Nuclear fuel technology - Sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets - Guidance for ceramographic preparation for microstructure examination

ISO 22765:2016 describes the ceramographic procedure used to prepare sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets for qualitative and quantitative examination of the pellet microstructure. The examinations are performed before and after thermal treatment or chemical etching. They allow - observation of any cracks, intra- and intergranular pores or inclusions, and - measurement of the grain size, porosity and plutonium homogeneity distribution. The mean grain diameter is measured by one of the classic methods: counting (intercept method), comparison with standard grids or typical images, etc.[2] The measurement of individual grain sizes requires uniform development of the microstructure over the entire specimen. The plutonium cluster and pore distribution and localization are generally analysed by automatic image analysis systems. The plutonium distribution is usually revealed by chemical etching but alpha-autoradiography can also be used. The first technique avoids the tendency for autoradiography to exaggerate the size of plutonium-rich clusters due to the distance the alpha particles travel away from the source.

Technologie du combustible nucléaire — Pastilles (U,Pu)O2 frittées — Préconisations relatives à la préparation céramographique pour examen de la microstructure

ISO 18610:2016 décrit la procédure céramographique utilisée pour préparer des pastilles de (U,Pu)O2 frittées afin de réaliser des examens qualitatifs et quantitatifs de leur microstructure. Ces examens sont réalisés avant et après un traitement thermique ou une attaque chimique. Ils permettent: - l'observation d'éventuels fissures, pores inter- et intragranulaires ou inclusions; et - le mesurage des tailles de grains, de la porosité et de l'homogénéité de la distribution du plutonium. Le diamètre de grain moyen est mesuré par l'une des méthodes classiques suivantes: comptage (méthode par interception), comparaison à des grilles normalisées ou des images types, etc[2]. Le mesurage des dimensions du grain requiert la révélation uniforme de la microstructure sur l'ensemble de l'échantillon. La localisation et la distribution des pores et des agglomérats de plutonium sont en général analysées par des systèmes automatiques d'analyse des images. La distribution du plutonium est, en règle générale, mise en évidence par une attaque chimique mais il est également possible d'utiliser l'autoradiographie alpha. La première technique évite la tendance propre à l'autoradiographie, d'exagérer la taille des agglomérats riches en plutonium en raison de la distance parcourue par les particules alpha depuis la source.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
04-Dec-2016
Current Stage
9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
Start Date
10-Jan-2025
Completion Date
13-Dec-2025

Relations

Effective Date
12-Nov-2022

Overview - ISO 22765:2016 in brief

ISO 22765:2016 provides guidance for the ceramographic preparation of sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets for qualitative and quantitative microstructure examination. The standard covers specimen cutting, optional resin embedding, multi-stage rough and final polishing, and structure development by thermal treatment, chemical etching or ion etching. Its purpose is to prepare pellet surfaces suitable for observing cracks, pores and inclusions and for measuring grain size, porosity and plutonium homogeneity.

Key topics and technical requirements

  • Scope of preparation: Procedures for preparing sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets for microstructure analysis before and after thermal treatment or chemical etching.
  • Specimen operations: Cutting (diamond-impregnated disk with cooling), cleaning (alcohol or demineralized water, ultrasonic optional), and resin embedding (epoxy or polyester examples).
  • Polishing sequence:
    • Rough polishing with graded abrasive disks (examples: P180 → P400 → P800 → P1200) and specified pressures/speeds.
    • Final polishing using woven disks and diamond paste (1–6 µm) to achieve mirror finish free of scratches.
  • Structure development:
    • Thermal treatment: Example cycle given (heating rate, 1 600 °C dwell, argon sweeping) to reveal grain boundaries.
    • Chemical etching: Recipes and etch times are operator-determined; examples include Cr2O3 + HF mixtures or hot etching variants. Chemical etching commonly reveals plutonium clusters.
    • Ion etching: Argon ion sputtering in a vacuum chamber as an alternative.
  • Measurements and analysis:
    • Grain size measurement methods (intercept/counting method, comparison with standards such as grids or images).
    • Automatic image analysis for pore and Pu-cluster distribution.
    • Alpha-autoradiography noted as an alternative for Pu distribution, with chemical etching preferred to avoid alpha-particle blurring.
  • Equipment and reagents: Lists of required equipment (cutting machine, programmable furnace, microscopes, polishing machine) and reagents (resins, demineralized water, acids).

Applications and who uses this standard

ISO 22765:2016 is used by:

  • Nuclear fuel fabrication laboratories for quality control of sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets.
  • Materials characterization and metallurgy labs performing microstructure and porosity analysis.
  • R&D teams developing fuel fabrication processes and validating plutonium homogeneity.
  • Inspection and conformity assessment units that require standardized ceramographic methods.

Practical uses include detecting cracks and inclusions, quantifying grain size and porosity, and mapping plutonium distribution to support process control and material qualification.

Related standards

  • ISO 3696 - Water for analytical laboratory use (referenced for demineralized water).
  • ASTM E112 - Standard test method for determining average grain size (methodology reference for grain measurement).

Keywords: ISO 22765:2016, ceramographic preparation, (U,Pu)O2 pellets, sintered nuclear fuel, microstructure examination, grain size, porosity, plutonium distribution, chemical etching, thermal treatment, ion etching.

Standard

ISO 22765:2016 - Nuclear fuel technology -- Sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets -- Guidance for ceramographic preparation for microstructure examination

English language
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ISO 22765:2016 - Technologie du combustible nucléaire -- Pastilles (U,Pu)O2 frittées -- Préconisations relatives a la préparation céramographique pour examen de la microstructure

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Frequently Asked Questions

ISO 22765:2016 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Nuclear fuel technology - Sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets - Guidance for ceramographic preparation for microstructure examination". This standard covers: ISO 22765:2016 describes the ceramographic procedure used to prepare sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets for qualitative and quantitative examination of the pellet microstructure. The examinations are performed before and after thermal treatment or chemical etching. They allow - observation of any cracks, intra- and intergranular pores or inclusions, and - measurement of the grain size, porosity and plutonium homogeneity distribution. The mean grain diameter is measured by one of the classic methods: counting (intercept method), comparison with standard grids or typical images, etc.[2] The measurement of individual grain sizes requires uniform development of the microstructure over the entire specimen. The plutonium cluster and pore distribution and localization are generally analysed by automatic image analysis systems. The plutonium distribution is usually revealed by chemical etching but alpha-autoradiography can also be used. The first technique avoids the tendency for autoradiography to exaggerate the size of plutonium-rich clusters due to the distance the alpha particles travel away from the source.

ISO 22765:2016 describes the ceramographic procedure used to prepare sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets for qualitative and quantitative examination of the pellet microstructure. The examinations are performed before and after thermal treatment or chemical etching. They allow - observation of any cracks, intra- and intergranular pores or inclusions, and - measurement of the grain size, porosity and plutonium homogeneity distribution. The mean grain diameter is measured by one of the classic methods: counting (intercept method), comparison with standard grids or typical images, etc.[2] The measurement of individual grain sizes requires uniform development of the microstructure over the entire specimen. The plutonium cluster and pore distribution and localization are generally analysed by automatic image analysis systems. The plutonium distribution is usually revealed by chemical etching but alpha-autoradiography can also be used. The first technique avoids the tendency for autoradiography to exaggerate the size of plutonium-rich clusters due to the distance the alpha particles travel away from the source.

ISO 22765:2016 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 27.120.30 - Fissile materials and nuclear fuel technology. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

ISO 22765:2016 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 22765:2025. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

You can purchase ISO 22765:2016 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.

Standards Content (Sample)


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22765
First edition
2016-12-15
Nuclear fuel technology — Sintered
(U,Pu)O pellets — Guidance for
ceramographic preparation for
microstructure examination
Technologie du combustible nucléaire — Pastilles (U,Pu)O frittées
— Préconisations relatives à la préparation céramographique pour
examen de la microstructure
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Description . 2
6 Equipment . 2
7 Reagents and resin . 2
8 Operating procedure . 3
8.1 Specimen cutting . 3
8.2 Resin embedding . 3
8.3 Rough polishing . 3
8.4 Final polishing . 3
9 Structure development . 4
9.1 General . 4
9.2 Development by thermal treatment . 4
9.3 Development by chemical etching . 4
9.4 Development by ion etching . 5
Bibliography . 7
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
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For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: http://www.iso.org/iso/
foreword.html
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 5, Nuclear installations, processes and technologies.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22765:2016(E)
Nuclear fuel technology — Sintered (U,Pu)O pellets
— Guidance for ceramographic preparation for
microstructure examination
1 Scope
This document describes the ceramographic procedure used to prepare sintered (U,Pu)O pellets for
qualitative and quantitative examination of the pellet microstructure.
The examinations are performed before and after thermal treatment or chemical etching.
They allow
— observation of any cracks, intra- and intergranular pores or inclusions, and
— measurement of the grain size, porosity and plutonium homogeneity distribution.
The mean grain diameter is measured by one of the classic methods: counting (intercept method),
[2]
comparison with standard grids or typical images, etc. The measurement of individual grain sizes
requires uniform development of the microstructure over the entire specimen.
The plutonium cluster and pore distribution and localization are generally analysed by automatic
image analysis systems. The plutonium distribution is usually revealed by chemical etching but alpha-
autoradiography can also be used. The first technique avoids the tendency for autoradiography to
exaggerate the size of plutonium-rich clusters due to the distance the alpha particles travel away from
the source.
2 Normative references
There are
...


NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 22765
Première édition
2016-12-15
Technologie du combustible
nucléaire — Pastilles (U,Pu)O
frittées — Préconisations relatives à
la préparation céramographique pour
examen de la microstructure
Nuclear fuel technology — Sintered (U,Pu)O pellets — Guidance for
ceramographic preparation for microstructure examination
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2016
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2016, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Principe . 1
5 Description . 2
6 Matériel . 2
7 Réactifs et résine . 2
8 Mode opératoire. 3
8.1 Découpage de l’échantillon . 3
8.2 Enrobage dans la résine . 3
8.3 Polissage grossier . 3
8.4 Polissage final . 3
9 Révélation de la structure . 4
9.1 Généralités . 4
9.2 Révélation par traitement thermique . 4
9.3 Révélation par attaque chimique . 5
9.4 Révélation par attaque ionique . 5
Bibliographie . 7
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion
de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC) voir le lien suivant: www.iso.org/iso/fr/foreword.html.
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est le comité technique ISO/TC 85, Énergie
nucléaire, technologies nucléaires et radioprotection, Sous-comité SC 5, Cycle du combustible nucléaire.
iv © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 22765:2016(F)
Technologie du combustible nucléaire — Pastilles (U,Pu)
O frittées — Préconisations relatives à la préparation
céramographique pour examen de la microstructure
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document décrit la procédure céramographique utilisée pour préparer des pastilles de
(U,Pu)O frittées afin de réaliser des examens qualitatifs et quantitatifs de leur microstructure.
Ces examens sont réalisés avant et après un traitement thermique ou une attaque chimique.
Ils permettent:
— l’observation d’éventuels fissures, pores inter- et intragranulaires ou inclusions; et
— le mesurage des tailles de grains, de la porosité et de l’homogénéité de la distribution du plutonium.
Le diamètre de grain moyen est mesuré par l’une des méthodes classiques suivantes: comptage
[2]
(méthode par interception), comparaison à des grilles normalisées ou des images types, etc . Le
mesurage des dimensions du grain requiert la révélation uniforme de la microstructure sur l’ensemble
de l’échantillon.
La localisation et la distribution des pores et des agglomérats de plutonium sont en général analysées par
des systèmes automatiques d’analyse des images. La distribution du plutonium est, en règle générale, mise
en évidence par une attaque chimique mais il est également possible d’utiliser l’autoradiographie alpha.
La première technique évite la tendance propre à l’autoradiographie, d’exagérer la taille des agglomérats
riches en plutonium en raison de la distance parcourue par les particules alpha depuis la source.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions
Aucun terme n’est défini dans le présent document.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse htt
...

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ISO 22765:2016 provides guidance on how to prepare sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets for microstructure examination. This examination involves observing cracks, pores, and inclusions, as well as measuring grain size, porosity, and plutonium distribution. The grain size is measured using various methods, while the plutonium distribution can be identified through chemical etching or alpha-autoradiography. The latter technique helps avoid exaggerating the size of plutonium-rich clusters.

ISO 22765:2016 provides guidance on how to prepare sintered (U,Pu)O2 pellets for examination of their microstructure. The examinations are done before and after thermal treatment or chemical etching, and they help identify cracks, pores, inclusions, and measure grain size, porosity, and plutonium distribution. Various methods are used to measure grain size, such as counting and comparing with standard grids or images. Plutonium cluster and pore distribution are analyzed using automatic image analysis systems, and the plutonium distribution can be revealed through chemical etching or alpha-autoradiography. Alpha-autoradiography is preferred as it doesn't exaggerate the size of plutonium-rich clusters.

ISO 22765:2016는 시멘트화된 (U,Pu)O2 펠릿의 미세 구조 조사를 위한 세라모그래피 절차에 대해 설명하고 있다. 조사는 열 처리나 화학 측정전에 수행되며, 펠릿의 미세 구조와 관련하여 균열, 내/간 경계 공극 또는 혼합물의 관찰, 그리고 곡창 크기, 다공성 및 플루토늄 일관성 분포를 측정할 수 있다. 평균 결정립 직경은 카운팅(절단법), 표준 그리드 또는 전형적인 이미지와의 비교 등을 통해 측정된다. 개별 결정립 크기의 측정은 전체 시료에서 미세 구조의 고르게 발달을 요구한다. 플루토늄 클러스터와 공극 분포 및 위치는 일반적으로 자동 이미지 분석 시스템을 통해 분석된다. 플루토늄 분포는 일반적으로 화학 측정을 통해 확인되지만, 알파-자동방사선촬영도 사용될 수 있다. 후자의 기술은 알파 입자가 원본에서 멀어질수록 플루토늄 풍부한 클러스터의 크기를 과장하는 경향을 피할 수 있다.

記事タイトル:ISO 22765:2016 - 核燃料技術-焼結(U,Pu)O2ペレット-顕微鏡構造観察のためのセラモグラフィック準備に関するガイダンス 記事内容:ISO 22765:2016は、焼結(U,Pu)O2ペレットの顕微鏡構造観察のために使用されるセラモグラフィック手順について説明しています。観察は熱処理や化学エッチングの前後に行われ、ペレットの表面に亀裂、顆粒間・顆粒内の気孔や混入物を観察し、顆粒のサイズ、多孔性、プルトニウムの均一分布を測定することができます。平均顆粒直径は、カウント(交点法)、標準グリッドとの比較、典型的な画像など、さまざまな方法で測定されます。個々の顆粒サイズの測定には、試料全体で均一な顕微鏡構造の発達が必要です。プルトニウムクラスターと気孔の分布と位置は、通常、自動画像解析システムを使用して分析されます。プルトニウムの分布は化学エッチングによって明らかになりますが、アルファ-オートラジオグラフィも使用できます。プルトニウムリッチクラスターのサイズを過大に見せるアルファ粒子の移動距離を避けるため、一般的には化学エッチングが選択されます。

제목: ISO 22765:2016 - 핵연료 기술 - 질화반응으로 소결한 (U,Pu)O2 펠릿 - 미세구조 조사를 위한 세라모그래픽 준비 안내 내용: ISO 22765:2016은 질화반응으로 소결된 (U,Pu)O2 펠릿의 미세구조를 정성적 및 정량적으로 조사하는데 사용되는 세라모그래픽 절차에 대해 설명합니다. 이 조사는 열 처리나 화학적 부식 전후에 수행됩니다. 이를 통해 펠릿의 균열, 입자 내 및 입자 간 기공 또는 부가물을 관찰하고, 곡류 크기, 기공도 및 플루토늄 균질성 분포를 측정할 수 있습니다. 곡류 평균 직경은 카운팅(접촉 방식), 표준 그리드 또는 전형적인 이미지와의 비교 등을 통해 측정됩니다. 개별 곡류 크기의 측정을 위해서는 전체 시료에 대해 미세구조의 고르게 발달되어야 합니다. 플루토늄 군집 및 기공 분포 및 위치는 일반적으로 자동 이미지 분석 시스템을 통해 분석됩니다. 플루토늄 분포는 화학적 부식을 통해 노출되지만, 알파 광조사도 사용할 수 있습니다. 첫 번째 기법은 알파 입자가 원본으로부터 이동한 거리 때문에 플루토늄 풍부한 군집의 크기를 과장하는 알권리광조사의 경향을 피합니다.

ISO 22765:2016は、シンタリングされた(U,Pu)O2のペレットの顕微鏡組織観察のためのセラモグラフィック準備手順について説明しています。観察は熱処理や化学エッチングの前後に行われ、ペレットの組織中のクラック、内部・間隙ポアやインクルージョンの観察、また粒子サイズ、多孔性とプルトニウムの均一性分布の計測が可能です。平均結晶径は、カウンティング(遮断法)、標準グリッドや典型的なイメージとの比較などの古典的な方法によって測定されます。個々の結晶のサイズ測定には、全体の試料で均一な組織の発達が必要です。プルトニウムクラスターやポアの分布と位置は、一般的に自動画像解析システムによって分析されます。プルトニウムの分布は通常、化学エッチングによって明らかにされますが、アルファ-オートラジオグラフィーも使用できます。後者の技術は、アルファ粒子が源から離れるにつれて、プルトニウム豊富なクラスターのサイズを誇張する傾向を避けるのに役立ちます。