SIST-TP CLC/TR 62061-1:2010
(Main)Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 & IEC 62061 in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery (IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 & IEC 62061 in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery (IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
This Technical Report is intended to explain the application of IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-12) in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery.
Anleitung zur Anwendung von ISO 13849-1 und IEC 62061 bei der Gestaltung von sicherheitsbezogenen Steuerungen von Maschinen (IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
Directives relatives à l'application de l'ISO 13849-1 et de la CEI 62061 dans la conception des systèmes de commande des machines relatifs à la sécurité (CEI/TR 62061-1:2010)
La CEI/TR 62016-1:2010 a pour objet d'expliquer l'application de la CEI 62061 et de l'ISO 13849-1 dans la conception des systèmes de commande des machines relatifs à la sécurité.
Navodilo za uporabo ISO 13849-1 in IEC 62061 pri načrtovanju z varnostjo povezanih nadzornih sistemov za strojno opremo (IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
To tehnično poročilo je namenjeno, da razloži uporabo IEC 62061 in ISO 13849-12 pri načrtovanju z varnostjo povezanih nadzornih sistemov za strojno opremo.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CLC/TR 62061-1:2010
01-december-2010
1DYRGLOR]DXSRUDER,62 LQ,(&SULQDþUWRYDQMX]YDUQRVWMR
SRYH]DQLKQDG]RUQLKVLVWHPRY]DVWURMQRRSUHPR ,(&75
Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 & IEC 62061 in the design of safety-related
control systems for machinery (IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
Anleitung zur Anwendung von ISO 13849-1 und IEC 62061 bei der Gestaltung von
sicherheitsbezogenen Steuerungen von Maschinen (IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
Directives relatives à l'application de l'ISO 13849-1 et de la CEI 62061 dans la
conception des systèmes de commande des machines relatifs à la sécurité (CEI/TR
62061-1:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CLC/TR 62061-1:2010
ICS:
13.110 Varnost strojev Safety of machinery
25.040.40 Merjenje in krmiljenje Industrial process
industrijskih postopkov measurement and control
SIST-TP CLC/TR 62061-1:2010 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CLC/TR 62061-1:2010
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SIST-TP CLC/TR 62061-1:2010
TECHNICAL REPORT
CLC/TR 62061-1
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
August 2010
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 13.110; 25.040.99; 29.020
English version
Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 in the design
of safety-related control systems for machinery
(IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
Directives relatives à l'application Anleitung zur Anwendung von ISO 13849-1
de l'ISO 13849-1 et de la CEI 62061 und IEC 62061 bei der Gestaltung
dans la conception des systèmes von sicherheitsbezogenen Steuerungen
de commande des machines relatifs von Maschinen
à la sécurité (IEC/TR 62061-1:2010)
(CEI/TR 62061-1:2010)
This Technical Report was approved by CENELEC on 2010-07-26.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2010 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. CLC/TR 62061-1:2010 E
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SIST-TP CLC/TR 62061-1:2010
CLC/TR 62061-1:2010 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 44/598/DTR, future edition 1 of IEC/TR 62061-1, prepared by IEC TC 44, Safety of
machinery - Electrotechnical aspects, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was
approved by CENELEC as CLC/TR 62061-1 on 2010-07-26.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the Technical Report IEC/TR 62061-1:2010 was approved by CENELEC as a Technical
Report without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 62061 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62061.
IEC 60947-5-1:2003 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60947-5-1:2004 ([not] modified).
IEC 61511-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61511-1.
IEC 61508 series NOTE Harmonized in EN 61508 series (not modified).
IEC 61800-5-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61800-5-2.
ISO 13849-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 13849-1.
ISO 13849-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 13849-2.
ISO 14121-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 14121-1.
__________
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SIST-TP CLC/TR 62061-1:2010
IEC/TR 62061-1
®
Edition 1.0 2010-07
TECHNICAL
REPORT
RAPPORT
TECHNIQUE
Guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 in the design of
safety-related control systems for machinery
Lignes directrices relatives à l'application de l'ISO 13849-1 et de la CEI 62061
dans la conception des systèmes de commande des machines relatifs à la
sécurité
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
R
CODE PRIX
ICS 13.110; 25.040.99; 29.020 ISBN 978-2-88912-042-0
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3
INTRODUCTION.5
1 Scope.6
2 General .6
3 Comparison of standards.6
4 Risk estimation and assignment of required performance .7
5 Safety requirements specification .7
6 Assignment of performance targets: PL versus SIL.8
7 System design.9
7.1 General requirements for system design using IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1 .9
7.2 Estimation of PFH and MTTF and the use of fault exclusions .9
D d
7.3 System design using subsystems or SRP/CS that conform to either
IEC 62061 or ISO 13849-1 .10
7.4 System design using subsystems or SRP/CS that have been designed using
other IEC or ISO standards .10
8 Example .10
8.1 General .10
8.2 Simplified example of the design and validation of a safety-related control
system implementing a specified safety-related control function .11
8.3 Conclusion .18
Bibliography.19
Figure 1 – Example implementation of the safety function.11
Figure 2 – Safety-related block diagram.13
Figure 3 – Safety-related block diagram for calculation according to ISO 13849-1 .13
Figure 4 – Logical representation of subsystem D.15
Table 1 – Relationship between PLs and SILs based on the average probability of
dangerous failure per hour.8
Table 2 – Architectural constraints on subsystems' maximum SIL CL that can be
claimed for an SRCF using this subsystem .17
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TR 62061-1 © IEC:2010 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
GUIDANCE ON THE APPLICATION OF ISO 13849-1 AND IEC 62061
IN THE DESIGN OF SAFETY-RELATED CONTROL SYSTEMS
FOR MACHINERY
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
IEC 62016-1, which is a technical report, has been prepared jointly by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery, and Technical Committee IEC/TC 44, Safety of machinery –
Electrotechnical aspects. The draft was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO
and IEC. These technical committees have agreed that no modification will be made to this
1
Technical Report except by mutual agreement .
1
This Technical Report is published at the ISO as ISO/TR 23849.
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The text of this technical report is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
44/598/DTR 44/608/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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TR 62061-1 © IEC:2010 – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
This Technical Report has been prepared by experts from both IEC/TC 44/WG 7 and
ISO/TC 199/WG 8 in response to requests from their Technical Committees to explain the
relationship between IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1. In particular, it is intended to assist users
of these International Standards in terms of the interaction(s) that can exist between the
standards to ensure that confidence can be given to the design of safety-related systems
made in accordance with either standard.
It is intended that this Technical Report be incorporated into both IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1
by means of corrigenda that reference the published version of this document. These
corrigenda will also remove the information given in Table 1, Recommended application of
IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1, provided in the common introduction to both standards, which is
now recognized as being out of date. Subsequently, it is intended to merge ISO 13849-1 and
IEC 62061 by means of a JWG of ISO/TC 199 and IEC/TC 44.
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GUIDANCE ON THE APPLICATION OF ISO 13849-1 AND IEC 62061
IN THE DESIGN OF SAFETY-RELATED CONTROL SYSTEMS
FOR MACHINERY
1 Scope
2)
This Technical Report is intended to explain the application of IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1
in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery.
2 General
2.1 Both IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1 specify requirements for the design and
3)
implementation of safety-related control systems of machinery . The methods developed in
both of these standards are different but, when correctly applied, can achieve a comparable
level of risk reduction.
2.2 These standards classify safety-related control systems that implement safety functions
into levels that are defined in terms of their probability of dangerous failure per hour.
ISO 13849-1 has five Performance Levels (PLs), a, b, c, d and e, while IEC 62061 has three
safety integrity levels (SILs), 1, 2 and 3.
2.3 Product standards (type-C) committees specify the safety requirements for safety-related
control systems and it is recommended that these committees classify the levels of
confidence required for them in terms of PLs and SILs.
2.4 Machinery designers may choose to use either IEC 62061 or ISO 13849-1 depending on
the specific features of the application.
2.5 The selection and use of either standard is likely to be determined by, for example:
– previous knowledge and experience in the design of machinery safety-related control
systems based upon the concept of categories described in ISO 13849-1:1999 can mean
that the use of ISO 13849-1:2006 is more appropriate;
– safety-related control systems based upon media other than electrical can mean that the
use of ISO 13849-1 is more appropriate;
– customer requirements to demonstrate the safety integrity of a machine safety-related
control system in terms of a SIL can mean that the use of IEC 62061 is more appropriate;
– safety-related control systems of machinery used in, for example, the process industries,
where other safety-related systems (such as safety instrumented systems in accordance
with IEC 61511) are characterized in terms of SILs, can mean that the use of IEC 62061 is
more appropriate.
3 Comparison of standards
3.1 A comparison of the technical requirements in ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 has been
carried out in respect of the following aspects:
2) This Technical Report considers ISO 13849-1:2006 rather than ISO 13849-1:1999, which has been withdrawn.
3) These standards have been adopted by the European standardization bodies CEN and CENELEC as
ISO 13849-1 and EN 62061, respectively, where they are published with the status of transposed harmonized
standards under the Machinery Directive (98/37/EC and 2006/42/EC). Under the conditions of their publication,
the correct use of either of these standards is presumed to conform to the relevant essential safety
requirements of the Machinery Directive (98/37/EC and 2006/42/EC).
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TR 62061-1 © IEC:2010 – 7 –
– terminology;
– risk estimation and performance allocation;
– safety requirements specification;
– systematic integrity requirements;
– diagnostic functions;
– software safety requirements.
3.2 Additionally, an evaluation of the use of the simplified mathematical formulae to
determine the probability of dangerous failures (PFH ) and MTTF according to both
D d
standards has been carried out.
3.3 The conclusions from this work are the following.
– Safety-related control systems can be designed to achieve acceptable levels of functional
4)
safety using either of the two standards by integrating non-complex SRECS (safety-
related electrical control system) subsystems or SRP/CS (safety-related parts of a control
system) designed in accordance with IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1, respectively.
– Both standards can also be used to provide design solutions for complex SRECS and
SRP/CS by integrating electrical/electronic/programmable electronic subsystems designed
in accordance with IEC 61508.
– Both standards currently have value to users in the machinery sector and benefits will be
gained from experience in their use. Feedback over a reasonable period on their practical
application is essential to support any future initiatives to move towards a standard that
merges the contents of both IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1.
– Differences exist in detail and it is recognized that some concepts (e.g. functional safety
management) will need further work to establish equivalence between respective design
methodologies and some technical requirements.
4 Risk estimation and assignment of required performance
4.1 A comparison has been carried out on the use of the methods to assign a SIL and/or PL
r
to a specific safety function. This has established that there is a good level of correspondence
between the respective methods provided in Annex A of each standard.
4.2 It is important, regardless of which method is used, that attention be given to ensure that
appropriate judgements are made on the risk parameters to determine the SIL and/or PL that
r
is likely to apply to a specific safety function. These judgements can often best be made by
bringing together a range of personnel (e.g. design, maintenance, operators) to ensure that
the hazards that may be present at machinery are properly understood.
4.3 Further information on the process of risk estimation and the assignment of performance
targets can be found in ISO 14121-1 and IEC 61508-5.
5 Safety requirements specification
5.1 A first stage in the respective methodologies of both ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061
requires that the safety function(s) to be implemented by the safety-related control system are
specified.
5.2 An assessment should have been performed relevant to each safety function that is to
be implemented by a control circuit by, for example, using ISO 13849-1, Annex A, or
IEC 62061, Annex A. This should have determined what risk reduction needs to be provided
4) Although there is no definition for the term “non-complex” SRECS or SRP/CS this should be considered
equivalent to low complexity in the context of IEC 62061:2005, 3.2.7.
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by each particular safety function at a machine and, in turn, what level of confidence is
required for the control circuit that performs this safety function.
5.3 The level of confidence specified as a PL and/or a SIL is relevant to a specific safety
function.
5.4 The following shows the information that should be provided in relation to safety
functions by a product (type-C) standard.
Safety function(s) to be implemented by a control circuit:
Name of safety function
Description of the function
Required level of performance according to ISO 13849-1: PL a to e
r
and/or
Required safety integrity according to IEC 62061: SIL 1 to 3
6 Assignment of performance targets: PL versus SIL
Table 1 gives the relationship between PL and SIL based on the average probability of a
dangerous failure per hour. However, both standards have requirements (e.g. systematic
safety integrity) additional to these probabilistic targets that are also to be applied to a safety-
related control system. The rigour of these requirements is related to the respective PL and
SIL.
Table 1 – Relationship between PLs and SILs based on the average probability
of dangerous failure per hour
Average probability of a dangerous
Performance level (PL) Safety integrity level (SIL)
failure per hour (1/h)
−5 −4
a No special safety requirements
W 10 to < 10
−6 −5
b 1
W 3 × 10 to < 10
−6 −6
c W 10 to < 3 × 10 1
−7 −6
d W 10 to < 10 2
−8 −7
e W 10 to < 10 3
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7 System design
7.1 General requirements for system design using IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1
The following aspects should be taken into account when designing a SRECS/SRP/CS.
– When applied within the limitations of their respective scopes either of the two standards
can be used to design safety-related control systems with acceptable functional safety, as
indicated by the achieved SIL or PL.
– Non-complex safety-related parts that are designed to the relevant PL in accordance with
ISO 13849-1 can be integrated as subsystems into a safety-related electrical control
system (SRECS) designed in accordance with IEC 62061. Any complex safety-related
parts that are designed to the relevant PL in accordance with ISO 13849-1 can be
integrated into safety-related parts of a control system (SRP/CS) designed in accordance
with ISO 13849-1.
– Any non-complex subsystem that is designed in accordance with IEC 62061 to the
relevant SIL can be integrated as a safety-related part into a combination of SRP/CS
designed in accordance with ISO 13849-1.
– Any complex subsystem that is designed in accordance with IEC 61508 to the relevant SIL
can be integrated as a safety-related part into a combination of SRP/CS designed in
accordance with ISO 13849-1 or as subsystems into a SRECS designed in accordance
with IEC 62061.
7.2 Estimation of PFH and MTTF and the use of fault exclusions
D d
7.2.1 PFH and MTTF
D d
7.2.1.1 The value of MTTF in the context of ISO 13849-1 relates to a single channel
d
SRP/CS without diagnostics and, only in this case, is the reciprocal of PFH in IEC 62061.
D
7.2.1.2 MTTF is a parameter of a component(s) and/or single channel without any
d
consideration being given to factors such as diagnostics and architecture, while PFH is a
D
parameter of a subsystem that takes into account the contribution of factors such as
diagnostics and architecture depending on the design structure.
7.2.1.3 Annex K of ISO 13849-1 describes the relationship between MTTF and the PFH of
d D
an SRP/CS for different architectures classified in terms of category and diagnostic coverage
(DC).
7.2.1.4 The estimation of PFH for a series connected combination of SRP/CS in
D
accordance with ISO 13849-1 can also be performed by adding PFH values (e.g. derived
D
from Annex K of ISO 13849-1) of each SRP/CS in a similar manner to that used with
subsystems in IEC 62061.
7.2.2 Use of fault exclusions
7.2.2.1 Both standards permit the use of fault exclusions, see 6.7.7 of IEC 62061 and 7.3 of
ISO 13849-1. IEC 62061 does not permit the use of fault exclusions for a SRECS without
hardware fault tolerance required to achieve SIL 3 without hardware fault tolerance.
7.2.2.2 It is important that where fault exclusions are used that they be properly justified and
valid for the intended lifetime of an SRP/CS or SRECS.
7.2.2.3 In general, where PL e or SIL 3 is specified for a safety function to be implemented
by an SRP/CS or SRECS, it is not normal to rely upon fault exclusions alone to achieve this
level of performance. This is dependent upon the technology used and the intended operating
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environment. Therefore it is essential that the designer takes additional care in the use of
fault exclusions as PL or SIL increases.
7.2.2.4 In general the use of fault exclusions is not applicable to the mechanical aspects of
electromechanical position switches and manually operated switches (e.g. an emergency stop
device) in order to achieve PL e or SIL 3 in the design of an SRP/CS or SRECS. Those fault
exclusions that can be applied to specific mechanical fault conditions (e.g. wear/corrosion,
fracture) are described in ISO 13849-2.
7.2.2.5 For example, a door interlocking system that has to achieve PL e or SIL 3 will need
to incorporate a minimum fault tolerance of 1 (e.g. two conventional mechanical position
switches) in order to achieve this level of performance since it is not normally justifiable to
exclude faults such as broken switch actuators. However, it may be acceptable to exclude
faults such as short circuit of wiring within a control panel designed in accordance with
relevant standards.
7.2.2.6 Further information on the use of fault exclusions is to be provided in the forthcoming
revision of ISO 13849-2 currently being developed by ISO/TC 199/WG 8.
7.3 System design using subsystems or SRP/CS that conform to either IEC 62061 or
ISO 13849-1
7.3.1 In all cases where subsystems or safety-related parts of control systems are designed
to either ISO 13849-1 or IEC 62061, conformance to the system level standard can only be
claimed if all the requirements of the system level standard (as relevant) are satisfied.
7.3.2 For the design of a subsystem or a part of safety-related parts of control systems
either IEC 62061 or ISO 13849-1, respectively, shall be satisfied. It is permissible to satisfy
more than one of these standards provided that those standards used are fully complied with.
7.3.3 It is not permissible to mix requirements of the standards when designing a subsystem
or part of safety-related parts of control systems.
7.4 System design using subsystems or SRP/CS that have been designed using other
IEC or ISO standards
7.4.1 It may be possible to select subsystems, for example, electrosensitive protective
equipment, that comply with relevant IEC or ISO product standards and either IEC 61508,
IEC 62061 or ISO 13849-1 in their design. The vendor(s) of these types of subsystems should
provide the necessary information to facilitate their integration into a safety-related control
system in accordance with either IEC 62061 or ISO 13849-1.
7.4.2 Subsystems, for example, adjustable speed electrical power drive systems, that have
been designed using product standards, such as IEC 61800-5-2, that implement the
requirements of IEC 61508 can be used in safety-related control systems in accordance with
IEC 62061 (see also 6.7.3 of IEC 62061) and ISO 13849-1.
7.4.3 In accordance with IEC 62061 other subsystems that have been designed using IEC,
ISO or other standard(s) are subject to 6.7.3 of IEC 62061.
8 Example
8.1 General
The following example assumes that all the requirements of the standards have been satisfied.
The example is only intended to demonstrate specific aspects of the application of the
standards.
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8.2 Simplified example of the design and validation of a safety-related control system
implementing a specified safety-related control function
8.2.1 This simplified example is intended to demonstrate the use of subsystems or SRP/CS
that comply with IEC 62061 and/or ISO 13849-1 in a SRECS/SRP/CS. The example is based
on the implementation of a safety function described as a safety-related stop function
associated with position monitoring of a moveable guard, with a specified safety integrity level
of SIL 3/required performance level PL e as described in Figure 1.
r
IEC 1625/10
shown in actuated position
a
Open.
b
Closed.
c
START.
d
Feedback circuit.
Figure 1 – Example implementation of the safety function
8.2.2 The following information is relevant to the safety requirements specification for this
example.
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Safety function
– Safety-related stop fu
...
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