SIST EN 539-2:2006
(Main)Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying - Determination of physical characteristics - Part 2: Test for frost resistance
Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying - Determination of physical characteristics - Part 2: Test for frost resistance
This part of this European Standard specifies five test methods for the determination of frost resistance of clay roofing tiles and fittings.
The first four test methods (methods A, B, C and D) are applicable according to the requirements described in EN 1304.
The fifth test method (E) is applicable in all the CEN members in accordance with the requirement of each member state. Each country indicates the level or levels in the National foreword of EN 539-2.
Dachziegel für überdeckende Verlegung - Bestimmung der physikalischen Eigenschaften - Teil 2: Prüfung der Frostwiderstandsfähigkeit
Dieser Teil der Europäischen Norm legt fünf Prüfverfahren für die Bestimmung der Frostwiderstandsfähigkeit von Dachziegeln und Formziegeln fest.
Die ersten vier Prüfverfahren (Verfahren A, B, C und D) sind entsprechend der in EN 1304 beschriebenen Anforderungen anzuwenden.
Das fünfte Prüfverfahren (E) ist bei allen CEN-Mitgliedern in Übereinstimmung mit der im jeweiligen Mitgliedsland angegebenen Anforderung anwendbar. Jedes Land gibt in seinem nationalen Vorwort der EN 539 2 die Leistungsstufe oder –stufen an.
Tuiles de terre cuite pour pose en discontinu - Détermination des caractéristiques physiques - Partie 2 : Essais de résistance au gel
Cette partie de la présente Norme européenne spécifie cinq méthodes d'essai pour la détermination de la résistance au gel des tuiles et accessoires de terre cuite.
Les quatre premieres méthodes d'essai (méthodes A, B, C et D) sont applicables selon les exigences décrites dans l’ EN 1304.
La cinquieme méthode d'essai (E) est applicable dans tous les États membres du CEN selon l'exigence énoncée par chaque État membre. Chaque pays se doit d’indiquer le ou les niveaux applicables dans son avant-propos national de l’EN 539-2.
Opečni strešniki – Ugotavljanje fizikalnih lastnosti – 2. del: Preskušanje odpornosti proti zamrzovanju
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 539-2:2006
01-oktober-2006
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 539-2:1998
2SHþQLVWUHãQLNL±8JRWDYOMDQMHIL]LNDOQLKODVWQRVWL±GHO 3UHVNXãDQMH
RGSRUQRVWLSURWL]DPU]RYDQMX
Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying - Determination of physical characteristics -
Part 2: Test for frost resistance
Dachziegel für überdeckende Verlegung - Bestimmung der physikalischen Eigenschaften
- Teil 2: Prüfung der Frostwiderstandsfähigkeit
Tuiles de terre cuite pour pose en discontinu - Détermination des caractéristiques
physiques - Partie 2 : Essais de résistance au gel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 539-2:2006
ICS:
91.060.20 Strehe Roofs
91.100.25 .HUDPLþQLJUDGEHQLL]GHONL Ceramic building products
SIST EN 539-2:2006 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 539-2:2006
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SIST EN 539-2:2006
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 539-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2006
ICS 91.100.25 Supersedes EN 539-2:1998
English Version
Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying - Determination of
physical characteristics - Part 2: Test for frost resistance
Tuiles de terre cuite pour pose en discontinu - Tondachziegel für überlappende Verlegung - Bestimmung
Détermination des caractéristiques physiques - Partie 2 : der physikalischen Eigenschaften - Teil 2: Prüfung der
Essais de résistance au gel Frostwiderstandsfähigkeit
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 May 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 539-2:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 539-2:2006
EN 539-2:2006 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms and definitions .4
4 Test pieces .7
5 Test method A.7
5.1 Principle.7
5.2 Apparatus .7
5.3 Sampling.8
5.4 Preliminary treatment.8
5.5 Procedure .9
5.6 Interpretation of the results .11
5.7 Test report .12
6 Test method B.12
6.1 Principle.12
6.2 Apparatus .13
6.3 Sampling.18
6.4 Preliminary treatment.18
6.5 Procedure .19
6.6 Evaluation of the test results.22
6.7 Test report .23
7 Test method C.24
7.1 Principle.24
7.2 Apparatus .24
7.3 Sampling.25
7.4 Preliminary treatment.25
7.5 Procedure .25
7.6 Interpretation of the test results.28
7.7 Test report .28
8 Test method D.29
8.1 Principle.29
8.2 Apparatus .29
8.3 Sampling.29
8.4 Preliminary treatment.29
8.5 Procedure .30
8.6 Interpretation of the test results.31
8.7 Test report .31
9 Test method E (European single test method) .33
9.1 Principle.33
9.2 Apparatus .34
9.3 Test sample .35
9.4 Procedure .35
9.5 Evaluation of the test pieces .40
9.6 Test report .41
Annex A (normative) Determination and calculation of water absorption .42
Annex B (normative) Determination of the dry density by hydrostatic weighing.43
2
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EN 539-2:2006 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 539-2:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 128 “Roof covering
products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding”, the secretariat of which is held by IBN/BIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2006.
This document supersedes EN 539-2:1998.
This part of the standard is one of a series of standards concerning clay roofing tiles, the list of which is
indicated below:
EN 1304, Clay roofing tiles and fittings — Products definitions and specifications
EN 538, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying — Flexural strength test
EN 1024, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying — Determination of geometric characteristics
This part of EN 539 is preceded by Part 1:
EN 539-1, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying — Determination of physical characteristics — Part 1:
Impermeability test
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
3
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EN 539-2:2006 (E)
1 Scope
This part of this European Standard specifies five test methods for the determination of frost resistance of clay
roofing tiles and fittings.
The first four test methods (methods A, B, C and D) are applicable according to the requirements described in
EN 1304.
The fifth test method (E) is applicable in all the CEN members in accordance with the requirement of each
member state. Each country indicates the level or levels in their national foreword of EN 539-2.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1304, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying — Products definitions and specifications
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
pit
see definition in EN 1304
3.2
hair crack
superficial crack having a width of not more than 0,20 mm
3.3
nascent crack
crack formation at the edge, only crack penetrating slightly into the interior of the ceramic body
4
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3.4
surface crack
crack more than 0,20 mm wide and with a length of more than 30 mm, which does not pass through the
thickness of the product
3.5
surface damage
loss of a part of the ceramic body from the surface of the product, one of the dimensions of that part being
greater than 10 mm. The surface area of the product remains unchanged
3.5.1
scaling
surface raising, nascent chipping, or crack, which initiates damage
3.5.2
chip
loss of a fraction of the body material of the product
3.5.3
peeling
loss of a part of the superficial layer of the product
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3.5.4
flaking
progressive loss of body material affecting parts or the whole thickness of the product
3.6
structural crack
see definition in EN 1304
3.7
loss of ribs
loss of body material from the interlocking ribs sufficient to influence their function
3.8
break
see definition in EN 1304
3.9
delamination
lamellar flaking which can lead to the delamination of the body in a succession of parallel layers
3.10
calibration device (applies to method E only)
roof tile or ceramic slab which may be specially made to possess the characteristics defined within 9.4.1.1 and
which will not be damaged during the calibration
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4 Test pieces
If the tiles or fittings are placed on the market with a ceramic coating and/or treatment, the tests shall be
carried out on test pieces having this coating and/or treatment.
When the tiles or fittings are taken from a site or building, they shall be tested in the state in which they are
found, but the interpretation of the test results shall take into account the stresses to which these installed
products have been subjected.
5 Test method A
5.1 Principle
4
The sample of test pieces is immersed in water under vacuum at an absolute air pressure of 4 × 10 Pa. It is
next subjected to a fixed number of freeze/thaw cycles, after which the individual test pieces are examined for
any possible damage caused by frost. The heat extraction at the exposed surface of the product creates a
unidirectional freezing flow from the exposed surface of the product towards its interior. After each freezing
stage the test pieces are completely thawed out in water. The preliminary soaking and the freeze/thaw cycles
are carried out following exact procedures.
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Drying oven
It shall be adjustable to (110 ± 5) °C.
5.2.2 Balance
It shall be accurate to within 1 g.
5.2.3 Programme controlled freezing unit
Consisting of:
exposure chamber, thermally insulated and fitted with a grid. The exposure chamber shall be able to
accommodate at least one sample;
air circulation system allowing an even air flow to be directed towards the lower part of the exposure
chamber at a velocity of about 1,5 m/s in the section above the test pieces, so that the extraction of heat
at the surface of the test pieces corresponds to:
(300 ± 60) W/m² at (- 15 ± 3) °C and (100 ± 20) W/m² at (- 5 ± 1) °C;
refrigeration unit, capable of reducing the air temperature in the test chamber from (18 ± 2) °C to
(- 15 ± 3) °C in 1 h 45 min ± 15 min;
thawing system, with provision for the supply of water to and the removal of water from the exposure
chamber, as well as an overflow system and a mechanism for reheating the thawed water to (18 ± 2) °C.
This unit shall be capable of being filled with and emptied of water in a period of less than 15 min;
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control and measuring unit, capable of controlling and checking the successive freeze/thaw cycles
according to the appropriate programme. Temperature measurements shall be accurate to within 0,5 °C.
The measurement is carried out at a distance of 25 mm from the middle of the test piece in the middle of
the exposure chamber. The temperature of the test piece is measured at the centre of the gravel filler
directly beneath the test piece.
5.2.4 Miscellaneous
The following are also necessary for carrying out this test:
material allowing the construction of a test assembly (see Figure 1) made up of two test pieces arranged
back to back at a distance of about 50 mm, as well as a gravel filler which will allow the unidirectional
freezing of the test pieces and a damp atmosphere around their back sides (e.g. gravel with a particle
size of 2 mm to 4 mm);
absorbent cloths, waterproof ink, potable water.
5.3 Sampling
5.3.1 Laboratory sample
The laboratory sample shall be selected at random from the production or consignment concerned and shall
consist of eight whole and undamaged clay roofing test pieces (tiles or fittings).
The sampled test pieces shall conform to the requirements concerning structural characteristics laid down in
EN 1304.
5.3.2 Test sample
The test sample consists of six out of the eight test pieces referred to above.
After the soaking operation as described in 5.4.3, the three test pieces displaying the highest water absorption
are selected, as well as three other test pieces chosen at random.
These test pieces shall be marked with waterproof ink. The remaining two test pieces are kept as a reference
to use when compiling the test results.
5.4 Preliminary treatment
5.4.1 Drying of the sample
Dry the test pieces at (110 ± 5) °C for 48 h.
Weigh each test piece in its dry state to an accuracy of one gram to determine its dry mass (M ) after cooling
d
in the ambient air of the laboratory.
5.4.2 Visual inspection of the sample
Examine the dry test pieces with the naked eye and in normal daylight for possible imperfections. Mark each
imperfection with waterproof ink.
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5.4.3 Soaking of the test pieces
5.4.3.1 General
The procedure for soaking in water described below is carried out before the freeze/thaw test to realize the
saturation prior to doing this test.
5.4.3.2 Principle
4
The water absorption takes place at absolute pressure of 4 × 10 Pa.
5.4.3.3 Apparatus
Water supply tank, filled with potable water.
Vacuum tank, easily accessible and fitted with a grid and water gauge, suitable for the soaking of at least one
test sample.
Connecting pipe with control valve, between the bottom of the water supply tank and the space below the grid
in the vacuum tank.
Vacuum pump with pressure control unit, connected with the vacuum tank above the maximum water level
3
and capable of reaching and maintaining an absolute air pressure of 3 × 10 Pa.
5.4.3.4 Procedure
Place the dry test pieces in a vertical and free position in the vacuum tank, with their longest edges resting on
the grid.
4 3
Evacuate the vacuum tank now filled and closed, for (60 ± 5) min at absolute pressure of (4 × 10 ± 10 ) Pa.
Introduce water from the water supply tank into the vacuum tank for (30 ± 3) min whilst maintaining the
absolute pressure, so as to immerse the test pieces gradually until the water level is 20 mm to 25 mm above
their highest point. Maintain the pressure above the immersed test pieces for another (30 ± 3) min. Then
restore atmospheric pressure in the tank.
The soaking procedure is now completed.
Remove each test piece from the water tank, wipe off the surface water with an absorbent cloth and weigh it
to the nearest gram to determine its wet mass (M ). Calculate the water content (W ) in % of the dry mass
s s
using the following equation:
W = [(M - M ) / M ] in %.
s s d d
Do not allow the test pieces to dry out whilst waiting to start the freeze/thaw test.
5.5 Procedure
5.5.1 Positioning of the test pieces
Arrange the test pieces in pairs using elastic bands or equivalent material to constitute an assembly as shown
in Figure 1, so that the test pieces are positioned back to back with a gap of approximately 50 mm between
the closest points filled with gravel (2 mm to 4 mm particle size).
Place a temperature sensor behind the test piece with the highest water content; this is simply to check the
temperature.
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Place the test assemblies vertically on the grid in the exposure chamber of the freeze/thaw simulator with a
gap between them of at least 50 mm.
If necessary, fix the test assemblies to the grid to improve their stability in the submerged situation.
Key
1 gravel
2 slab of extruded foam with closed pores
3 elastic band
Figure 1 — Example of assembly with two tiles
5.5.2 Freeze/thaw programme
Submit the test sample to 24 freeze/thaw cycles, consisting of 12 cycles with an air temperature of
(- 15 ± 1) °C in the freezing stage, followed by 12 cycles with an air temperature of (- 5 ± 0,5) °C in the
freezing stage.
Immerse the test pieces in water at (18 ± 2) °C during the thawing stage.
Each freezing stage shall last for 8 h ± 6 min and each thawing phase for 4 h ± 6 min.
The freezing stage of 8 h ± 6 min includes the time necessary for lowering the temperature to and maintaining
it at (- 15 ± 3) °C.
The thawing stage of 4 h ± 6 min includes the time necessary for filling with water and draining it away.
5.5.3 Carrying out of the test
Carry out the freeze/thaw test as specified in 5.5.2 after a period of soaking in water at (18 ± 2) °C for a
minimum of 2 h and a maximum of 4 h. Commence the 24 freeze/thaw cycles with a freezing stage at an air
temperature of (- 15 ± 3) °C.
10
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5.5.4 Assessment of possible damage caused by frost
5.5.4.1 Drying of the test pieces
After completion of the freeze/thaw test remove the test pieces from the test assemblies, rinse thoroughly in
clear water and then dry at (110 ± 5) °C for 48 h.
5.5.4.2 Final visual inspection
Examine each test piece of the sample on all its surfaces with the naked eye in normal daylight from a
distance of 250 mm to 400 mm for any visible frost damage caused during the test.
Record the nature, position and extent of any possible frost damage separately on each test piece (see
Clause 3).
5.6 Interpretation of the results
The sample shall be considered frost resistant if none of the test pieces show any of the following types of
damage constituting failure of this test:
loss of rib(s);
surface crack(s) or structural crack(s);
breaks;
scaling or surface damage;
flaking;
delamination;
peeling;
1)
each of the test pieces has kept one nib intact .
A test piece revealing a hair crack on one of its edges shall be sawn through to check on internal delamination.
For comparison, the test pieces kept in reserve (see 5.3.2) should also be sawn through. Hair cracks on the
tile edges due to internal delamination caused during the test and consequently not found in the reference test
pieces, shall be considered as frost damage constituting failure of this test.
Whatever their dimension, pits caused by the presence of concentrations of pyrites or lime, hair cracks and
nascent cracks shall not be considered as frost damage constituting failure of this test.
Equally, minor damages such as:
scaling;
flaking;
peeling
are not considered as frost damage constituting failure of this test;
1)
This last specification concerns only test pieces with one or several nibs before testing.
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provided that:
damaged area is less than 200 mm²;
mean depth is less than 2 mm with a maximum local size of 3 mm;
damage does not relate in any way to internal delamination (to be checked by cutting through).
5.7 Test report
The test report shall include:
a) designation of the sample tested including the description and identification of the tiles or fittings including
the type, the dimensions, the name of the manufacturer, and if possible, the production date (reference to
marking and to the requirements of EN 1304);
b) number of this European Standard, i.e. EN 539-2;
c) test method used A;
d) name of the test laboratory;
e) date when the laboratory received the sample;
f) date of the test;
g) table listing for each test piece:
initial dry mass M ;
d
water content after soaking W ;
s
type, position and extent of any visible frost damage appeared during the test;
h) assessment of the frost resistance of the sample according to the requirements stated in the method used
to do the test;
i) comments if necessary;
j) signature of the person in charge of the test.
6 Test method B
6.1 Principle
Natural critical freeze/thaw cycles are simulated by saturating test pieces with water and then exposing them
to severe freezing on one surface only.
The upper surfaces of suitably prepared test pieces selected according to statistical principles are directly
exposed to freezing in a programme-controlled freezing unit then thawed by sprinkling with reheated water,
followed by immersion in water. The freeze/thaw cycles are repeated until the test pieces show signs of
serious damage or until 150 freeze/thaw cycles have been completed.
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6.2 Apparatus
6.2.1 Ventilated drying oven
It shall be capable of reaching a temperature of at least 120 °C.
6.2.2 Balance
It shall be accurate to within 1 g.
6.2.3 Water tank
Container, made of steel or plastic for example.
6.2.4 Sprinkling system (see Figure 2)
It consists of a sealed container equipped with an observation window.
Two rafters are arranged in the lower third of the container at an angle of 15° to the horizontal. Battens are
then fixed to the rafters in such a way that three rows of test pieces can be arranged as on a roof. The battens
shall be long enough to accommodate at least three test pieces laid side by side.
The base of the sprinkling system forms a basin for collecting water. A water atomizer is located inside the
airtight container to ensure that a relative humidity of above 95 % is maintained inside the container.
Two spray nozzles are fitted 50 cm above the surface of the test roof to spray the test pieces with water. The
combined rate of flow through both nozzles shall be 12 l/min.
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EN 539-2:2006 (E)
Key
1 observation window
2 spray nozzle
3 water atomizer
Figure 2 — Sprinkling system
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6.2.5 Programme controlled freezing unit (see Figure 3)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 cooling unit
2 test specimen rack
3 cover plate (see also 6.5.2)
4 deflector plates
5 side walls
6 jets
Figure 3 — Diagrammatic representation of a programme controlled freezing unit filled with test
pieces
The programme controlled freezing unit consists of a freezing chamber, fan, cooling units, jets for sprinkling,
water level regulator, water drain and programme control unit.
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It shall be large enough to accommodate a test pieces rack made of stainless steel, with cover plate and
deflector plates made of 3 mm thick, thermally-insulating plastic and trapezoidal side walls likewise made of
plastic.
The freezing unit is equipped with a lid. It shall be closed on all sides and have a sufficient effective volume of
3
at least 0,5 m so that it can accommodate a minimum of six test pieces placed in an upright, but inclined,
position in a row on the rack.
The fan fitted into the freezing chamber (e.g. into the lid) shall circulate air in such a way that all test piece
surfaces are fanned from above with approximately the same volume of air so as to ensure uniform heat
extraction.
Temperature sensors shall be fitted at several points inside the freezing chamber to permit monitoring of the
uniform temperature distribution inside the chamber. If necessary, deflectors can be fitted to maintain a
uniform temperature distribution.
It shall be possible to regulate the output of the cooling unit so that cooling and ice formation measured in a
reference tile is in accordance with the cooling curve shown in Figure 5.
A water jet is placed in front of each test piece so that the (visible) active surface of it can be uniformly
sprayed with water, which shall have a temperature from 5 °C to 10 °C and a flow rate of 4,5 l/min per jet.
In order t
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