be used, depending on the mass and wall thickness of the casting (see Table 3).
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
When appropriate, the type of sample should be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Unless otherwise agreed, the choice of the option is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
When the mass of the casting exceeds 2 000 kg and its relevant wall thickness exceeds 60 mm, cast-
on samples or side-by-side cast samples should be preferably used. Representative dimensions and
the location of the sample shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of
acceptance of the order.
If the spheroidizing treatment is carried out in the mould (in-mould process), the separately cast sample
should be avoided.
All samples shall be adequately marked to guarantee full traceability to the castings which they
represent.
The samples shall be subject to the same heat treatment as that of the castings they represent. Tensile
and impact test pieces shall be finally machined from the samples after the heat treatment.
8.2 Cast samples
8.2.1 Size of cast samples
The size of the sample shall be in correspondence with the relevant wall thickness of the casting as
shown in Table 3.
If other sizes are used, this shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Table 3 — Types and sizes of cast samples and sizes of tensile test pieces in relation to relevant
wall thickness of the casting
Dimensions in millimetres
Type of cast sample
Preferred
Relevant wall diameter
Option 3
Option 1 Option 2
thickness of tensile test
Round bar Cast-on sample
U-shaped Y-shaped
a
piece
shaped
t (see Figure 1) (see Figure 2) (see Figure 3) (see Figure 4) d
mm mm
t ≤ 12,5 I Types b, c A
(Option 3: 14 mm)
12,5 < t ≤ 30 II Types a, b, c B 14
b
30 < t ≤ 60 III — C 14
60 < t ≤ 200 IV — D 14
a
Other diameters, in accordance with Figure 5, may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
b
The cooling rate of this cast sample corresponds to that of a 40 mm wall thickness.
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests
Samples representative of the material shall be produced at a frequency in accordance with the in-
process quality assurance procedures adopted by the manufacturer or as agreed with the purchaser.
In the absence of an in-process quality assurance procedure or any other agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser, a minimum of one cast sample for the tensile test shall be produced to
confirm the material grade, at a frequency to be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
When impact tests are required, samples shall be produced at a frequency to be agreed between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
8.2.3 Separately cast samples
The samples shall be cast separately in sand moulds at the same time and under representative
manufacturing conditions. The moulds used to cast the separately cast samples shall have comparable
thermal behaviour to the moulding material used to cast the castings.
It is an option of the manufacturer to use an adequate running system that reproduces conditions
similar to those of the castings.
The samples shall meet the requirements of Figures 1, 2 or 3.
The samples shall be removed from the mould at a temperature similar to that of the castings.
If the graphite spheroidizing treatment is carried out in the mould (inmould process), the samples
shall be:
— either cast alongside with the castings, with a joint running system; or
— cast separately using a similar treatment method in the sample mould as the method used to produce
the castings.
The samples shall be given the same heat treatment as the castings they represent.
a
For information only
b
The length z shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the sample
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be at least 40 mm
For the manufacture of thin-walled castings or castings in metal moulds, the tensile properties may be determined,
by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, on test pieces taken from samples of thickness less than
12,5 mm.
Figure 1 — Separately cast or side-by-side cast samples — Option 1: Y- and U-shaped sample
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Type
Dimension
I II III IV
u 12,5 25 50 75
v 40 55 100 125
x 25 40 50 65
a
y 135 140 150 175
b
z A function of the test piece length
a
For information only.
b
z shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the sample.
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be:
— 40 mm minimum for types I and II;
— 80 mm minimum for types III and IV.
For the manufacture of thin-walled castings or castings in metal moulds, the tensile properties may be determined, by
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, on test pieces taken from samples of thickness less than 12,5 mm.
Figure 2 — Separately cast or side-by-side cast samples — Option 2: Y-shaped sample
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
a) Type a
b) Type b
c) Type c
Type A B D H H L L L W
b f n t
a 4,5 5,5 25 50 — L + 20 L − 50 100
t t
a
b 4,5 5,5 25 50 — L + 20 L − 50 50
t t
c 4,0 5,0 25 35 15 L + 20 L − 50 50
t t
a
L shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the cast sample.
t
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be at least 40 mm.
Figure 3 — Separately cast, cast side-by-side and cast-on samples — Option 3: Round
bar-shaped sample
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples
Side-by-side cast samples are representative of the castings concurrently cast and also of all other
castings of a similar relevant wall thickness from the same test unit.
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
When mechanical properties are required for a series of castings belonging to the same test unit, the
side-by-side cast samples shall be produced in the last moulds poured.
The samples shall meet the requirements of Figures 1, 2 or 3, as applicable.
8.2.5 Cast-on samples
Cast-on samples are representative of the castings to which they are attached and also of all other
castings of a similar relevant wall thickness from the same test unit.
When mechanical properties are required for a series of castings belonging to the same test unit, the
side-by-side cast samples shall be produced in the last moulds poured.
The location of caston samples shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the
time of acceptance of the order, taking into account the shape of the casting and the running system, in
order to avoid any unfavourable effect on the properties of the adjacent material.
The samples shall have a general shape as indicated in Figures 3 and 4 and the dimensions shown
therein.
Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, when castings are to be heat
treated, the caston samples shall not be separated from the castings until after the heat treatment.
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 casting
Relevant wall thickness
Type a b c h L
t
of castings
t max. min.
a
A t ≤ 12,5 15 11 7,5 20 to 30
a
B 12,5 < t ≤ 30 25 19 12,5 30 to 40
a
C 30 < t ≤ 60 40 30 20 40 to 65
a
D 60 < t ≤ 200 70 52,5 35 65 to 105
a
L shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the sample.
t
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be at least:
— 40 mm for types A and B;
— 80 mm for types C and D.
If smaller dimensions are agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the following relationships apply:
b = 0,75 × a
c = 0,5 × a
Figure 4 — Cast-on sample
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
8.2.6 Test pieces machined from cast samples
The tensile test piece shown in Figure 5 and, if applicable, the impact test piece shown in Figure 6 shall
be machined from a sample shown in Figure 3 or from the hatched part of Figures 1, 2 or 4.
The sectioning procedure for cast samples should be in accordance with Annex I.
Dimensions in millimetres
a
L
c
d L
o
min.
5 25 30
7 35 42
10 50 60
b
14 70 84
20 100 120
a
In principle.
b
Preferred dimension.
where
L is the original gauge length, i.e. L = 5d;
o o
d is the diameter of the test piece along the gauge length;
L is the parallel length; L > L (in principle, L – L ≥ d);
c c o c o
l is the grip length of the test piece;
t
L is the total length of the test piece, which depends on L and l ;
t c t
r is the transition radius, which shall be at least 4 mm;
Rz is the surface roughness condition, expressed in µm.
The method of gripping the ends of the test piece may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Figure 5 — Tensile test piece
8.3 Samples cut from a casting
In addition to the requirements of the material, the manufacturer and the purchaser may agree on the
properties required (for information, see Annex E) at stated locations in the heattreated casting. These
properties shall be determined by testing test pieces machined from samples cut from the casting at
these stated locations.
The manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree on the diameter of these test pieces.
12 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
In the absence of any directions by the purchaser, the manufacturer may select locations from which to
cut the samples and the dimensions of the test pieces.
The centreline of the test piece should be located at a point half way between the surface and the centre.
8.4 Formation of test units and number of tests
8.4.1 General
A test unit is formed with the castings consecutively poured under uniform controlled conditions from
one or more ladles and submitted to one or more heat treatments operated under uniform controlled
conditions. Unless otherwise agreed, one sample per test unit will represent the material quality of the
test unit.
8.4.2 Examples of test units
Examples of test units are as follows:
— castings poured from the same ladle: up to 2 000 kg of fettled castings; this may vary, where
practicable, by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser;
— a single casting, if its mass equals or exceeds 200 kg;
— for continuous pouring of large tonnages of spheroidal graphite cast iron, the maximum size of test
unit shall be restricted to the castings produced in a twohour period of pouring;
— when the graphite spheroidizing treatment is carried out on less than 2 000 kg, the test unit to be
taken shall be the number of castings produced from that quantity of treated metal.
NOTE After heat treatment, a test unit remains the same unless different heat treatments have been applied
to distinct parts of the test unit. In such cases, these distinct parts become separate test units.
8.4.3 Number of tests per test unit
Sampling and testing shall be carried out in accordance with Clauses 8, 9 and 10. Sampling and testing
shall be carried out on each test unit unless the in-process quality assurance system makes provision
for amalgamation of lots. When the graphite spheroidizing treatment has been carried out in the mould,
the formation of test units and the number of tests shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the
purchaser at the time of acceptance of the order.
9 Test methods
9.1 Tensile test
The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 68921. The preferred test piece diameter is
14 mm but, either for technical reasons or for test pieces machined from samples cut from the casting,
it is permitted to use a test piece of different diameter (see Figure 5). For either of these exceptions, the
original gauge length of the test piece shall conform to Formula (1):
LS=×56, 55=×d (1)
oo
where
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
L is the original gauge length;
o
S is the original crosssection area of the test piece;
o
d is the diameter of the test piece along the gauge length.
If Formula (1) for L is not applicable, then an agreement shall be made between the manufacturer and
o
the purchaser on the dimensions of the test piece to be made.
A test piece with a different gauge length may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
In this case, the minimum elongation values as shown in Table B.1 shall be used.
NOTE The preferred test bar diameter is given in Table 3.
9.2 Impact test
The impact test shall be carried out on three Charpy V-notched impact test pieces in accordance with
ISO 1481.
Test equipment with an appropriate energy shall be used to determine the properties correctly.
The 2 mm radius striker shall be used.
NOTE 1 This procedure applies only to grade 800-10 RT.
NOTE 2 Additional test piece dimensions and tolerances are given in ISO 1481.
NOTE 3 Information on the unnotched impact test is given in Annex F.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 6 — Charpy V-notched impact test piece
9.3 Hardness test
The hardness shall be determined as Brinell hardness in accordance with ISO 65061. Alternative
hardness tests may also be agreed upon.
The test shall be carried out on the test pieces at one or several points on the casting(s), after preparation
of the testing area in accordance with the agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
14 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 17804:2020(E)
If it is not possible to carry out the hardness test on the casting, then by agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser, the hardness test may be carried out on a knob cast onto the casting.
If the measurement locations are not the subject of an agreement, they shall be chosen by the
manufacturer.
Further information on hardness is given in Annexes C and D.
9.4 Graphite structure examination
The graphite structure shall be confirmed by metallographic examination in accordance with ISO 945-1.
Nondestructive methods can also give information.
10 Retests
10.1 Need for retesting
Retests shall be carried out if a test is not valid.
Retests are permitted to be carried out if a test result does not meet the mechanical property
requirement for the specified grade.
10.2 Test validity
A test is not valid if there is:
a) a faulty mounting of the test piece or defective operation of the test machine;
b) a defective test piece because of incorrect pouring or incorrect machining;
c) a fracture of the tensile test piece outside the gauge length;
d) a casting defect in the test piece, evident after fracture.
In the above cases, a new test piece shall be taken fr
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17804
Second edition
2020-06
Founding — Ausferritic spheroidal
graphite cast irons — Classification
Fonderie — Fontes ausferritiques à graphite sphéroïdal —
Classification
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
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Email: copyright@iso.org
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Designation . 2
5 Order information . 3
6 Manufacture . 3
7 Requirements . 3
7.1 General . 3
7.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples . 3
7.2.1 General. 3
7.2.2 Impact test . 4
7.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting . 5
7.4 Hardness . 5
7.5 Graphite structure . 5
7.6 Matrix structure . 5
8 Sampling . 5
8.1 General . 5
8.2 Cast samples . 6
8.2.1 Size of cast samples . 6
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests . 6
8.2.3 Separately cast samples . 7
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples . 9
8.2.5 Cast-on samples .10
8.2.6 Test pieces machined from cast samples .12
8.3 Samples cut from a casting .12
8.4 Formation of test units and number of tests .13
8.4.1 General.13
8.4.2 Examples of test units .13
8.4.3 Number of tests per test unit .13
9 Test methods .13
9.1 Tensile test .13
9.2 Impact test .14
9.3 Hardness test .14
9.4 Graphite structure examination .15
10 Retests .15
10.1 Need for retesting .15
10.2 Test validity .15
10.3 Nonconforming test results .15
10.4 Heat treatment of samples and castings .15
11 Additional information .16
Annex A (normative) Abrasion-resistant grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron .17
Annex B (normative) Minimum elongation values for a test piece with original gauge length
L = 4 × d .19
o
Annex C (informative) Guidance values for Brinell hardness .21
Annex D (informative) Procedure for the determination of the hardness range .22
Annex E (informative) Guidance values for tensile strength and elongation after fracture
[ ]
for test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting 4 .24
Annex F (informative) Unnotched impact test .25
Annex G (informative) Additional information on mechanical and physical properties .27
Annex H (informative) Nodularity .31
Annex I (informative) Sectioning procedure for cast samples .32
Annex J (informative) Cross-references of similar grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite
cast iron .33
Bibliography .34
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17804:2005), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared with the previous edition are as follows:
a) the normative references have been updated;
b) the terms and definitions have been improved and supplemented;
c) a side-by-side cast sample has been included;
d) the method of manufacturing has been made more detailed (including pouring/heat treatment);
e) a subclause (9.4) for graphite structure examination has been added;
f) in Annex C (formerly Annex B), a new conversion table for tensile test results has been added;
g) in Annex H (formerly Annex G), new fatigue data have been added for five different test methods
from an international survey;
h) in Annex I (formerly Annex H), nodularity has been made more detailed, in accordance with
[2]
ISO 945-4 ;
i) the previous Annex I on machinability has been deleted as it is no longer necessary;
j) in Annex J, Chinese GB/T grades have been added and several other international grade changes
have been made;
k) the Bibliography has been revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Introduction
Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron is a cast alloy, iron, carbon and silicon based, carbon primarily
in the form of spheroidal graphite particles.
[3]
Compared to the spheroidal graphite cast iron grades (see ISO 1083 ), four material grades combine
high strength, ductility and toughness properties while two grades combine higher strength with wear
resistance as a result of ausferrite matrix structures.
This document deals with the classification of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons in accordance
with the mechanical properties of the material.
The mechanical properties of these ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons depend on their structure,
e.g. the form of the graphite and the structure of the matrix.
The required structure is developed by selecting the appropriate composition and subsequent
processing.
The mechanical properties of the material can be evaluated on machined test pieces prepared from:
— separately cast samples with an appropriate gating system, able to provide metallurgical conditions
similar to those of the castings they represent;
— samples cast in the mould alongside the casting, with a joint running system, hereafter called “side-
by-side cast samples”;
— samples cast onto either the casting or the running system, hereafter referred to as “cast-on
samples”;
— samples cut from a casting (only by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the
agreement specifying, in particular, the conditions of sampling and the values to be obtained).
Two grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron are specified in Annex A, in accordance with
their hardness. These cast irons are used in applications where high abrasion resistance is required
(e.g. mining, earth moving and manufacturing industries).
Five grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron are specified by their mechanical properties.
When, for these grades, hardness is a requirement for the application, Annex D provides the means for
determining appropriate hardness ranges.
Some ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades can be used for pressure equipment.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17804:2020(E)
Founding — Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons —
Classification
1 Scope
This document defines the grades and the corresponding requirements for ausferritic spheroidal
graphite cast irons.
This document specifies five grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron by a classification based
on mechanical properties determined on machined test pieces prepared from:
— separately cast samples, side-by-side cast or cast-on samples;
— samples cut from a casting.
This document also specifies two grades by a classification as a function of hardness.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 148-1, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 945-1, Microstructure of cast irons — Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis
ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO/TR 15931, Designation system for cast irons and pig irons
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron
austempered ductile iron
ADI
cast material, iron, carbon and silicon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal
graphite particles, subjected to an austempering heat treatment in order to produce an ausferritic matrix
3.2
graphite spheroidizing treatment
process that brings the liquid iron into contact with a substance to produce graphite in the spheroidal
form (predominantly form VI) during solidification
3.3
austempering
heat treatment process, consisting of heating the castings to a
temperature at which austenite starts to form during heating and holding a sufficient time for carbon
diffusion into the austenite, followed by cooling at a rate sufficient to avoid the formation of pearlite,
and transforming the matrix structure for a time and a temperature (above the martensite start
temperature) sufficient to produce the desired properties
Note 1 to entry: This process produces a microstructure that consists predominantly of ferrite and high carbon
austenite. This microstructure is called “ausferrite”. Examples of ausferritic microstructures are given in
[1]
ISO/TR 945-3 .
3.4
ausferrite
cast iron microstructure, produced by a controlled thermal process, which consists of predominantly
acicular ferrite and high carbon austenite
3.5
cast sample
quantity of material cast to represent the cast material, including separately cast samples, side-by-side
cast samples and cast-on samples
3.6
separately cast sample
sample cast in a separate sand mould under representative manufacturing conditions and material grade
3.7
side-by-side cast sample
sample cast in the mould alongside the casting, with a joint running system
3.8
cast-on sample
sample attached directly to the casting
3.9
relevant wall thickness
section of the casting, agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, to which the determined
mechanical properties apply
Note 1 to entry: Relevant wall thickness may be associated with a range of casting sections and/or with a
sample type and size according to Table 3. The association is made by considering the cooling conditions during
solidification and heat treatment.
3.10
test unit
inspection lot
test batch
number of pieces or the tonnage of castings to be accepted or rejected together, on the basis of the
tests carried out on the test pieces in accordance with the requirements of the relevant specification,
material standard or order
4 Designation
The material shall be designated in accordance with ISO/TR 15931.
Annex J gives a selection of approximate cross-references of grade designations from this document to
standard grades from EN, ASTM, JIS, GB/T and SAE standards.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5 Order information
The following information shall be supplied by the purchaser:
a) the complete designation of the material;
b) any special requirements (including the relevant wall thickness, when necessary)
All agreements shall be made between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of acceptance of
the order.
6 Manufacture
The method of producing ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron shall be left to the joint discretion of
the foundry and the heat treater.
The chemical composition shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer of the casting and the heat
treater.
The method of producing spheroidal graphite cast iron to be austempered shall be left to the discretion
of the foundry.
The heat treatment shall be left to the discretion of the heat treater.
Both shall ensure that the casting process and heat treatment process are carried out with the same
process parameters as the approved first sample(s).
7 Requirements
7.1 General
The property values of these materials apply to castings cast in sand moulds or moulds of comparable
thermal behaviour. Subject to amendments to be agreed upon in the order, they can apply to castings
obtained by alternative methods.
The material designation is based on the minimum mechanical properties obtained in separately cast,
cast side-by-side or cast-on samples with a thickness or diameter of 25 mm, cast in a sand mould or a
mould of comparable thermal behaviour, corresponding to a relevant wall thickness t ≤ 30 mm, as given
in Table 1.
For samples cut from the casting, the location shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
The designation is irrespective of the type of cast sample.
Mechanical properties for test pieces cut from a casting are affected not only by material properties (a
subject of this document), but also by the local casting soundness (not a subject of this document).
Tensile, impact and any other mechanical testing requires sound material in the test pieces to provide
representative test results.
7.2 Test pieces machined from cast samples
7.2.1 General
The mechanical properties of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades shall be as specified in
Table 1 and, if applicable, in accordance with the requirements given in 7.2.2.
Table 1 — Mechanical properties determined on test pieces machined from separately cast
[ ]
samples, side-by-side cast samples or cast-on samples 4
Relevant wall
Tensile 0,2 % proof Elongation after
Material designation thickness of
strength strength fracture
the casting
t R R A
m p0,2 5
MPa MPa %
mm
min. min. min.
t ≤ 30 800 10
ISO 17804/JS/800-10
30 < t ≤ 60 750 500 6
ISO 17804/JS/800-10RT
60 < t ≤ 100 720 5
t ≤ 30 900 8
ISO 17804/JS/900-8 30 < t ≤ 60 850 600 5
60 < t ≤ 100 820 4
t ≤ 30 1 050 6
ISO 17804/JS/1050-6 30 < t ≤ 60 1 000 700 4
60 < t ≤ 100 970 3
t ≤ 30 1 200 3
ISO 17804/JS/1200-3 30 < t ≤ 60 1 170 850 2
60 < t ≤ 100 1 140 1
t ≤ 30 1 400 1 100 1
ISO 17804/JS/1400-1 30 < t ≤ 60 1 170
To be agreed between the manufacturer
and the purchaser
60 < t ≤ 100 1 140
NOTE 1 The properties of castings are not uniform because of the complexity and variation in section thickness.
NOTE 2 With the appropriate heat treatment, the specified minimum 0,2 % proof strength values according to this
table can be maintained. However, with increasing casting wall thickness, the tensile strength and elongation values will
decrease.
NOTE 3 1 MPa = 1 N/mm .
7.2.2 Impact test
The impact energy values given in Table 2 at room temperature, if applicable, shall only be determined
if specified by the purchaser at the time of acceptance of the order.
Table 2 — Minimum impact energy values determined on V-notched test pieces machined from
[ ]
separately cast samples, side-by-side cast samples or cast-on samples 4
Relevant wall Minimum impact energy value at room
thickness of the casting temperature (23 ± 5 °C)
Material designation
Mean value of 3 tests Individual value
t
J J
mm
t ≤ 30 10 9
ISO 17804/JS/800-10RT 30 < t ≤ 60 9 8
60 < t ≤ 100 8 7
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
7.3 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting
If applicable, the manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree on:
— the location(s) on a casting where the sample(s) shall be taken;
— the mechanical properties that shall be determined;
— the minimum values (or allowable range of values) for these mechanical properties (for information,
see Annex E).
Tables 1 and 2 may be used for guidance on the likely mechanical properties of the castings. These
properties may be equal to or lower than those given in these tables.
7.4 Hardness
Guidance values for the Brinell hardness range of the material grades are given in Annex C.
The grades of abrasion-resistant ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons in terms of hardness shall be
as specified in Annex A.
7.5 Graphite structure
The graphite structure shall be predominantly of form Vl in accordance with ISO 945-1. A more precise
definition may be agreed upon at the time of the acceptance of the order.
This structure shall be confirmed by metallographic examination. The technique, visual or image
analysis, should be agreed upon at the time of the acceptance of the order.
Additional information regarding nodularity is given in Annex H.
7.6 Matrix structure
[1]
Information on matrix structure is given in ISO/TR 945-3:2016, Table 4.6 .
The matrix structure of the various grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron consists
predominantly of ferrite and austenite, otherwise known as ausferrite. Other matrix constituents (e.g.
martensite, carbides) may be present at a level that will not affect the required mechanical properties.
Intercritical austenitization may be used to produce ISO 17804/JS/800-10 or 800-10/RT. This will
result in the formation of a mixed microstructure that includes the presence of proeutectoid ferrite.
Intercritical austenitization requires a higher hardenability than the grades specified in Table 1.
The cooling rate within some sections may not be sufficient to avoid the formation of pearlite or other
transformation products. In such cases, the maximum acceptable quantities of these microconstituents,
the locations within the casting and the mechanical properties in these locations may be agreed upon
between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
8 Sampling
8.1 General
Samples shall be provided to represent the castings produced.
Samples shall be made from the same material as that used to produce the castings which they
represent. The same melt and heat treatment processes shall be applied.
Several types of samples (separately cast samples, cast-on samples, side-by-side cast samples, samples
cut from a casting) can be used, depending on the mass and wall thickness of the casting (see Table 3).
When appropriate, the type of sample should be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Unless otherwise agreed, the choice of the option is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
When the mass of the casting exceeds 2 000 kg and its relevant wall thickness exceeds 60 mm, cast-
on samples or side-by-side cast samples should be preferably used. Representative dimensions and
the location of the sample shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of
acceptance of the order.
If the spheroidizing treatment is carried out in the mould (in-mould process), the separately cast sample
should be avoided.
All samples shall be adequately marked to guarantee full traceability to the castings which they
represent.
The samples shall be subject to the same heat treatment as that of the castings they represent. Tensile
and impact test pieces shall be finally machined from the samples after the heat treatment.
8.2 Cast samples
8.2.1 Size of cast samples
The size of the sample shall be in correspondence with the relevant wall thickness of the casting as
shown in Table 3.
If other sizes are used, this shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Table 3 — Types and sizes of cast samples and sizes of tensile test pieces in relation to relevant
wall thickness of the casting
Dimensions in millimetres
Type of cast sample
Preferred
Relevant wall diameter
Option 3
Option 1 Option 2
thickness of tensile test
Round bar Cast-on sample
U-shaped Y-shaped
a
piece
shaped
t (see Figure 1) (see Figure 2) (see Figure 3) (see Figure 4) d
mm mm
t ≤ 12,5 I Types b, c A
(Option 3: 14 mm)
12,5 < t ≤ 30 II Types a, b, c B 14
b
30 < t ≤ 60 III — C 14
60 < t ≤ 200 IV — D 14
a
Other diameters, in accordance with Figure 5, may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
b
The cooling rate of this cast sample corresponds to that of a 40 mm wall thickness.
8.2.2 Frequency and number of tests
Samples representative of the material shall be produced at a frequency in accordance with the in-
process quality assurance procedures adopted by the manufacturer or as agreed with the purchaser.
In the absence of an in-process quality assurance procedure or any other agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser, a minimum of one cast sample for the tensile test shall be produced to
confirm the material grade, at a frequency to be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
When impact tests are required, samples shall be produced at a frequency to be agreed between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
8.2.3 Separately cast samples
The samples shall be cast separately in sand moulds at the same time and under representative
manufacturing conditions. The moulds used to cast the separately cast samples shall have comparable
thermal behaviour to the moulding material used to cast the castings.
It is an option of the manufacturer to use an adequate running system that reproduces conditions
similar to those of the castings.
The samples shall meet the requirements of Figures 1, 2 or 3.
The samples shall be removed from the mould at a temperature similar to that of the castings.
If the graphite spheroidizing treatment is carried out in the mould (in-mould process), the samples
shall be:
— either cast alongside with the castings, with a joint running system; or
— cast separately using a similar treatment method in the sample mould as the method used to produce
the castings.
The samples shall be given the same heat treatment as the castings they represent.
a
For information only
b
The length z shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the sample
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be at least 40 mm
For the manufacture of thin-walled castings or castings in metal moulds, the tensile properties may be determined,
by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, on test pieces taken from samples of thickness less than
12,5 mm.
Figure 1 — Separately cast or side-by-side cast samples — Option 1: Y- and U-shaped sample
Dimensions in millimetres
Type
Dimension
I II III IV
u 12,5 25 50 75
v 40 55 100 125
x 25 40 50 65
a
y 135 140 150 175
b
z A function of the test piece length
a
For information only.
b
z shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the sample.
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be:
— 40 mm minimum for types I and II;
— 80 mm minimum for types III and IV.
For the manufacture of thin-walled castings or castings in metal moulds, the tensile properties may be determined, by
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, on test pieces taken from samples of thickness less than 12,5 mm.
Figure 2 — Separately cast or side-by-side cast samples — Option 2: Y-shaped sample
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
a) Type a
b) Type b
c) Type c
Type A B D H H L L L W
b f n t
a 4,5 5,5 25 50 — L + 20 L − 50 100
t t
a
b 4,5 5,5 25 50 — L + 20 L − 50 50
t t
c 4,0 5,0 25 35 15 L + 20 L − 50 50
t t
a
L shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the cast sample.
t
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be at least 40 mm.
Figure 3 — Separately cast, cast side-by-side and cast-on samples — Option 3: Round
bar-shaped sample
8.2.4 Side-by-side cast samples
Side-by-side cast samples are representative of the castings concurrently cast and also of all other
castings of a similar relevant wall thickness from the same test unit.
When mechanical properties are required for a series of castings belonging to the same test unit, the
side-by-side cast samples shall be produced in the last moulds poured.
The samples shall meet the requirements of Figures 1, 2 or 3, as applicable.
8.2.5 Cast-on samples
Cast-on samples are representative of the castings to which they are attached and also of all other
castings of a similar relevant wall thickness from the same test unit.
When mechanical properties are required for a series of castings belonging to the same test unit, the
cast-on samples shall be produced in the last moulds poured.
The location of cast-on samples shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the
time of acceptance of the order, taking into account the shape of the casting and the running system, in
order to avoid any unfavourable effect on the properties of the adjacent material.
The samples shall have a general shape as indicated in Figures 3 and 4 and the dimensions shown
therein.
Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, when castings are to be heat
treated, the cast-on samples shall not be separated from the castings until after the heat treatment.
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 casting
Relevant wall thickness
Type a b c h L
t
of castings
t max. min.
a
A t ≤ 12,5 15 11 7,5 20 to 30
a
B 12,5 < t ≤ 30 25 19 12,5 30 to 40
a
C 30 < t ≤ 60 40 30 20 40 to 65
a
D 60 < t ≤ 200 70 52,5 35 65 to 105
a
L shall be chosen to allow a test piece of dimensions shown in Figure 5 to be machined from the sample.
t
The thickness of the sand mould surrounding the samples shall be at least:
— 40 mm for types A and B;
— 80 mm for types C and D.
If smaller dimensions are agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the following relationships apply:
b = 0,75 × a
c = 0,5 × a
Figure 4 — Cast-on sample
8.2.6 Test pieces machined from cast samples
The tensile test piece shown in Figure 5 and, if applicable, the impact test piece shown in Figure 6 shall
be machined from a sample shown in Figure 3 or from the hatched part of Figures 1, 2 or 4.
The sectioning procedure for cast samples should be in accordance with Annex I.
Dimensions in millimetres
a
L
c
d L
o
min.
5 25 30
7 35 42
10 50 60
b
14 70 84
20 100 120
a
In principle.
b
Preferred dimension.
where
L is the original gauge length, i.e. L = 5d;
o o
d is the diameter of the test piece along the gauge length;
L is the parallel length; L > L (in principle, L – L ≥ d);
c c o c o
l is the grip length of the test piece;
t
L is the total length of the test piece, which depends on L and l ;
t c t
r is the transition radius, which shall be at least 4 mm;
Rz is the surface roughness condition, expressed in µm.
The method of gripping the ends of the test piece may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Figure 5 — Tensile test piece
8.3 Samples cut from a casting
In addition to the requirements of the material, the manufacturer and the purchaser may agree on the
properties required (for information, see Annex E) at stated locations in the heat-treated casting. These
properties shall be determined by testing test pieces machined from samples cut from the casting at
these stated locations.
The manufacturer and the purchaser shall agree on the diameter of these test pieces.
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In the absence of any directions by the purchaser, the manufacturer may select locations from which to
cut the samples and the dimensions of the test pieces.
The centreline of the test piece should be located at a point half way between the surface and the centre.
8.4 Formation of test units and number of tests
8.4.1 General
A test unit is formed with the castings consecutively poured under uniform controlled conditions from
one or more ladles and submitted to one or more heat treatments operated under uniform controlled
conditions. Unless otherwise agreed, one sample per test unit will represent the material quality of the
test unit.
8.4.2 Examples of test units
Examples of test units are as follows:
— castings poured from the same ladle: up to 2 000 kg of fettled castings; this may vary, where
practicable, by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser;
— a single casting, if its mass equals or exceeds 200 kg;
— for continuous pouring of large tonnages of spheroidal graphite cast iron, the maximum size of test
unit shall be restricted to the castings produced in a two-hour period of pouring;
— when the graphite spheroidizing treatment is carried out on less than 2 000 kg, the test unit to be
taken shall be the number of castings produced from that quantity of treated metal.
NOTE After heat treatment, a test unit remains the same unless different heat treatments have been applied
to distinct parts of the test unit. In such cases, these distinct parts become separate test units.
8.4.3 Number of tests per test unit
Sampling and testing shall be carried out in accordance with Clauses 8, 9 and 10. Sampling and testing
shall be carried out on each test unit unless the in-process quality assurance system makes provision
for amalgamation of lots. When the graphite spheroidizing treatment has been carried out in the mould,
the formation of test units and the number of tests shall be agreed between the manufacturer and the
purchaser at the time of acceptance of the order.
9 Test methods
9.1 Tensile test
The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 6892-1. The preferred test piece diameter is
14 mm but, either for technical reasons or for test pieces machined from samples cut from the casting,
it is permitted to use a test piece of different diameter (see Figure 5). For either of these exceptions, the
original gauge length of the test piece shall conform to Formula (1):
LS=×56, 55=×d (1)
oo
where
L is the original gauge length;
o
S is the original cross-section area of the test piece;
o
d is the diameter of the test piece along the gauge length.
If Formula (1) for L is not applicable, then an agreement shall be made between the manufacturer and
o
the purchaser on the dimensions of the test piece to be made.
A test piece with a different gauge length may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
In this case, the minimum elongation values as shown in Table B.1 shall be used.
NOTE The preferred test bar diameter is given in Table 3.
9.2 Impact test
The impact test shall be carried out on three Charpy V-notched impact test pieces in accordance with
ISO 148-1.
Test equipment with an appropriate energy shall be used to determine the properties correctly.
The 2 mm radius striker shall be used.
NOTE 1 This procedure applies only to grade 800-10 RT.
NOTE 2 Additional test piece dimensions and tolerances are given in ISO 148-1.
NOTE 3 Information on the unnotched impact test is given in Annex F.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 6 — Charpy V-notched impact test piece
9.3 Hardness test
The hardness shall be determined as Brinell hardness in accordance with ISO 6506-1. Alternative
hardness tests may also be agreed upon.
The test shall be carried out on the test pieces at one or several points on the casting(s), after preparation
of the testing area in accordance with the agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
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If it is not possible to carry out the hardness test on the casting, then by agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser, the hardness test may be carried out on a knob cast onto the casting.
If the measurement locations are not the subject of an agreement, they shall be chosen by the
manufacturer.
Further information on hardness is given in Annexes C and D.
9.4 Graphite structure examination
The graphite structure shall be confirmed by metallographic examination in accordance with ISO 945-1.
Non-destructive methods can also give information.
10 Retests
10.1 Need for retesting
Retests shall be carried out if a test is not valid.
Retests are permitted to be carried out if a test result does not meet the mechanical property
requirement for the specified grade.
10.2 Test validity
A test is not valid if there is:
a) a faulty mounting of the test piece or defective operation of the test machine;
b) a defective test piece because of incorrect pouring or incorrect machining;
c) a fracture of the tensile test piece outside the gauge length;
d) a casting defect in the test piece, evident after fracture.
In the above cases, a new test piece shall be taken from the same sample or from a duplicate sample cast
at the same time and having undergone the same heat treatment.
The results of the retest shall be used to replace invalid test results.
10.3 Nonconforming test results
If any test gives results that do not conform to the specified requirements, for reasons other than those
given in 10.2, the manufacturer shall have the option to conduct retests.
If the manufacturer conducts retests, two retests shall be carried out for each failed test.
If both retests give results that meet the specified requirements, the material shall be deemed to
conform to this document.
If one or both retests give results that fail to meet the specified
...
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