SIST EN ISO 10440-2:2004
(Main)Petroleum and natural gas industries - Rotary-type positive-displacement compressors - Part 2: Packaged air compressors (oil-free) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Rotary-type positive-displacement compressors - Part 2: Packaged air compressors (oil-free) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
This part of ISO 10440 covers the minimum requirements for helical, spiral and straight-lobe, oil-free rotary
compressors used for applications up to 0,20 MPa in refinery services. It is applicable to air (and other inert gas)
compressors that are in continuous duty on process units.
This part of ISO 10440 is not applicable to oil injected rotary compressors.
NOTE A bullet (?) at the beginning of a clause or sub-clause indicates that either a decision is required or further
information is to be provided by the purchaser. This information should be indicated on the data sheets; otherwise it should be
stated in the quotation request or in the order.
Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Rotierende Verdrängerkompressoren - Teil 2: Luftkompressoranlagen (ölfrei) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
Dieser Teil der ISO 10440 legt Mindestanforderungen an ölfreie Verdränger-Kompressoren mit schrauben-förmig, spiralförmig oder gerade angeordneten Flügeln fest, die bei der Raffination zur Erzeugung von Drücken bis zu 0,20 MPa angewendet werden. Dieser Teil von ISO 10440 ist auf Luftkompressoren (sowie auf Kompressoren für andere inerte Gase) anwendbar, die an Prozesseinheiten im Dauerbetrieb eingesetzt werden.
Der vorliegende Teil von ISO 10440 ist nicht auf Verdränger-Kompressoren mit Ölinjektion anwendbar.
ANMERKUNG Eine Markierung durch einen Vollkreis (h) am Beginn eines Absatzes bedeutet, dass entweder eine Entscheidung erforderlich ist oder weitere Informationen vom Besteller bereitzustellen sind. Diese Informationen sollten in den
Datenblättern angegeben werden; anderenfalls sollten sie in dem angeforderten Kostenvoranschlag (Anfrage) oder im Auftrag vermerkt werden.
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Compresseurs volumétriques de type rotatif - Partie 2: Compresseurs a air assemblé (sans huile) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
La présente partie de l'ISO 10440 spécifie les prescriptions minimales concernant les compresseurs rotatifs sans huile hélicoïdaux, en spirale et avec lobes droits, utilisés en raffineries pour des applications jusqu'à 0,20 MPa. Elle est applicable à des compresseurs à air (et autres gaz inertes) fonctionnant en service continu dans des unités de procédé. La présente partie de l'ISO 10440 n'est pas applicable aux compresseurs rotatifs à injection. NOTE Le symbole (?) au commencement d'un article ou d'un paragraphe indique que soit une décision est exigée, soit une nouvelle information doit être fournie par l'acheteur. Il convient que cette information soit indiquée sur les feuilles de données; à défaut, il est bon qu'elle soit citée dans l'appel d'offre ou dans la commande.
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Rotary-type positive-displacement compressors - Part 2: Packaged air compressors (oil-free) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2004
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Rotary-type positive-displacement
compressors - Part 2: Packaged air compressors (oil-free) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Rotary-type positive-displacement compressors -
Part 2: Packaged air compressors (oil-free) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Rotierende Verdrängerkompressoren - Teil 2:
Luftkompressoranlagen (ölfrei) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Compresseurs volumétriques de type rotatif -
Partie 2: Compresseurs a air assemblé (sans huile) (ISO 10440-2:2001)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 10440-2:2001
ICS:
23.140 .RPSUHVRUMLLQSQHYPDWLþQL Compressors and pneumatic
VWURML machines
75.180.20 Predelovalna oprema Processing equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10440-2
First edition
2001-12-01
Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Rotary-type positive-displacement
compressors —
Part 2:
Packaged air compressors (oil-free)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Compresseurs volumétriques de
type rotatif —
Partie 2: Compresseurs à air assemblé (sans huile)
Reference number
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
©
ISO 2001
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
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ii © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .3
4 Basic design.5
4.1 General.5
4.2 Pressure casing .6
4.3 Casing connections.7
4.4 External forces and moments .8
4.5 Rotating elements.8
4.6 Seals.9
4.7 Dynamics.9
4.8 Bearings and bearing housings.11
4.9 Bearing housings .11
4.10 Lube oil and seal oil systems.11
4.11 Materials .12
4.12 Nameplates.13
5 Accessories.13
5.1 Drivers.13
5.2 Couplings and guards.14
5.3 Mounting plates .14
5.4 Controls and instrumentation .16
5.5 Piping and appurtenances.18
6 Inspection, testing, and preparation for shipment.21
6.1 General.21
6.2 Inspection.21
6.3 Testing .22
6.4 Preparation for shipment.25
7 Vendor’s data .26
7.1 Proposals .26
7.2 Contract information .27
Annex A (normative) Data sheets.30
Bibliography.40
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10440 may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10440-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 118, Compressors, pneumatic
tools and pneumatic machines and Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 6, Processing equipment and systems.
ISO 10440 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries — Rotary-
type positive-displacement compressors:
Part 1: Process compressors (oil-free)
Part 2: Packaged air compressors (oil-free)
Annex A forms a normative part of this part of ISO 10440.
iv © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10440 is based on the 2nd edition API 619 and upon the accumulated knowledge and experience
of manufacturers and users of oil-free rotary compressors. The objective of this publication is to provide a purchase
specification to facilitate the manufacture and procurement of oil-free rotary compressors for general petroleum and
natural gas industry services but its use is not limited to these services.
The purpose of this part of ISO 10440 is to establish minimum requirements for design and construction so that the
equipment will be suitable for the purpose for which it is required. This limitation in scope is one of charter rather
than interest and concern. Energy conservation and protection of environment are matters of increasing concern
and are important in all aspects of equipment design, application and operation. The manufacturers and users of
equipment should aggressively pursue alternative innovative approaches which improve energy utilization and/or
minimize environmental impact without sacrificing safety or reliability. Such approaches should be thoroughly
investigated and purchase options should increasingly be based on the estimation of whole life costs and the
environmental consequences rather than acquisition costs alone.
This part of ISO 10440 requires the purchaser to specify certain details and features.
For effective use of this part of ISO 10440 and ease of reference to the text, the use of the data sheets in annex A
is recommended.
Users of this part of ISO 10440 should be aware that further or differing requirements may be needed for individual
applications. This part of ISO 10440 is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser from
accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This may be particularly
applicable where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the vendor should
identify any variations from this part of ISO 10440 and provide details.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Rotary-type positive-
displacement compressors —
Part 2:
Packaged air compressors (oil-free)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10440 covers the minimum requirements for helical, spiral and straight-lobe, oil-free rotary
compressors used for applications up to 0,20 MPa in refinery services. It is applicable to air (and other inert gas)
compressors that are in continuous duty on process units.
This part of ISO 10440 is not applicable to oil injected rotary compressors.
NOTE A bullet (•) at the beginning of a clause or sub-clause indicates that either a decision is required or further
information is to be provided by the purchaser. This information should be indicated on the data sheets; otherwise it should be
stated in the quotation request or in the order.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 10440. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10440 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 7-1:1994, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances
and designation
ISO 262:1998, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — Selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts
ISO 281:1990, Rolling bearings — Dynamic load ratings and rating life
ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts, screws and
studs
ISO 1217:1996, Displacement compressors — Acceptance tests
ISO 1328-2:1997, Cylindrical gears — ISO system of accuracy — Part 2: Definitions and allowable values of
deviations relevant to radial composit deviations and runout information
ISO 1940-1:1986, Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors — Part 1: Determination of
permissible residual unbalance
ISO 3506-1:1997, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners — Part 1: Bolts, screws
and studs
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
1)
ISO 5167-1:— , Measurement of fluid flow in circular cross-section conduits running full using pressure differential
devices — Part 1: General
ISO 7005-1:1992, Metallic flanges — Part 1: Steel flanges
ISO 9329-2:1997, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 2:
Unalloyed and alloyed steels with specified elevated temperature properties
ISO 9329-4:1997, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 4:
Austenitic stainless steels
ISO 10441:1999, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Flexible couplings for mechanical power transmission —
Special purpose applications
IEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniques — Part 1: General definitions and test requirements
IEC 60060-2, High voltage test techniques — Part 2: Measuring systems
IEC 61000-4-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques —
Electrostatic discharge immunity test
IEC 61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques —
Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques — Section 4:
Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test
EN 55011, Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment — Radio disturbance
characteristics — Limits and methods of measurement
EN 55022, Information technology equipment — Radio disturbance characteristics — Limits and methods of
measurement
ASME B31.1:1998, Power Piping
ASME B31.3:1999, Process Piping
ASME BPVC Section VIII:1998, Rules For Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 1
API 614:1995, Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Control-Oil Systems for Special-Purpose Application
API 661:1992, Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
API 670:1993, Vibration, Axial-Position, and Bearing-Temperature Monitoring Systems
API 671:1990, Special-Purpose Couplings for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
NEMA SM23:1991, Steam turbines for mechanical drive service
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 5167-1:1991)
2 © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 10440, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
rated conditions
specified conditions at which operation is expected and/or optimum efficiency is expected
3.2
maximum allowable differential pressure
highest differential pressure that can be permitted in the casing under the most severe operating conditions of
minimum suction pressure and discharge pressure equal to the relief valve setting
3.3
maximum allowable working pressure
maximum continuous pressure for which the manufacturer has designed the equipment (or any part to which the
term is referred) when handling the specified fluid at the specified temperature
3.4
rated discharge pressure
highest pressure required to meet the conditions the purchaser specifies for the intended service
3.5
maximum allowable temperature
maximum continuous temperature for which the manufacturer has designed the equipment
3.6
rated discharge temperature
predicted actual operating temperature resulting from rated conditions
3.7
rated speed
speed of the power input rotor corresponding to the requirements of the compressor rated capacity
NOTE Rated speed is expressed in revolutions per minute.
3.8
maximum allowable speed
highest speed of the power input rotor at which the manufacturer's design permits continuous operation
NOTE Maximum allowable speed is expressed in revolutions per minute.
3.9
minimum allowable speed
lowest speed of the power input rotor at which the manufacturer's design permits continuous operation for the
lowest rated conditions
NOTE Minimum allowable speed is expressed in revolutions per minute.
3.10
trip speed
speed at which independent emergency overspeed devices operate to shut down a prime mover
NOTE Trip speed is expressed in revolutions per minute.
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
3.11
rated capacity
volume flowrate required by the rated conditions
NOTE Rated capacity is expressed in cubic metres per hour.
3.12
rotor body
profile section on or integral with the shaft
3.13
rotor
complete rotor body and the shaft and shrunk-on sleeves (when furnished)
3.14
rotor assembly
rotating elements mounted on the rotor, excluding couplings
3.15
compressor stage
one or more rotors operating in a casing, the displacement being effected by vanes, meshing elements, or by
displacement of the rotor itself
3.16
packaged compressor
compressor unit, stationary or mobile (portable), as supplied by the manufacturer, fully piped and wired, including
power transmission, primer mover, filters and flow rate control
NOTE A canopy may be provided with the compressor for sound insulation and/or weather protection. Packaged
compressors may also include starting equipment, intercoolers, aftercoolers, silencers, moisture separators, dryers, outlet filters,
minimum pressure devices, outlet valves, check valves, etc.
3.17
axially split casing
casing with joints that are parallel to the shaft centerline
3.18
radially split casing
casing with joints that are transverse to the shaft centerline
3.19
maximum sealing pressure
highest pressure expected at the seals during any specified static or operating conditions and during start-up or
shut-down
3.20
pressure casing
composite of all stationary pressure-containing parts of the unit, including all nozzles and other attached parts
3.21
critical speed
finite speed where resonance exists
4 © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
4 Basic design
4.1 General
4.1.1 The purchaser and the vendor shall agree upon the pressure equipment code to be applied (e.g. ASME
Section VIII Division 1 for design, Section IX for welding, etc.). This shall be specified on the data sheet
(see annex A).
4.1.2 Equipment shall be capable of running safely to the trip speed at 110 % relief valve setting, and specified
maximum differential pressure.
NOTE To run safely involves factors other than differential pressure, such as maximum discharge temperature or limiting
driver power.
4.1.3 Cooling water systems shall be designed for the following conditions unless otherwise specified.
Velocity in exchanger tubes 1,5 m/s to 2,5 m/s
Maximum allowable working pressure > 5 bar (> 0,5 MPa)
Test pressure > 7,7 bar (> 0,77 MPa)
Maximum pressure drop 1 bar (0,1 MPa)
Maximum inlet temperature 32 °C
Maximum outlet temperature 49 °C
Maximum temperature rise 17 °C
Minimum temperature rise 11 °C
Fouling factor on water side 0,35 m2.K/kW
Provision shall be made for complete venting and draining of the system.
4.1.4 The arrangement of the equipment, including piping and auxiliaries, shall be developed jointly by the
purchaser and the package vendor. The arrangement shall provide adequate clearance areas and safe access for
operation and maintenance.
4.1.5 All equipment shall be designed to permit rapid and economical maintenance. Major parts such as casing
components and bearing housings shall be designed (shouldered or dowelled) and manufactured to ensure
accurate alignment on reassembly.
4.1.6 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, spare parts for these compressors and auxiliaries shall meet
all the requirements of the original equipment supplied.
4.1.7 Oil reservoirs and housings that enclose moving lubricated parts (such as bearings, shaft seals, highly
polished parts, instruments and control elements) shall be designed to minimize contamination by moisture, dust
and other foreign matter during periods of operation or idleness.
4.1.8 When special tools and fixtures are required to disassemble, assemble or maintain the unit, they shall be
included in the quotation and furnished as part of the initial supply of the compressor. For multi-unit installations,
the requirements for quantities of special tools and fixtures shall be mutually agreed upon by the purchaser and the
vendor.
4.1.9 When special tools are provided, they shall be packaged in separate, rugged boxes and marked “special
tools for (tag/item number)”. Each tool shall be tagged to indicate its intended use.
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
4.1.10 Packaged compressors shall perform on the test stand to the specified acceptance criteria. Other
guarantees should be agreed upon between the purchaser and the vendor.
z 4.1.11 Many factors (such as pipe loadings, nozzle loadings, alignment at operating conditions, piping and
foundation vibrations from other equipment installed locally, supporting structure, handling during shipment and
handling and assembly at site) may adversely affect site performance.
To minimize the influence of these factors, the vendor shall propose a total compressor package. Allowable loads
on the interconnecting flanges are specified by the vendor.
z 4.1.12 All electrical components and installations shall be suitable for the area classification and grouping
specified by the purchaser on the data sheets and be in accordance with the local codes specified.
z 4.1.13 Control of the sound level from the packaged compressors shall be presented by the vendor. The
equipment furnished shall conform to the requirements and local codes as specified by the purchaser and as
detailed on the data sheets.
z 4.1.14 Water and/or oil separation shall be included in the package. The vendor shall prepare contamination
levels. Where needed, contamination levels shall be specified by the purchaser.
z 4.1.15 The purchaser shall specify whether the installation is indoors (heated or unheated) or outdoors (with or
without a roof) and the weather or environmental conditions in which the equipment shall operate (including
maximum and minimum temperatures and unusual humidity or dust problems). The unit and its auxiliaries shall be
suitable for operation in these specified conditions. For the purchaser's guidance, the vendor shall list in the
proposal any special protection that the purchaser is required to supply.
4.2 Pressure casing
4.2.1 The hoop stress values used in the design of the casings shall not exceed the maximum allowable stress
values in tension, as specified in the design code in 4.1.1, at the maximum and minimum operating temperature of
the materials used.
4.2.2 The maximum allowable working pressure of the casing shall be at least equal to the specified relief valve
setting.
4.2.3 Split pressure level casings shall be avoided. If the casing is split into two or more pressure levels, the
vendor shall define the physical limits and the maximum allowable working pressure of each part of the casing. See
7.1 h) for proposal requirements.
4.2.4 Each axially split casing shall be sufficiently rigid to allow removal and replacement of its upper half without
disturbing rotor-to-casing running clearances.
4.2.5 Casings and supports shall be designed to have sufficient strength and rigidity to limit a change of shaft
alignment to 50 mm at the coupling flange caused by the worst combination of pressure, torque, allowable piping
forces and moments. Supports and alignment bolts shall be rigid enough to permit the machine to be moved by the
use of its lateral, axial and vertical jackscrews.
4.2.6 Axially split casings shall use a metal-to-metal joint (with a suitable joint compound) that is tightly
maintained by suitable bolting. Gaskets (including string type) shall not be used on the axial joint. When gasketed
joints are used between the end covers and the cylinder of radially split casings, they shall be securely maintained
by confining the gaskets.
4.2.7 Jacket cooling systems shall be designed to positively prevent leakage of the process stream into the
coolant. Coolant passages shall not open into casing joints.
4.2.8 Jackscrews, guide rods and casing alignment dowels shall be provided to facilitate disassembly and
reassembly. When jackscrews are used as a means of parting contacting faces, one of the faces shall be relieved
(counter-bored or recessed) to prevent a leaking joint or improper fit caused by marring. Guide rods shall be of
sufficient length to prevent damage to the internals or casing studs by the casing during disassembly and
6 © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
reassembly. Lifting lugs or eyebolts shall be provided for lifting only the top half of the casing. Methods of lifting the
assembled machine shall be specified by the vendor.
4.2.9 For corrosion resistance, wear resistance and running in, overlay cladding or plating may be applied to the
casing wall. The end wall may be similarly lined or have compatible end plates provided. The vendor shall include
details of his procedures in the casing design proposal.
NOTE This procedure may require an overbore of the casing during manufacture prior to final machining.
4.2.10 Details of threading shall be in accordance with ISO 262.
4.2.11 Studs are preferred to cap screws.
4.2.12 A clearance shall be provided at bolting locations to permit the use of socket or box wrenches. The vendor
shall supply any required special tools and fixtures.
4.2.13 Socket, slotted nut or spanner bolting shall not be used unless specifically approved by the purchaser.
4.2.14 Tapped holes in pressure parts shall be kept to a minimum. Sufficient metal in addition to the metal
allowance for corrosion shall be left around and below the bottom of drilled and tapped holes in pressure sections
of casings to prevent leakage.
4.2.15 Studded connections shall be furnished with studs installed. Blind stud holes should only be drilled deep
enough to allow a preferred tap depth of 1,5 times the major diameter of the stud; the first 1,5 threads at both ends
of each stud shall be removed.
4.3 Casing connections
z 4.3.1 Inlet and outlet connections shall be flanged or machined and studded, oriented as specified in the data
sheets, and suitable for the working pressure of the casing as defined in clause 3.
4.3.2 All of the purchaser's connections shall be accessible for disassembly without the machine being moved.
4.3.3 No connections shall be welded to the casing.
4.3.4 When the following items are required or specified, flanged or studded boss connections not less than
20 mm pipe size shall be provided. Smaller connections may be used with the purchaser's approval.
a) Vents.
b) Pressure and temperature gauge connections.
c) Liquid injection.
d) Water cooling.
e) Lubricating and seal oil.
f) Flushing.
g) Buffer gas.
h) Casing drains.
i) Pressure equalizing pipes.
4.3.5 All casing openings for pipe connections shall not be less than 20 mm nominal pipe size and shall be
flanged or machined and studded. Where flanged or machined and studded openings are impractical, threaded
openings are allowable in sizes 20 mm and 25 mm nominal pipe size. These threaded openings shall be installed
as specified in 4.3.5.1 to 4.3.5.5.
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
4.3.5.1 A pipe nipple, preferably not more than 150 mm long, shall be screwed into the threaded openings.
4.3.5.2 Pipe nipples shall be made from seamless tube capable of handling the pressure requirements of the
data sheets and withstanding a mechanical load of 1 000 N in any direction.
4.3.5.3 The pipe nipple shall be provided with a welding neck or socket-weld flange.
4.3.5.4 The nipple and flange material shall meet the material requirements, including impact values, of the
casing rather than the requirements of the connected piping.
4.3.5.5 The threaded connections shall not be seal welded.
4.3.6 Industry non standard openings shall not be used.
4.3.7 Flanges shall be in accordance with ISO 7005-1.
4.3.7.1 Cast iron flanges shall be flat faced.
4.3.7.2 Flat faced flanges with full raised-face thickness are acceptable in cases other than cast iron.
4.3.7.3 Flanges that are thicker or have a larger outside diameter than required by ISO 7005-1 are acceptable.
4.3.7.4 When connections not covered by ISO 7005-1 are used, then all mating parts shall be supplied and
details shall be approved by the purchaser.
4.3.8 Machined and studded connections shall be in accordance with ISO 7005-1 for facing and drilling
requirements. Studs and nuts shall be furnished and installed.
4.3.9 Tapped openings and bosses for pipe threads shall be in accordance with ISO 7-1. Pipe threads shall be
taper threads in accordance with ISO 7-1.
4.3.10 Tapped openings not connected to piping shall be plugged with solid steel plugs. Plugs that may later
require removal shall be of corrosion-resistant material. Threads shall be lubricated. Tape shall not be applied to
threads. Plastic plugs are not permitted.
4.4 External forces and moments
Compressors shall be designed to withstand external forces and moments at least equal to 1,85 times the values
calculated in accordance with NEMA SM23. Wherever possible, these allowable forces and moments should be
increased after considering such factors as location and degree of compressor supports, nozzle length and degree
of reinforcement, and casing configuration and thickness. The allowable forces and moments shall be shown on the
outline drawing.
Care shall be exercized in the selection and location of expansion joints in order to prevent possible early fatigue
due to either pulsation or expansion strain or both. Expansion joints shall not be used in inflammable or toxic
service.
4.5 Rotating elements
4.5.1 Rotors
4.5.1.1 Rotor stiffness shall be sufficient to prevent contact between the rotor bodies and the casing and
between gear-timed rotor bodies at the most unfavourable specified conditions, including 110 % of the relief valve
set pressure. Rotor bodies not integral with the shaft shall be permanently attached to the shaft to prevent relative
motion under any conditions.
4.5.1.2 Shafts shall be forged steel unless otherwise approved by the purchaser.
8 © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
4.5.1.3 Vibration measurements shall be taken on the bearing housings, not on the rotor bearing journal.
4.5.1.4 The shaft ends may be treated (hardened, coated, plated, etc.) to cope with the applied sealing
material.
4.5.2 Timing gears
4.5.2.1 Timing gears shall be made of forged steel or rolled steel and shall be a minimum of Quality 6 of
ISO 1328-2:1995.
4.5.2.2 The meshing relationship between gear-timed rotors shall be adjustable and the adjustment shall be
arranged for positive or functional locking. The adjustment and locking provisions shall be accessible with the rotors
in their bearings. The gear enclosing chamber shall not be subject to contact with the gas.
4.5.2.3 If timing gears have to be removed for seal replacement it shall be possible to retime the rotors without
further disassembly of the casing.
4.5.2.4 Timing gears for helical and spiral compressors shall have the same helix hand (right or left) as the
rotors so that axial position has minimal effect on timing.
4.6 Seals
4.6.1 Application
4.6.1.1 Shaft seals shall be provided to prevent leakage from or into the compressor over the range of
specified conditions and during periods of idleness. Seal operation shall be suitable for all conditions that may
prevail during start-up, shut-down and any other special operation specified by the purchaser.
4.6.1.2 Shaft seals may be one of or a combination of the types described in 4.6.2 to 4.6.4, as specified by the
purchaser. Materials of component parts shall be suitable for service.
4.6.2 Labyrinth type as airseal
Sealing between compressed air and atmosphere may be performed by means of a labyrinth seal. Vent holes in
between the labyrinth for early venting may be provided.
4.6.3 Restrictive-ring type
Restrictive-ring type seals as airseals shall include segmental rings of carbon or other suitable material mounted in
retainers or spacers. The sealrings shall be axially preloaded by springforce.
4.6.4 Mechanical (contact type)
Both labyrinth or restrictive ring-type seal may be used as oil seal in combination with blocking gas, provided all
equipment such as piping, regulators, control valves, etc. be furnished by the vendor. In case the compressed air is
used as buffer gas, provisions shall be taken for sealing during start-up and shut-down.
4.7 Dynamics
4.7.1 Critical speed
4.7.1.1 If the frequency of any harmonic component of a periodic forcing phenomenon is equal to or
approximate to the frequency of any mode of rotor vibration, a condition of resonance may exist. If resonance
exists at a finite speed, that speed is called a critical speed. This part of ISO 10440 is concerned with the actual
critical speeds rather than various calculated values. Actual critical speeds are not calculated undamped values but
are critical speeds confirmed by test stand data. Criticals above test speeds shall be calculated damped values or
shall be determined by externally applied rotor excitations.
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
4.7.1.2 A forcing phenomenon or exciting frequency may be less than, equal to or greater than the
synchronous frequency of the rotor. Such forcing frequencies may include, but are not limited to, the following:
a) unbalance in the rotor system;
b) oil film frequencies;
c) internal rub frequencies;
d) rotor-passing frequencies;
e) gear meshing and side band frequencies;
f) coupling misalignment frequencies;
g) acoustic or aerodynamic frequencies;
h) start-up condition frequencies, such as speed detents under inertial impedance or torsional deflections
contributing to torsional resonances.
4.7.1.3 Support and bearing housing resonances of the driver and driven equipment shall not occur within the
specified range of operating speeds or the specified separation margins.
4.7.1.4 None of the actual rotor critical speeds shall occur within the specified range of rated speeds or the
specified margins.
4.7.1.5 The torsional natural frequencies of the system shall not be within 10 % of any shaft speed in the
rotating system, nor within 5 % of twice any speed, nor within 5 % of the pocket-passing frequency
4.7.1.6 The margin of separation specified in 4.7.1.4 and 4.7.1.5 is intended to prevent the critical response
envelope from overlapping into the operating speed range.
4.7.1.7 Slow roll, start up and shut-down shall not cause any damage as critical speeds are passed.
z 4.7.1.8 When specified, the compressor vendor shall make a lateral critical speed analysis and determine that
the critical speeds of the driver are compatible with the critical speeds of the compressor and that the combination
is suitable for the specified operating speed range.
z 4.7.1.9 When specified for motor driven compressor units and units including gears, and for turbine driven
units, the vendor shall perform a torsional vibration analysis of the compressor driver unit.
z 4.7.1.10 Along with the torsional analysis required in 4.7.1.9, the vendor shall perform a transient torsional
vibration analysis for synchronous driven units.
4.7.2 Vibration and balance
4.7.2.1 Major parts of the rotating element shall be dynamically balanced in accordance with ISO 1940-1.
4.7.2.2 The rotating element shall be multiplane dynamically balanced. Rotors with single keys for couplings
shall be balanced with the keyway fitted with a crowned half key so that the shaft keyway is filled for its full length.
The maximum allowable unbalance force at any journal at maximum continuous speed shall not exceed 10 % of
the static loading of that journal.
z 4.7.2.3 During the shop test of the assembled machine operating at rated speed or at any other speed within
the specified operating speed range, the vibration shall be measured. Acceptance limits shall be agreed between
purchaser and vendor. When required by 6.3.3.5, these tests can be completed with shaft vibration measurements
of double amplitude in any plane measured on the shaft adjacent and relative to each radial bearing and shall not
exceed the value of 63 mm.
10 © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
4.8 Bearings and bearing housings
4.8.1 Radial bearings
Generally, radial bearings shall be of the antifriction type, unless specifically agreed upon between purchaser and
vendor.
4.8.2 Thrust bearings
Generally, thrust bearings shall be of the antifriction type, unless specifically agreed upon between purchaser and
vendor.
4.8.3 Antifriction bearings
Antifriction type bearings shall be selected to provide a minimum lifetime of 30 000 h of continuous duty for rated
compressor operating conditions. This bearing lifetime shall be calculated in accordance with ISO 281. Bearings
other than the angular contact type shall have loose internal clearances and shall be single-row or double-row
bearings. The shaft and housing fits and the methods of retention shall be in accordance with recommended
practices.
4.9 Bearing housings
4.9.1 Bearing housings shall be furnished with corrosion-resistant, weather-protected screened vents or via
adequately sized venting of the oil reservoir. The shaft end seals shall be made of non-sparking metal and shall
effectively retain oil in the housing and prevent entry of foreign material into the housing.
4.9.2 Compressors shall have bearing housing shaft seals at the drive end to prevent oil leakage.
4.9.3 Bearing housings for hydrodynamic bearings designed for pressure lubrication shall be arranged to
minimize foaming. The drain system shall be adequate to maintain the oil and foam levels below the shaft end
seals. When the inlet oil temperature is 45 °C, the rise in oil temperature through the bearing and housing shall not
exceed 30 °C under the most adverse rated conditions. Where the oil inlet temperature exceeds 50 °C, special
consideration shall be given to bearing design, oil flow and allowable temperature rise. Oil outlets from thrust
bearings shall be tangential in the control ring or, if oil control rings are not used, in the thrust bearing cartridge.
4.10 Lube oil and seal oil systems
4.10.1 Pressure lubrication systems shall consist of a main positive-displacement oilpump, a supply-and-return
system, coolers full-flow filter and all necessary instruments.
A complete pressure oil system, or systems, shall be furnished with each compressor unit to supply oil at a suitable
pressure to the following, as applicable:
a) the bearings of the compressor and the driver (including the gear) unless otherwise specified;
b) couplings (if lubricated continuously);
c) the turbine governor and the trip and throttle valve;
d) the purchaser's control system (if hydraulic);
e) the seal oil system;
f) compressor internal cooling.
4.10.2 Bearings and bearing housings shall be arranged for hydrocarbon oil lubrication unless otherwise specified
by the purchaser.
ISO 10440-2:2001(E)
4.10.3 Unless otherwise specified, the manufacturer's standard pressurized oil system shall be supplied.
4.10.4 The vendor shall state in the operating manual the amount of and the specifications for the lubricating oil
required.
4.11 Materials
4.11.1 General
4.11.1.1 Materials of construction shall be the manufacturer's standard, except that all materials for
compressors in contact with process gases shall be compatible with the gases handled. The metallurgy of all major
components shall be clearly stated in the vendor's proposal.
4.11.1.2 Materials shall be identified by reference to an appropriate recognized standard. Where no such
appropriate designation is available, the manufacturer's code or trade name may be used. In such cases, the
manufacturer shall be identified and the chemical composition and significant physical properties of the material
shall be presented elsewhere in the proposal. Properties of the selected materials shall comply with the design
requirements over the full operating and ambient te
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