SIST EN 17423:2021
(Main)Energy performance of buildings - Determination and reporting of Primary Energy Factors (PEF) and CO2 emission coefficient - General Principles, Module M1-7
Energy performance of buildings - Determination and reporting of Primary Energy Factors (PEF) and CO2 emission coefficient - General Principles, Module M1-7
This document provides a transparent framework for reporting on the choices related to the procedure to determine primary energy factors (PEFs) and CO2 emission coefficients for energy delivered to and exported from the buildings as described in EN ISO 52000-1.
This document specifies the choices to be made to calculate the PEF(s) and CO2 emission coefficients related to different energy carriers. PEFs and CO2 emission coefficients for exported energy can be different from those chosen for delivered energy.
This document is primarily intended for supporting and complementing EN ISO 52000-1, as the latter requires values for the PEFs and CO2 emission coefficients to complete the EPB calculation. But it can also be used for other applications.
NOTE The CO2 emission coefficients allow calculating greenhouse gas emissions. According to the choices made, the CO2 emission coefficients represent only CO2 emissions or also other greenhouse gases.
Table 1 shows the position (marked by "X") of this document within the modular structure as set out in EN ISO 52000-1.
The modules represent EPB standards, although one EPB standard may cover more than one module and one module may be covered by more than one EPB standard, for instance a simplified and a detailed method respectively.
Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden - Bestimmung und Berichterstattung von Primärenergiefaktoren (PEF) und CO2-Emissionsfaktoren
Dieses Dokument bietet einen transparenten Rahmen für die Berichterstattung zu Entscheidungen, die mit dem Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Primärenergiefaktoren (PEFs) und CO2-Emissionskoeffizienten für Gebäuden zugeführte und aus ihnen abgeführte Energie, wie in EN ISO 52000 1 beschrieben, zusammen¬hängen.
In diesem Dokument werden die Entscheidungen dargelegt, die in Bezug auf die Berechnung von PEF(s) und CO2-Emissionskoeffizienten, die mit verschiedenen Energieträgern zusammenhängen, zu treffen sind. PEFs und CO2-Emissionskoeffizienten für abgeführte Energie können sich von jenen, die für zugeführte Energie ausgewählt wurden, unterscheiden.
Dieses Dokument ist hauptsächlich zur Unterstützung und Ergänzung von EN ISO 52000 1 vorgesehen, da Letztere Werte für die PEFs und CO2-Emissionskoeffizienten zur Durchführung der EPB-Berechnung erfordert. Es kann auch für andere Anwendungen genutzt werden.
ANMERKUNG Die CO2-Emissionskoeffizienten ermöglichen die Berechnung von Treibhausgasemissionen. Die CO2 Emissionskoeffizienten stellen entsprechend den getroffenen Entscheidungen nur CO2-Emissionen oder auch andere Treibhausgase dar.
Tabelle 1 zeigt die Position (durch ein „X“ gekennzeichnet) dieses Dokuments innerhalb der modularen Struktur wie in EN ISO 52000 1 dargestellt an.
Die Module repräsentieren EPB Normen, auch wenn eine EPB Norm mehr als ein Modul abdecken kann und ein Modul von mehr als einer EPB Norm abgedeckt werden kann, zum Beispiel jeweils ein vereinfachtes und ein detailliertes Verfahren.
Performance énergétique des bâtiments - Détermination et déclaration des facteurs d’énergie primaire (PEF) et du coefficient d’émission de CO2 - Principes généraux, Module M1-7
Le présent document offre un cadre transparent pour déclarer les choix de mode opératoire visant à déterminer les facteurs d’énergie primaire ainsi que les coefficients d’émission de CO2 de l’énergie livrée aux bâtiments et de l’énergie exportée par le bâtiment, tel que décrit dans l’EN ISO 52000-1.
Le présent document spécifie les choix à effectuer afin de calculer les PEF et les coefficients d’émission de CO2 relatifs à différents vecteurs énergétiques. Les PEF et les coefficients d’émission de CO2 de l’énergie exportée par le bâtiment peuvent différer de ceux choisis pour l’énergie livrée au bâtiment.
Le présent document est essentiellement une norme complémentaire à l’EN ISO 52000-1, car cette dernière exige que les valeurs de PEF et de coefficients d’émission de CO2 viennent compléter le calcul PEB. Elle peut cependant être utilisée pour d’autres applications.
NOTE Les coefficients d’émission de CO2 permettent de calculer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Selon les choix effectués, les coefficients d’émission de CO2 ne représentent que les émissions de CO2 ou également d’autres gaz à effet de serre.
Le Tableau 1 montre la position (marquée par un « X ») du présent document au sein de la structure modulaire définie par l’EN ISO 52000-1.
Les modules représentent les normes PEB. Une norme PEB peut toutefois couvrir plusieurs modules et un module peut toutefois être couvert par plusieurs normes PEB (par exemple, par une méthode simplifiée et par une méthode détaillée respectivement).
Energijske lastnosti stavb - Določanje in poročanje o faktorjih primarne energije (PEF) in emisijskem koeficientu CO2 - Splošna načela - Modul M1-7
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2021
Energijske lastnosti stavb - Določanje in poročanje o faktorjih primarne energije
(PEF) in emisijskem koeficientu CO2 - Splošna načela - Modul M1-7
Energy performance of buildings - Determination and reporting of Primary Energy
Factors (PEF) and CO2 emission coefficient - General Principles, Module M1-7
Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden - Bestimmung und Berichterstattung von
Primärenergiefaktoren (PEF) und CO2-Emissionsfaktoren
Performance énergétique des bâtiments - Détermination et déclaration des facteurs
d’énergie primaire (PEF) et du coefficient d’émission de CO2 - Principes généraux,
Module M1-7
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 17423:2020
ICS:
13.040.01 Kakovost zraka na splošno Air quality in general
91.120.10 Toplotna izolacija stavb Thermal insulation of
buildings
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 17423
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.01; 91.120.10
English Version
Energy performance of buildings - Determination and
reporting of Primary Energy Factors (PEF) and CO2
emission coefficient - General Principles, Module M1-7
Performance énergétique des bâtiments - Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden - Bestimmung und
Détermination et déclaration des facteurs d'énergie Berichterstattung von Primärenergiefaktoren (PEF)
primaire (PEF) et du coefficient d'émission de CO2 - und CO2-Emissionsfaktoren
Principes généraux, Module M1-7
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 October 2020.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 17423:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Symbols, subscripts and abbreviations. 10
4.1 Symbols . 10
4.2 Subscripts . 11
4.3 Abbreviations . 11
5 General description of the methods and choices . 12
5.1 Basic principles of the assessment methods . 12
5.2 Short description of the choices . 18
6 Set of different choices related to PEF and CO emission coefficient . 19
6.1 Choices related to the perimeter — Geographical perimeter . 19
6.2 Choices related to calculation conventions . 19
6.3 Choices related to the data . 20
6.4 Choices related to the assessment methodologies . 23
Annex A (normative) Template for reporting the choices . 28
Annex B (informative) Examples of assessment boundaries . 30
Annex C (informative) Additional explanation and reporting . 32
Bibliography . 45
European foreword
This document (EN 17423:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 371 “Energy
Performance of Buildings project group”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document belongs to a series of standards aiming at international harmonization of the methodology
for the assessment of the energy performance of buildings.
For the correct use of this document, a normative template is given in Annex A to report the choices.
The target group of this document are all the users of the set of standards related to the assessment of
the energy performance of buildings and especially national standardization experts or building
authorities who are in charge of defining the PEFs and CO emission coefficients.
In view of the complexity of the issue, the need for contextual knowledge and practicality of use, it is
useful to mention necessary comments and explanations directly in the standard, and not to prepare a
separate CEN/TR (Technical Report). For the same reasons, parts taken from other standards are
appropriate to have in this document.
The document can be applied for different time intervals (annual, monthly, hourly).
This document is a new standard.
1 Scope
This document provides a transparent framework for reporting on the choices related to the procedure
to determine primary energy factors (PEFs) and CO emission coefficients for energy delivered to and
exported from the buildings as described in EN ISO 52000-1.
This document specifies the choices to be made to calculate the PEF(s) and CO emission coefficients
related to different energy carriers. PEFs and CO emission coefficients for exported energy can be
different from those chosen for delivered energy.
This document is primarily intended for supporting and complementing EN ISO 52000-1, as the latter
requires values for the PEFs and CO emission coefficients to complete the EPB calculation. But it can also
be used for other applications.
NOTE The CO emission coefficients allow calculating greenhouse gas emissions. According to the choices
made, the CO emission coefficients represent only CO emissions or also other greenhouse gases.
2 2
Table 1 shows the position (marked by “X”) of this document within the modular structure as set out in
EN ISO 52000-1.
The modules represent EPB standards, although one EPB standard may cover more than one module and
one module may be covered by more than one EPB standard, for instance a simplified and a detailed
method respectively.
Table 1 — Position of this document (M1–7), within the modular structure as set out in EN ISO 52000-1
Building
Overarching Technical Building Systems
(as such)
Domestic Building
PV,
Submodule Descriptions Descriptions Descriptions Heating Cooling Ventilation Humidification Dehumidification Hot Lighting automation
wind,.
water and control
sub1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
1 General General General
Common
terms and
Building
definitions;
2 Energy Needs
symbols,
Needs
units and
subscripts
(Free) Indoor
Maximum
Conditions
3 Applications Load and
without
Power
Systems
Ways to Ways to Ways to
Express Express Express
Energy Energy Energy
Performance Performance Performance
Building
Heat
categories Emission and
5 Transfer by
and Building control
Transmission
Boundaries
Building Heat
Occupancy Transfer by
Distribution
6 and Infiltration
and control
Operating and
Conditions Ventilation
Building
Overarching Technical Building Systems
(as such)
Domestic Building
PV,
Submodule Descriptions Descriptions Descriptions Heating Cooling Ventilation Humidification Dehumidification Hot Lighting automation
wind,.
water and control
sub1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
Aggregation
of Energy
Internal Heat Storage and
7 Services and X
Gains control
Energy
Carriers
Building Solar Heat Generation
zoning Gains and control
Load
Building
Calculated dispatching
Dynamics
9 Energy and
(thermal
Performance operating
mass)
conditions
Measured Measured Measured
10 Energy Energy Energy
Performance Performance Performance
11 Inspection Inspection Inspection
Ways to
Express
12 BMS
Indoor
Comfort
External
13 Environment
Conditions
Economic
Calculation
The shaded modules are not applicable.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 15316-4-5, Energy performance of buildings - Method for calculation of system energy requirements and
system efficiencies - Part 4-5: District heating and cooling, Module M3-8-5, M4-8-5, M8-8-5, M11-8-5
EN ISO 7345, Thermal performance of buildings and building components - Physical quantities and
definitions (ISO 7345)
EN ISO 52000-1:2017, Energy performance of buildings - Overarching EPB assessment - Part 1: General
framework and procedures (ISO 52000-1:2017)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 7345, EN ISO 52000-1 and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
primary energy
energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process
Note 1 to entry: Primary energy may be related to non-renewable energy and renewable energy. If both are taken
into account, it is called “total primary energy”.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 3.4.29, modified note – “includes” is replaced by “may be related to”]
3.2
energy carrier
substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work, electricity or thermal energy or
to operate chemical or physical processes
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 3.4.9, modified – “or heat” has been replaced by “electricity or thermal
energy”.]
3.3
primary energy factor
ratio of the primary energy to the energy delivered to or exported from the assessment boundary
Note 1 to entry: primary energy factor can refer to the total primary energy or to the renewable, or non-renewable
primary energy. To be more precise it should be specified (e.g. non-renewable primary energy factor).
3.3.1
non-renewable primary energy factor for delivered energy carrier
non-renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier, including the delivered energy and the
considered non-renewable energy overheads of delivery to the points of use, divided by the delivered
energy
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 3.5.17 modified – the term is completed by “for delivered energy
carrier” and in the definition “non-renewable” is added before “energy overhead”]
3.3.2
non-renewable primary energy factor for exported energy carrier
non-renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier, including the exported energy and the
considered non-renewable energy overheads of producing and exporting to the collection points, divided
by the exported energy
3.3.3
renewable primary energy factor for delivered energy carrier
renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier, including the delivered energy and the considered
renewable energy overheads of delivery to the points of use, divided by the delivered energy
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 3.5.21, modified – the term is completed by “for delivered energy
carrier” and in the definition for “an energy carrier” the words “distant or nearby” have been deleted.]
3.3.4
renewable primary energy factor for exported energy carrier
renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier including the exported energy and the considered
renewable energy overheads of producing and exporting to the collection points, divided by the exported
energy
3.3.5
total primary energy factor
sum of non-renewable and renewable PEFs for a given energy carrier
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 3.5.25]
3.4
CO emission coefficient
coefficient that describes the amount of CO that is released from doing a certain activity
EXAMPLE Burning one tonne of fuel in a furnace is an example of application.
Note 1 to entry: The CO emission coefficient can also include the equivalent emissions of other greenhouse gases
(e.g. methane). To be more precise it should be specified by adding “equivalent” (e.g. CO eq).
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 3.5.4, modified – The original note 1 and note 2 have been deleted. In
note 3 the second sentence has been added.]
3.5
assessment boundary
boundary where the delivered and exported energy carriers are measured or calculated
Note 1 to entry: The term “building” in this document is used to mean “whatever is inside the assessment boundary”.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 3.4.2, modified – “energy” has been replaced by “energy carriers”. Note
1 has been added]
3.6
energy flow
quantity of energy going from the energy source to the energy use
3.7
greenhouse gas
gas, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation
emitted by the earth's surface, the atmosphere, and clouds
Note 1 to entry: Greenhouse gas may have natural and anthropogenic origins.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.1, modified – “gaseous constituent of the atmosphere” is simplified
into “gas”. The notes have been deleted, because they are not of interest for the application of the term
here Note 1 used to be part of the definition.]
3.8
biogenic carbon
carbon derived from biomass
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.7.2]
3.9
fossil carbon
carbon that is contained in fossilized material
Note 1 to entry: Examples of fossilized material are coal, oil, natural gas and peat.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.7.3]
4 Symbols, subscripts and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017]
For the purposes of this document, the symbols listed in Table 2 apply.
The following text includes symbols that are not used in this document, but that are needed for overall
consistency in the set of EPB standards.
Table 2 — Symbols and units
Symbol Quantity Unit
a
c coefficient
various
b
E kW·h
energy in general
a
f factor (e.g. primary energy factor, …)
–
H calorific value, net or gross (NCV or GCV), kW∙h/kg
K CO emission coefficient kg/(kW∙h)
Q quantity of heat kW∙h
a
η efficiency (factor)
–
a
ɛ expenditure factor
–
a
Coefficients have dimensions; factors are dimensionless.
b
Including primary energy; note that for heat the symbol Q and for auxiliary energy and work the symbol W is
used.
4.2 Subscripts
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017]
For the purposes of this document, the subscripts listed in Table 3 apply.
The following text includes subscripts that are not used in this document, but that are needed for overall
consistency in the set of EPB standards.
Table 3 — Subscripts
Subscript Term Subscript Term
CO CO emission nren non-renewable
2 2
cr energy carrier ntdel net delivered
del delivered P primary energy
dis distribution Pnren non-renewable primary energy
el electricity pr produced
exp exported pv solar electricity (photovoltaic)
gen generation ren renewable energy
i, j, k indexes tot total
in input we weighting
ls losses
4.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the abbreviations listed in Table 4 apply.
Table 4 — Abbreviations
Abbreviation Term
CHP Combined Heat and Power
EPB Energy Performance of
Buildings
GHG Green House Gases
GWP Global Warming Potential
LCA Live Cycle Analysis
PEF Primary Energy Factor
PV Photovoltaic
5 General description of the methods and choices
5.1 Basic principles of the assessment methods
5.1.1 Primary Energy Factors (PEF)
5.1.1.1 The three fundamental types of PEF
[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017, H.3, modified – More explanation has been added, the order of clauses
has been changed.]
For each delivered or exported energy carrier, there are three PEFs (see Figure 1), related to different
energy contents of the energy carrier, to be assessed:
a) Non-renewable PEF (f )
P;nren
The primary energy taken into account in the non-renewable PEF covers only non-renewable energy
flows (possibly including also the non-renewable energy overheads of delivery to the point of use,
according to the LCA method, see 6.4.4) required to deliver one unit of energy of the related energy
carrier to the building. Therefore, the non-renewable PEF can be less than one if the unit of energy
contains also renewable energy. It covers the whole non-renewable primary energies consumption,
including those consumed by exploitation of the renewable sources when applicable.
b) Renewable PEF (f )
P;ren
The primary energy taken into account in the definition of renewable PEF covers only renewable
energy flows (possibly including also the renewable energy overheads of delivery to the point of use,
according to the LCA method, see 6.4.4) required to deliver one unit of energy to the building per
energy carrier. It covers all renewable primary energy including those consumed for the exploitation
of the non-renewable sources (e.g. renewable energy used to produce electricity to drive an electric
pump for pumping oil through a pipeline).
c) Total PEF (f )
P;tot
The total PEF is the sum of the non-renewable and renewable PEF.
5.1.1.2 PEF for delivered and exported energy
In line with EN ISO 52000-1, this document defines the PEF for delivered energy to the building through
the assessment boundary and the energy produced “on-site” and exported through the assessment
boundary.
— PEF for a delivered energy carrier cr
The PEF, f , for a delivered energy carrier cr from on-site, nearby or distant is defined as:
del
Σ E
jjwe;del,
(1)
f =
we;del;cr
E
del;cr
where
E is delivered energy, in kWh;
we;del
cr is the subscript representing the type of the energy carrier;
we is the subscript representing sequentially total, non-renewable or renewable
attribute;
j is the subscript accounting for different energy sources of same type we, which
concurs to produce the energy carrier.
Key
A energy source 4 non-renewable infrastructure related energy (see also 6.4.4)
B upstream chain of energy supply 5 renewable infrastructure related energy (see also 6.4.4)
C inside the assessment boundary 6 non-renewable energy to extract, refine, convert and transport
1 total primary energy 7 renewable energy to extract, refine, convert and transport
2 non-renewable primary energy 8 delivered non-renewable energy
3 renewable primary energy 9 delivered renewable energy
Figure 1 — PEFs for a two source (one non-renewable, the other renewable) energy carrier
— PEF for an exported energy carrier cr
Energy that is produced on-site can be exported. In this case, EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 9.6.6 allows for
either a PEF representing the resources avoided by the external grid or a PEF representing the
resources used for producing the energy.
5.1.1.3 Gross and Net calorific value
The PEF can be expressed based on gross or net calorific values.
5.1.1.4 In-use phase or Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
The PEF may focus only on the in-use phase or take into account also the embedded energy used (LCA,
see 6.4.4) for example to manufacture wind turbines.
5.1.2 CO emission coefficient
LCA approach is used in EN 15978 (Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of environmental
performance of buildings – Calculation method) for the assessment of environmental impacts of buildings
(including climate change) during life cycle of buildings (including operational energy use of buildings).
In EN 15978 and EN 15804 the LCA approach with GWP calculation rules have been aligned with
EN ISO 14067 (Carbon Footprint of Products) and the European Commission Product Environmental
Footprint (PEF) calculation rules applying the GWP100 characterisation factors for the GWP calculations.
It is important that approaches in standards (and in regulations) are aligned in the construction sector,
when they both are using the LCA approach for CO emissions (GWP) in order to direct the performance
of buildings into the same direction, i.e. to mitigate climate change.
This document does not provide any GWP calculation rules but offers a standard template that helps
reporting the main methodological choices.
The CO emission coefficient can also include the equivalent emission of other greenhouse gases (e.g.
methane, N O, etc.). To be more precise, it should be specified by adding “equivalent” (e.g. CO eq).
2 2
The emission factors shall be coherent with the choice of referring to gross or net calorific value.
In line with EN ISO 52000-1, in this document the CO emission coefficients are applied to the energy
delivered to the building or exported through the assessment boundary.
For the energy produced on-site and which can be exported, EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 9.6.6 allows for either
a CO emission coefficient representing the resources avoided by the external grid or a CO emission
2 2
coefficient representing the resources used for producing the energy. Subclause 6.3.4 defines both
options.
CO emission coefficient for an exported energy carrier cr
Energy that is produced on-site can be exported. As for PEF calculation, ISO 52000-1 allows for either a
CO emission coefficient representing the resources avoided by the external grid or a CO emission
2 2
coefficient representing the resources used for producing the energy.
5.1.3 Assessment boundary
To start the determination and reporting of PEF and CO emission coefficient the perimeter of the
assessment shall be set. It shall be clearly stated where the specific technical energy system ends (e.g.
“inside” – see hereafter) and where the assessment of the PEF and CO emission coefficient starts
(“outside” – see hereafter).
The assessment boundary is the boundary where the delivered and exported energy are measured or
calculated to assess the building energy performance. In EN ISO 52000-1, the assessment boundary
delimitates two systems:
— “inside” the assessment boundary where the energy losses and auxiliary energy are taken into
account explicitly as energy amounts. However in EN ISO 52000-1 CO emissions are not explicitly
taken into account inside the assessment boundary. Therefore, the CO emissions factors of
combustible energy vectors include the CO emissions of a perfect combustion process. The real
efficiency is calculated inside the assessment boundary.
— “outside” the assessment boundary where the energy losses and auxiliary energy necessary to
deliver one unit of the energy carrier to the building are taken into account in the PEFs per energy
carrier. The PEF of delivered energy carriers shall only take into account losses and auxiliary related
to the energy carrier. Otherwise the PEF and CO emission coefficient could not be applied in a
coherent way to all buildings.
Therefore, the placement of the assessment boundary is important to clearly define what to take into
account in the PEF and the CO emission coefficient. Examples on possible placements of the assessment
boundary are provided in Annex B.
NOTE In EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 9.5.1, the assessment boundary is defined as the output of active solar, wind or
water energy systems. By convention, no primary energy losses are counted beyond this boundary for the upstream
energy flow.
5.1.4 Origin of delivered energies
The delivered energies are classified according to the following source perimeters:
— on-site,
— nearby,
— distant.
Refer to EN ISO 52000-1:2017, 9.5.1 for a complete description of the origin of delivered energies.
These perimeters refer to the production site localisation and do not necessarily coincide with the
geographical perimeter.
The concept of on-site, nearby and distant is schematically shown in Figure 2. A similar figure can be
made for the gas grid.
Key
a assessment boundary (use energy balance) 1 PV, thermal solar
b perimeter: on-site 2 wind
c perimeter: nearby 3 boiler room
d perimeter: distant 4 heat pump
S1 thermally conditioned space 5 district heating/cooling
S2 space outside thermal envelope 6 substation (low/medium voltage and possible storage)
Figure 2 — Example of a scheme of the concept of assessment boundary and origin of delivered
energy
PEF and CO emission coefficients are defined for each energy flow delivered or exported through the
assessment boundary, considering the origin for delivered and the destination for exported energy.
5.1.5 Accounting methods
5.1.5.1 General
The assessment of the PEF and CO emission coefficient for an energy carrier can be done by:
— following the reverse energy flow (from the building to the primary energy source),
— a global evaluation (inventory of primary energy inputs in the geographical perimeter).
NOTE 1 Both approaches should lead to the same results notwithstanding calculation or inventory
approximations.
The selection of the approach mainly depends on the kind of data available. It can also depend on the size
of the geographical perimeter and the interconnection between the energy sources in case of multi-
source energy carriers.
Additional methodologies are provided to allocate the input energy carriers to the delivered energy
carrier and to the output energy carriers for:
— multi energy input system for a delivered energy carrier;
— multi energy output system.
NOTE 2 At this stage of the standard, the treatment of multi-output systems where one or more outputs are not
an energy carrier (for example, if it is a chemical feedstock or non-energy material) is not explicitly taken into
account.
In addition to the methods mentioned before, which are focusing on the “in-use” phase, a method based
on LCA (e.g. taking into account the embedded energy for construction and deconstruction of the energy
carrier infrastructure, see 6.4.4) may be used to assess the PEF and the CO emission coefficient of an
energy carrier within the geographical perimeter.
5.1.5.2 Calculation approach: Reverse energy flows by energy carrier
Each energy carrier is connected to a building through a network of wires, pipes, trucks, ships. If the
energy flow of an energy carrier from the energy source to the building is well defined, then the
calculation procedure may go backward (with respect to energy flow direction), starting by a unit of
delivered energy to the building and gathering information upstream related to primary energy
consumption and CO emissions. Throughout this calculation, several choices shall be made.
In the energy flow of each energy carrier, several components can be distinguished in the energy network:
extraction, conversion and transport. Not all energy carriers may have all components in the network
(e.g. conversion).
Identify for each network component the:
— energy inputs;
— auxiliary energy consumption;
— mass losses impacting global warming or the energy content (e.g. leakage) or both;
— thermal losses;
— energy output.
All the primary energy consumption, with a distinction between renewable and non-renewable primary
energy use, and CO emissions are added up.
NOTE In some cases, CO emissions taken into account for an energy carrier are determined by the energy
carrier itself rather than the specific transformation process (e.g. combustion of gas within the building).
For additional explanation and reporting, see Annex C, C.1.
5.1.5.3 Inventory approach: Global evaluation: production
In case of multiple source energy carriers (e.g. electricity), large centralised network (e.g. gas network)
or energy carriers that are not provided by a network (e.g. heating oil), it may not be possible to follow
the reverse energy flow. But it might be that the input primary energy to the geographical perimeter is
available.
In such cases, a global evaluation approach can be used to calculate PEF and CO emission coefficients.
The inventories of all primary energy inputs and CO emissions occurring within the geographical
perimeter could be used. In addition a LCA approach (see 6.4.4) could also be used to take into account
primary energy consumption and CO emissions occurring outside the geographical perimeter related to
the different considered energy carriers.
5.2 Short description of the choices
To limit the assessment methods (e.g. input data, perimeter), various choices need to be made. For each
choice, a set of options is defined (see Clause 6) to facilitate the reporting of the choices and to make the
content of PEF and CO emission coefficients more transparent.
Annex A provides a template for reporting the choices made for the determination of PEF and CO
emission coefficients for each energy carrier.
The choices to be made in the assessment of PEF and CO emission coefficients are resumed hereafter
and structured in following main categories:
1) Choices related to the perimeter of the assessment:
— geographical perimeter which defines the boundaries within which PEF and CO emission
coefficients apply.
2) Choices related to calculation conventions:
— time resolution;
— sources of the data used;
— net or gross calorific values.
3) Choices related to the data:
— energy sources to be considered (available energy sources);
— type of CO emission coefficients;
— greenhouse gases taken into account, time horizon for the global warming potential (GWP);
— biogenic carbon;
— conventions related to energy conversion;
— conventions for PEF related to exported energy.
4) Choices related to the assessment methodologies:
— energy exchanges with other geographical perimeters;
— calculation approaches for multisource generation mix;
— allocation of multi energy output system;
— life cycle analysis (LCA).
6 Set of different choices related to PEF and CO emission coefficient
6.1 Choices related to the perimeter — Geographical perimeter
The geographical perimeter is the perimeter of the energy use to which:
— a PEF and a CO emission coefficient are applicable;
— the related data is used for its calculation.
The geographical perimeter may be different from the perimeter for the energy production.
Each energy carrier can have its own geographical perimeter. For example, a biomass source can be
evaluated at a local perimeter, while a nuclear power plant distant energy carrier can be evaluated at a
national scale.
The options available are:
— Option 1: European (specify the borders taken into account: political, geographic, …);
— Option 2: National (country, without overseas regions if applicable);
— Option 3: Regional (sub national level);
— Option 4: Local (nearby);
— Option 5: Other.
6.2 Choices related to calculation conventions
6.2.1 Time resolution
The time resolution is the time period of the outputs (i.e. the PEF and CO coefficient).
The different options are:
— Option 1: Hourly;
— Option 2: Monthly;
— Option 3: Annual;
— Option 4: Other.
The PEF and CO emission coefficient can be provided at an hourly, monthly, annual or other output
period with respect of the availability of input data.
If the calculation interval of the input data is smaller than the time resolution, the input data shall be
added up until the interval of the time resolution is reached. These data are then used for the calculation
for energy and CO emissions.
If the time resolution of the input data is smaller than the calculation interval, the input data shall be
added up until the calculation interval is reached.
6.2.2 Sources (time horizon) of the data used
For each energy carrier, the type of data source shall be chosen between the following options:
— Option 1: Real historic, when real data are used;
— Option 2: Simulated historic; when data from a calculation based on past situations is used;
— Option 3: Forward looking; when data from simulation on forward-looking situations is used;
— Option 4: Other.
For each energy carrier, the range of years used shall be specified (and the source of data should be
indicated).
NOTE A too frequent update of the PEF and CO emission coefficients values can make comparisons more
difficult; however, it can result in the observation of the possibly rapid evolution (technological or economical) of
an energy carrier.
6.2.3 Net or gross calorific value
The delivered energy and the related PEF can be expressed based on gross or net calorific values. The
choice between net and gross caloric value shall be maintained for the energy performance assessment
of all systems and the PEFs of all energy carriers without mixing net and gross values.
The choice related to Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Gross Calorific Value (GCV) influence the denominator
of the ratio related to the PEF or CO emission coefficients. For example, depending on the choice, the
kWh included in 1 m of gas will not be the same.
The following choices should be made. The choices shall be the same for all fuels:
— Option 1: Net calorific Value;
— Option 2: Gross Calorific value.
6.3 Choices related to the data
6.3.1 Energy sources to be considered (available energy sources)
In EN ISO 52000-1, on-site produced energy can be taken into account in the energy performance of the
building as self-consumption. In that case, this energy produced is not available for the general grid
outside the assessment boundary.
Therefore, the self-consumed on-site production should not be included in the calculation of the PEF and
CO emission coefficient of the general grid as part of energy production. This double counting (counting
for self-consumption and in the general grid) should be avoided. This can be extended to energy dedicated
to specific communities as well.
Exported energy, even if already valorized in the building energy performance, can be counted in the PEF
and CO emission coefficient of the energy carrier, because the energy source is available.
NOTE This could provide a double benefit to exported on-site energy generation.
The following options should be reported:
— Option 1: Include all energy sources per energy carrier in the geographical perimeter x;
— Option 2: Exclude self-consumed on-site energy generation;
— Option 3: Exclude energy per energy carrier covered by dedicated delivery contracts or otherwise
not available for the general grid;
— Option 4: Other.
Option 2 and 3 are not mutually exclusive.
6.3.2 Type of CO emission coefficients
6.3.2.1 General
These choices apply to CO emission coefficient only.
It aims clarifying what is included and not included in the CO emissions.
Two choices are defined:
— Greenhouse gases (GHG) considered and the time horizon considered for each GHG (see 6.3.2.2);
— Biogenic carbon (see 6.3.2.3).
6.3.2.2 Greenhouse gases taken into account and time horizon for GWP
The Greenhouse gas emission coefficient shall be expressed in kg of CO equivalent per kWh. It may also
include the equivalent emissions of other greenhouse gas emissions like methane, nitrous oxide, etc. The
conversion factors shall be coherent with the choice of referring to gross calorific value (GVC) or net
calorific value (NCV).
The GWP of each GHG depends on the time horizon. The time horizon influences the results, especially
for energy carriers that emit other GHG than CO (e.g. CH , N O, etc.), because the CO is the reference
2 4 2 2
gas.
CO , by definition, has a GWP of 1 regardless of the time horizon used, as it is the reference gas. CO
2 2
remains in the climate system for a very long time (thousands of years).
Other GHG may have a shorter lifetime. The net effect of the shorter lifetime and higher energy absorption
is reflected in the GWP. As an example, CH remains in the climate system only about a decade in average.
But CH absorbs much more energy than CO .
4 2
For this category, the options are:
— Option 1: CO only.
Only CO (fossil or biogenic) is considered, other greenhouse gases are excluded;
— Option 2: CO equivalent (all GHG), GWP for 20 years.
All greenhouse gases as defined by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) are taken into
account. The indicator corresponds to the weighted sum of the mass of all GHG multiplied by their
respective global warming potential (GWP).
The time horizon for GWP is set to 20 years;
— Option 3: CO equivalent (all GHG), GWP for 100 years;
— Option 4: Other.
6.3.2.3 Biogenic carbon
Biogenic carbon emissions correspond to the combustion (CO emissions) or the degradation (CH
2 4
emissions) of biomass products, whereas fossil carbon corresponds to the combustion (CO ) or the
degradation or leaks (CH ), or the transformation of fossil products.
Even if there is no physical difference between the molecules (fossil or biogenic) there is a major
difference regarding the evaluation of their respective impacts on climate change. It takes a few years for
atmospheric carbon to be absorbed by the biosphere (e.g. forest, algae). Therefore, it could be considered
that biogenic CO is compensated by sequestrated CO of the related biomass. This is not the case for
2 2
fossil carbon where it takes millions of years to be absorbed by fossil reservoirs. That is the reason why
the two carbon emissions may be treated differently.
The possible options are:
— Option 1: Carbon neutrality is applied.
All biogenic CO emissions are compensated by the equivalent amount of CO sequestrated. Biogenic
2 2
CH is accounted for;
— Option 2: Biogenic CO and biogenic CH emitted are accounted.
2 4
Biogenic CO stored by biomass is not accounted for;
— Option 3: Other.
Fossil carbon CO emissions to the atmosphere are always counted.
6.3.3 Conventions related to energy conversion
In this clause, “conversion” refers to the process of transforming an input energy carrier (in the sense of
the energy flow) into a different output energy carrier in the energy chain, both located outside the
assessment boundary (e.g. electrical power plant, power to gas and gas to power, H generation,
cracking).
The conventions related to each conversion process shall be made transparent.
Different conventions exist to characterize the conversion between the input source (in the sense of
energy flow) and the energy output.
The choices related to the conversion conventions are the following:
— Option 1: Zero equivalent convention.
This convention excludes any renewable primary energy consumption for the production of the
energy carrier. Only the non-renewable energy is accounted. This option applies only to energy from
renewable sources (combustible and non-combustible);
NOTE To be coherent with this document, the zero equivalent convention [Source: Fraunhofer for electricity
generation] requires that the following convention in this document are also chosen: Non-renewable primary
energy factor f = 0.
P;nren
— Option 2: Direct equivalent convention.
The convention is to take into account an efficiency of 100 % (η =1). No losses are taken into
gen
account for these types of energ
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...