ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008

Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary — Part 4: General terms relating to radio communications

ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008 provides general terms and definitions relating to radio communications in the area of automatic identification and data capture techniques. This glossary of terms enables the communication between non-specialist users and specialists in radio communications through a common understanding of basic and advanced concepts.

Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques d'identification et de saisie de données (AIDC) — Vocabulaire harmonisé — Partie 4: Termes généraux relatifs aux communications radio

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 10-Jun-2008
• Withdrawal Date: 10-Jun-2008
• ICS: 01.040.35 - Information technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 03-Feb-2016

Relations

• Revised: ISO/IEC 19762:2016 - Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 19762-4
First edition
2008-06-15


Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture (AIDC)
techniques — Harmonized vocabulary —
Part 4:
General terms relating to radio
communications
Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques
d'identification et de saisie de données (AIDC) — Vocabulaire
harmonisé —
Partie 4: Termes généraux relatifs aux communications radio




Reference number
ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2008

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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Classification of entries . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Abbreviations . 22
Bibliography . 24
Index. 25

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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 19762-4 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
ISO/IEC 19762 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary:
⎯ Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC
⎯ Part 2: Optically readable media (ORM)
⎯ Part 3: Radio frequency identification (RFID)
⎯ Part 4: General terms relating to radio communications
⎯ Part 5: Locating systems
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
Introduction
ISO/IEC 19762 is intended to facilitate international communication in information technology, specifically in
the area of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques. It provides a listing of terms and
definitions used across multiple AIDC techniques.
Abbreviations used within each part of ISO/IEC 19762 and an index of all definitions used within each part of
ISO/IEC 19762 are found at the end of the relevant part.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)

Information technology — Automatic identification and data
capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary —
Part 4:
General terms relating to radio communications
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 19762 provides general terms and definitions relating to radio communications in the
area of automatic identification and data capture techniques. This glossary of terms enables the
communication between non-specialist users and specialists in radio communications through a common
understanding of basic and advanced concepts.
2 Classification of entries
The numbering system employed within ISO/IEC 19762 is in the format nn.nn.nnn, in which the first two
numbers (nn.nn.nnn) represent the “Top Level” reflecting whether the term is related to 01 = common to all
AIDC techniques, 02 = common to all optically readable media, 03 = linear bar code symbols, 04 = two-
dimensional symbols, 05 = radio frequency identification, 06 = general terms relating to radio, 07 = real time
locating systems, and 08 = MIIM. The second two numbers (nn.nn.nnn) represent the “Mid Level” reflecting
whether the term is related to 01 = basic concepts/data, 02 = technical features, 03 symbology, 04 = hardware,
and 05 = applications. The third two or three numbers (nn.nn.nnn) represent the “Fine” reflecting a sequence
of terms.
The numbering in this part of ISO/IEC 19762 employs “Top Level” numbers (nn.nn.nnn) of 06.
3 Terms and definitions
06.01.01
radio frequency
frequency of a periodic radio wave or of the corresponding periodical electrical oscillation
NOTE This term and its abbreviation may qualify an electrical device for generating or collecting radiated waves.
[IEC 60050-713:1998, 713-06-02]
NOTE Radio Frequency (RF) (in RID). Radio frequency between 30 Hz and 3 GHz.
06.01.02
radio frequency data communication
RF/DC
system by which remote devices communicate with a host computer via a radio link
NOTE 1 Hand-held readers can send the information collected back to a controlling process without the need for
fixed wiring for the data cables.
NOTE 2 One common use for RF/DC is on forklift trucks.
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.03
electromagnetic field
field characterizing the electric and magnetic conditions of a material medium or of vacuum, defined by the
following set of four vector quantities:
⎯ E: electric field (vector)
⎯ D: electric flux density (vector)
⎯ H: magnetic field (vector)
⎯ B: magnetic flux density (vector)
NOTE Adapted from IEC 50 (705):1995, 705-01-07.

Figure 1 — Electromagnetic field

06.01.04
air interface
conductor-free medium, usually air, between a transmitter and the receiver through which communication,
e.g. data and telemetry, is achieved by means of a modulated inductive or propagated electromagnetic field
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-17]
06.01.05
electromagnetic spectrum
range or continuum of electromagnetic radiation, characterized in terms of frequency or wavelength
06.01.06
electromagnetic wave
wave characterized by the propagation of a time-varying electromagnetic field
NOTE An electromagnetic wave is produced by variations of electric charges or electric currents.
[IEC 50 (705):1995, 705-01-09]
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.07
electric field
constituent of an electromagnetic field which is characterized by the electric field strength E together with the
electric flux density D
NOTE In French, the term “champ électrique” is also used for the quantity electric field strength.
[IEC 60050-121, 121-11-67]
06.01.08
far field region
region of an electromagnetic field of an antenna wherein the predominant components of the field are those
which represent a propagation of energy and wherein the angular field distribution is essentially independent
of the distance from the antenna
[IEC 50 (712):1992, 712-02-02]
NOTE 1 In the far field region, field distribution is unaffected by the antenna structure and the wave propagates as a
plane wave.
cf. radiating near field
06.01.09
magnetic field
constituent of an electromagnetic field which is characterized by the magnetic field strength H together with
the magnetic flux density B
[221-01-01 MOD]
NOTE In French, the term “champ magnétique” is also used for the quantity magnetic field strength.
[IEC 60050-121, 121-11-69]
06.01.10
inductive coupling
process of transferring modulated data or energy from one system component to another, reader to
transponder for example, by means of a varying magnetic field
NOTE An inductive coupled tag uses a coil to transfer data or power from the magnetic field output by an
interrogator.
06.01.11
electromagnetic coupling
coupling through a magnetic field
NOTE Also referred to as inductive coupling or an electric field.
06.01.12
field strength
transmitter field intensity (deprecated)
magnitude of the electromagnetic field created at a given point by a radio transmitting system operating at a
specified characteristic frequency with specified installation and modulation conditions
[IEC 50 (705):1995, 705-08-31]
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.13
equivalent isotropically radiated power
EIRP
product of the net radiated RF power of a transmitter and the gain of an antenna system in one direction
relative to an isotropic source
NOTE 1 The maximum power gain of a transmitting antenna in any direction multiplied by the net power accepted by
the antenna from the connected transmitter.
EXAMPLE 36 dBm EIRP equals 4 W transmitted into an isotropic antenna, or 1 W transmitted into a 6 dB antenna.
NOTE 2 Also referred to as Effective Isotropically Radiated Power, Equivalent Isotropical Radiated Power, and
Effective Isotropical Radiated Power.
06.01.14
effective radiated power
ERP
amount of power actually radiated by a transmitter and antenna combination (the applied power multiplied by
the efficiency of the antenna)
cf. EIRP
NOTE To convert between ERP and EIRP, add 2,15 dB, as a dipole antenna has a gain of 2,15 dBi. For example, to
convert the European Power output of 2 W ERP (which is +33 dBm) to EIRP, add 2,15 dB to get +35,15 dBm, which is
very close to the FCC limit of 4 W EIRP (+36 dBm).
06.01.15
frequency
number of cycles a periodic signal executes in unit time
NOTE Usually expressed in hertz (cycles per second) or appropriate weighted units such as kilohertz (kHz),
megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz).
06.01.16
frequency band
continuous set of frequencies lying between two specified limiting frequencies
NOTE 1 A frequency band is characterized by two values which define its position in the frequency spectrum, for
instance its lower and upper limiting frequencies, as opposed to the bandwidth which is characterized by one value.
NOTE 2 The nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in RFID are given in Table 1.
NOTE 3 Certain frequency ranges are sometimes designated by letter symbols consisting of capital letters which may
be accompanied by a small letter as subscript.
NOTE 4 Adapted from IEC 60050-713.
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
Table 1 — Nomenclature of frequency and wavelength bands
BAND ABBRE- FREQUENCY RANGE (lower METRIC QUALIFIER METRIC WAVELENGTH RANGE
NUMBER VIATION limit exclusive, upper limit ABBRE-
(NOTE 4) (lower limit exclusive, upper
exclusive) VIATION
(NOTE 1) limit exclusive)
of the band
(NOTE 3)
–1 (NOTE 2) 0,03 to 0,3 Hz gigametric B.Gm 1 to 1 Gm
0 (NOTE 2) 0,3 to 03 Hz hectomegametric B.hMm 100 to 1000 Mm
1 (NOTE 2) 3 to 30 Hz decamegametric B.daMm 10 to 100 Mm
2 (NOTE 2) 30 to 300 Hz megametric B.Mm 1 to 10 Mm
3 ULF 300 to 3000 Hz hectokilometric B.hkm 100 to 1000 km
4 VLF 3 to 30 kHz myriametric B.Mam 10 to 100 km
5 LF 30 to 300 kHz kilometric B.km 1 to 10 km
6 MF 300 to 3000 kHz hectometric B.hmm 100 to 1000 m
7 HF 3 to 30 MHz decametric B.dam 10 to 100 m
8 VHF 30 to 300 MHz metric B.m 1 to 10 m
9 UHF 300 to 3000 MHz decimetric B.dm 100 to 1000 mm
10 SHF 3 to 30 GHz centimetric B.cm 10 to 100 mm
NOTE 1  “Band number N” extends from 0,3 × 10 N to 3 × 10 N Hz
NOTE 2  The abbreviation ELF designates the set of bands –1 to 2.
NOTE 3  In French, abbreviations with letter O (“Ondes”) are sometimes used (e.g. O.km “Ondes kilomėtriques”) instead of
abbreviations with letter B (“Bande”) indicated in the column “metric abbreviation” of the table.
NOTE 4  Metric qualifiers and abbreviations are not names or symbols of unit, and so may use the combination of prefixes in some
cases.
Adapted from IEC 60050-713.

06.01.17
kilohertz
kHz
measure of frequency equal to one thousand (1,000) cycles per second
06.01.18
megahertz
MHz
measure of frequency equal to one million (1,000,000) cycles per second
06.01.19
gigahertz
GHz
measure of frequency equal to one billion (1,000,000,000) cycles per second
06.01.20
continuous wave
typically sinusoidal wave at a given frequency, but more generally any interrogator waveform suitable for
powering a passive tag without amplitude and/or phase modulation cover-coding method by which an
interrogator obscures information that it is transmitting to a tag
NOTE To cover-code data or a password, an interrogator first requests a random number from the tag, then performs
a bit-wise EXOR of the data or password with the received random number, and, finally, transmits the cover-coded (also
called ciphertext) string to the tag; the tag uncovers the data or password by performing a bit-wise EXOR of the received
cover-coded string with the original random number.
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.21
modulation
process by which at least one characteristic quantity of a carrier is varied in accordance with a characteristic
quantity of a signal to be transmitted
[ISO/IEC 2382-9:1995, 09.05.10]
NOTE 1 Generic forms of modulation include amplitude modulation (AM), phase modulation (PM) frequency
modulation (FM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse width modulation (PWM).
NOTE 2 Digital modulation methods principally feature amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK),
phase shift keying (PSK) or variants.
NOTE 3 See also amplitude, frequency and phase modulation, amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying and
phase shift keying.
06.01.22
amplitude modulation
modulation in which the amplitude of a periodic carrier is a given function, generally linear, of the
instantaneous values of the modulating signal
06.01.23
phase modulation
PM
modulation in which data is contained in the changes in the phase of the carrier and in which the
instantaneous phase deviation varies in accordance with a given function, generally linear, of the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-36]
06.01.24
pulse position modulation
PPM
modulation in which data is contained in the position of pulses relative to a reference point
NOTE Pulse time modulation in which the positions in time of the pulses vary from their initial position in accordance
with a given function of the value of the modulating signal.
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-56]
06.01.25
pulse duration modulation(1)
PDM
pulse time modulation in which the pulse duration varies in accordance with a given function of the value of
the modulating signal
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-57]
06.01.26
pulse duration modulation(2)
PDM
data is contained in the duration of pulses, in which the pulse duration varies in accordance with a given
function of the value of the modulating signal
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-57]
06.01.27
pulse position modulation
PPM
data is contained in the position of pulses relative to a reference point
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.28
pulse width modulation
PWM
See pulse duration modulation.
06.01.29
spread spectrum modulation
modulation in which the average power spectral density of the transmitted signal is spread in a random or
quasi-random way over a bandwidth which is much wider than the bandwidth required for the information to
be transmitted
NOTE Spread spectrum modulation permits multiple accesses to a communication path and increases immunity to
noise and interference.
[IEC 60050-725, 725-14-30]
06.01.30
spreading sequence
pseudo-random sequence of data coding elements chips used to encode each logical bit
06.01.31
direct sequence spread spectrum modulation
DSSS
spread spectrum modulation in which each element of a digital information signal is transmitted as a pseudo-
random sequence of digits having a digit-rate much higher than the bit rate of the information signal
NOTE The signal modulating the carrier is usually obtained by adding a pseudo-random digital signal to the
information signal.
[IEC 60050-725, 725-14-31]
06.01.32
frequency hopping spread spectrum modulation
FHSS
form of spread spectrum modulation in which the carrier frequency is automatically changed at short intervals,
selection being made in a pseudo-random way from a set of frequencies covering a frequency band much
wider than the bandwidth required for the information to be transmitted
NOTE Adapted from IEC 50 (725), 725-14-32.
06.01.33
frequency hop rate
frequency at which a frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) system moves between transmission
frequencies, equal to the reciprocal of the dwell time at a FHSS centre frequency
06.01.34
hop rate
inverse of the dwell time at a given FHSS hopping frequency
06.01.35
frequency hop sequence
pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) determining the hopping frequencies used in frequency hopping
spread spectrum (FHSS) systems
06.01.36
hop sequence
pseudo-randomly ordered list of hopping frequencies used by the FHSS transmitter to select an FHSS
channel
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.37
chip rate
frequency at which the spreading sequence modulates the carrier
06.01.38
chipping
process of moving from one chip to another in a spread spectrum transmission process, each chip being
representative of a different spectral component or tone in the spread spectrum band
06.01.39
amplitude shift keying
ASK
modulation in which a modulating digital signal varies the amplitude of the output signal among a fixed
number of predetermined values
06.01.40
frequency shift keying(1)
FSK
angle modulation in which each significant condition of a discretely timed modulating signal is represented by
one of a specified set of discrete values of the frequency of the modulated signal
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-47]
06.01.41
frequency shift keying(2)
FSK
modulation in which a modulating digital signal varies the frequency of the output signal among a fixed
number of predetermined values
[ISO/IEC 2382-9, 09.05.13]
06.01.42
gaussian minimum shift keying
GMSK
gaussian pulse shaped MSK
06.01.43
binary phase shift keying
BPSK
modulation scheme of phase modulation where only two points in a constellation diagram are used
06.01.44
differential binary phase shift keying
DBPSK
binary phase shift keying before which the data is differential pre-processed
06.01.45
minimum shift keying
MSK
form of two-condition frequency shift keying with modulation index equal to 0,5, in which variations are
continuous
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-49]
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.46
phase shift keying
PSK
angle modulation in which each significant condition in a discretely timed modulating signal is represented by
a specified difference between the phase of the modulated signal and the phase of the carrier in the absence
of modulation
[IEC 60050-702, 702-06-40]
06.01.47
absolute gain
isotropic gain
ratio, generally expressed in decibels, of the radiation intensity produced by an antenna in a given direction to
the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated equally in all
directions
NOTE 1 If no direction is specified, the direction of maximum radiation intensity from the given antenna is implied.
NOTE 2 If the antenna is lossless its absolute gain is equal to its directivity in the same direction.
[IEC 50 (712):1992, 712-02-43]
06.01.48
acknowledgment signal
signal sent in one direction to acknowledge the receipt of a signal in the opposite direction
[IEC 50 (714), 714-07-22]
06.01.49
asynchronous transmission(1)
method of data transmission that does not require timing or clocking information in addition to data
NOTE Transmission is achieved by receiver reference to start and stop bits positioned at the beginning and end of
each character or block of characters. A variable time interval can exist between characters or blocks of characters.
06.01.50
asynchronous transmission(2)
data transmission in which the start of each character or block of characters is arbitrary but, once started,
signal elements are transmitted at a predetermined fixed rate
06.01.51
authentication
message exchange between two elements, which verifies that further communication between the two items
is proper
06.01.52
bandwidth times time
product of bandwidth and time used for 1 bit, which implicitly specifies the occupied bandwidth for a given data
rate
06.01.53
carrier
wave or oscillation whose characteristic quantities can be varied by signal
NOTE The wave or oscillation can be, for example, a sinusoidal wave or a pulse train. In modulation, it is an
oscillation or wave, usually periodic, some characteristic of which follows by modulation the signal of another oscillation or
wave.
[ISO/IEC 2382-9, 09.05.09] [IEC 60050-702, 702-06-03] [IEC 60050-704, 704-10-02]
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.54
carrier frequency
analog signal of fixed amplitude and frequency
06.01.55
carrier signal
signal of chosen frequency generated to carry data, often used for long distance transmissions
NOTE A carrier signal does not convey any information until the data is added to the signal by modulation, then
decoded on the receiving end by demodulation.
06.01.56
channel
transmission path
course taken by a signal during its transmission between two points
[IEC 60050-704, 704-04-01]
06.01.57
channel encoding
application of coding schemes to facilitate effective channel transmission of the source encoded data
cf. source encoding, channel decoding
06.01.58
channel decoding
process of operating upon a received transmission to separate the source-encoded data from the channel
encoded form
cf. source decoding, channel encoding
06.01.59
source decoding
process of recovering the original or source data from a received source encoded bit stream
cf. source encoding
06.01.60
source encoding
process of operating upon original or source data to produce an encoded message for transmission
cf. source decoding
[IEC 60050-702, 702-04-40]
06.01.61
collision avoidance
multiple access protocol which allows for resolution of collisions
NOTE Examples include tree search algorithms and various ALOHA methods, including CSMA.
06.01.62
collision(1)
simultaneous communication by two or more tags in the field of view of an interrogator, which results in an
error or lost transmission
NOTE Such communication may be inseparable without some means of anti-collision or contention management.
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.63
collision(2)
condition that results from concurrent transmissions on the transmission medium
NOTE In hashing, the occurrence of the same hash value for two or more different keys.
06.01.64
Carrier Sense Multiple Access(1)
CSMA
multiple access protocol that allows the tag to “sense” whether another tag is using the channel prior to
transmitting itself
06.01.65
Carrier Sense Multiple Access(2)
CSMA
multiple access technique where data stations mediate their own use of the common resource based upon
presence or absence of a carrier from another user
06.01.66
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
CSMA/CD
multiple access protocol that allows the tag to “sense” whether another tag is using the channel prior to
transmitting itself; and to detect a collision, if one occurs
06.01.67
code division multiple access(1)
CDMA
technique that breaks each transmission into packets and assigns a unique code to each
NOTE All coded packets are then combined mathematically into one signal and each intended receiver extracts only
its data packets depending on the assigned code.
06.01.68
code division multiple access(2)
CDMA
multiple access that depends upon the use of independently coded modulations within a single channel
06.01.69
ALOHA random
multiple access protocol in which tags respond to the interrogator after a random time interval
06.01.70
ALOHA slotted
multiple access protocol in which tags respond to the interrogator after selecting a random time slot
06.01.71
directivity
ratio, generally expressed in decibels, of the radiation intensity produced by an antenna in a given direction, to
the value of the radiation intensities averaged in all directions in space
NOTE 1 If no direction is specified, the direction of maximum radiation intensity from the given antenna is implied.
NOTE 2 The directivity is independent of antenna losses and equal to the absolute gain in the same direction if the
antenna is lossless.
[IEC 50 (712):1992, 712-02-42]
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ISO/IEC 19762-4:2008(E)
06.01.72
down-link
radio link between a transmitting space station and receiving earth station
[IEC 60050-725, 725-12-24]
06.01.73
duplex transmission
data transmission in both directions at the same time
[ISO/IEC 2382-9:1995, 09.03.07]
06.01.74
full-duplex transmission(1)
communication of data while the transceiver transmits the activation field
06.01.75
interlaced half duplex
full duplex transmissions by the interrogator; half duplex operation by the tag
06.01.76
emission
radio waves or signals produced by a radio transmitting station
NOTE 1 In radio communication, the term “emission” is not used in the more general sense of “radio frequency
emission”. For example, that part of electromagnetic energy from the local oscillator of a radio receiver transferred to
external space is a radiation and not an emission.
NOTE 2 In radio communication, the French term “émission” applies only to intentional radiation.
[IEC 60050-702, 702-02-05]
06.01.77
electromagnetic interference
EMI
degradation in the performance of an equipment transmission channel or system caused by an
electromagnetic disturbance
[IEC 600500-161-01-06 (702-08-29]
06.01.78
electromagnetic noise
time-varying electromagnetic phenomenon apparently not conveying information and which may be
superimposed on or combined with a wanted signal
...