SIST EN 80000-6:2008
(Main)Quantities and units -- Part 6: Electromagnetism
Quantities and units -- Part 6: Electromagnetism
In IEC 80000-6 names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of electromagnetism are given. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given.
Größen und Einheiten -- Teil 6: Elektromagnetismus
Grandeurs et unités -- Partie 6: Électromagnétisme
La CEI 80000-6:2008 donne les noms, symboles et définitions des grandeurs et unités d'électromagnétisme. Les facteurs de conversion sont également donnés, s'il y a lieu. La Norme internationale CEI 80000-6 a été établie par le comité d'études 25 de la CEI, Grandeurs et unités, et leurs symboles littéraux, en coopération étroite avec l'ISO/TC 12, Grandeurs, unités, symboles, facteurs de conversion. Cette première édition de IEC 80000-6 annule et remplace la deuxième édition de ISO 31 5, publiée en1992 et son amendement 1 (1998).
Veličine in enote - 6. del: Elektromagnetizem (IEC 80000-6:2008)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 80000-6:2008
01-julij-2008
9HOLþLQHLQHQRWHGHO (OHNWURPDJQHWL]HP ,(&
Quantities and units - Part 6: Electromagnetism (IEC 80000-6:2008)
Größen und Einheiten -Teil 6: Elektromagnetismus (IEC 80000-6:2008)
Grandeurs et unités - Partie 6: Électromagnétisme (CEI 80000-6:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 80000-6:2008
ICS:
01.060 9HOLþLQHLQHQRWH Quantities and units
17.220.01 Elektrika. Magnetizem. Electricity. Magnetism.
Splošni vidiki General aspects
SIST EN 80000-6:2008 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 80000-6
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2008
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.29. 17.220.01
English version
Quantities and units -
Part 6: Electromagnetism
(IEC 80000-6:2008)
Grandeurs et unités - Größen und Einheiten -
Partie 6: Électromagnétisme Teil 6: Elektromagnetismus
(CEI 80000-6:2008) (IEC 80000-6:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2008-04-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2008 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 80000-6:2008 E
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EN 80000-6:2008 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 25/370/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 80000-6, prepared by IEC TC 25, Quantities
and units, and their letter symbols, in close cooperation with ISO TC 12, Quantities, units, symbols,
conversion factors, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as
EN 80000-6 on 2008-04-01.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2009-01-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2011-04-01
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 80000-6:2008 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________
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- 3 - EN 80000-6:2008
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1)
IEC 60027-1 1992 Letter symbols to be used in electrical EN 60027-1 2006
technology -
Part 1: General
2)
IEC 60050-111 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
-
(IEV) -
Chapter 111: Physics and chemistry
2)
IEC 60050-121 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
-
(IEV) -
Part 121: Electromagnetism
2)
IEC 60050-131 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
-
(IEV) -
Part 131: Circuit theory
ISO 31-0 1992 Quantities and units - - -
Part 0: General principles
ISO 80000-3 2006 Quantities and units - - -
Part 3: Space and time
ISO 80000-4 2006 Quantities and units - - -
Part 4: Mechanics
1)
EN 60027-1 is based on IEC 60027-1:1995 (Reprint) + A1:1997.
2)
Undated reference.
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IEC 80000-6
Edition 1.0 2008-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Quantities and units –
Part 6: Electromagnetism
Grandeurs et unités –
Partie 6: Electromagnétisme
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
W
CODE PRIX
ICS 01.040.29; 17.220.01 ISBN 2-8318-9624-X
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– 2 – 80000-6 © IEC:2008
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3
0 Introduction .5
0.1 Arrangements of the tables .5
0.2 Tables of quantities .5
0.3 Tables of units.5
0.3.1 General .5
0.3.2 Remark on units for quantities of dimension one, or dimensionless
quantities.6
0.4 Numerical statements in this standard .6
0.5 Special remarks .7
0.5.1 System of quantities .7
0.5.2 Sinusoidal quantities .7
1 Scope.9
2 Normative references .9
3 Names, symbols, and definitions .9
Annex A (informative) Units in the Gaussian CGS system with special names .36
Bibliography.37
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80000-6 © IEC:2008 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
QUANTITIES AND UNITS –
Part 6: Electromagnetism
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 80000-6 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 25:
Quantities and units, and their letter symbols in close cooperation with ISO/TC 12, Quantities,
units, symbols, conversion factors.
This first edition of IEC 80000-6 cancels and replaces the second edition of ISO 31-5,
published in 1992, and its amendment 1 (1998).
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
25/370/FDIS 25/376/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
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– 4 – 80000-6 © IEC:2008
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IEC 80000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Quantities and units:
– Part 6: Electromagnetism
– Part 13: Information science and technology
– Part 14: Telebiometrics related to human physiology
The following parts are published by ISO:
– Part 1: General
– Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology
– Part 3: Space and time
– Part 4: Mechanics
– Part 5: Thermodynamics
– Part 7: Light
– Part 8: Acoustics
– Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics
– Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics
– Part 11: Characteristic numbers
– Part 12: Solid state physics
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80000-6 © IEC:2008 – 5 –
0 Introduction
0.1 Arrangements of the tables
The tables of quantities and units in ISO/IEC 80000 are arranged so that the quantities are
presented on the left-hand pages and the units on the corresponding right-hand pages.
All units between two full lines on the right-hand pages belong to the quantities between the
corresponding full lines on the left-hand pages.
Where the numbering of an item has been changed in the revision of a part of ISO 31, the
number in the preceding edition is shown in parenthesis on the left-hand page under the new
number for the quantity; a dash is used to indicate that the item in question did not appear in
the preceding edition.
0.2 Tables of quantities
The names in English and in French of the most important quantities within the field of this
document are given together with their symbols and, in most cases, their definitions. These
names and symbols are recommendations. The definitions are given for identification of the
quantities in the International System of Quantities (ISQ), listed on the left hand pages of
Table 1; they are not intended to be complete.
The scalar, vectorial or tensorial character of quantities is pointed out, especially when this is
needed for the definitions.
In most cases only one name and only one symbol for the quantity are given; where two or
more names or two or more symbols are given for one quantity and no special distinction is
made, they are on an equal footing. When two types of italic letters exist (for example as with
ϑ and θ; φ and φ; a and a; g and g) only one of these is given. This does not mean that the
other is not equally acceptable. It is recommended that such variants should not be given
different meanings. A symbol within parenthesis implies that it is a reserve symbol, to be used
when, in a particular context, the main symbol is in use with a different meaning.
In this English edition the quantity names in French are printed in an italic font, and are preceded by fr.
The gender of the French name is indicated by (m) for masculine and (f) for feminine, immediately after
the noun in the French name.
0.3 Tables of units
0.3.1 General
The names of units for the corresponding quantities are given together with the international
symbols and the definitions. These unit names are language-dependent, but the symbols are
th
international and the same in all languages. For further information, see the SI Brochure (8
edition 2006) from BIPM and ISO 80000-1 (under preparation).
The units are arranged in the following way:
a) The coherent SI units are given first. The SI units have been adopted by the General
Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures,
CGPM). The use of coherent SI units, and their decimal multiples and submultiples formed
with the SI prefixes are recommended, although the decimal multiples and submultiples
are not explicitly mentioned.
b) Some non-SI units are then given, being those accepted by the International Committee
for Weights and Measures (Comité International des Poids et Mesures, CIPM), or by the
International Organization of Legal Metrology (Organisation Internationale de Métrologie
Légale, OIML), or by ISO and IEC, for use with the SI.
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– 6 – 80000-6 © IEC:2008
Such units are separated from the SI units in the item by use of a broken line between the
SI units and the other units.
c) Non-SI units currently accepted by the CIPM for use with the SI are given in small print
(smaller than the text size) in the “Conversion factors and remarks” column.
d) Non-SI units that are not recommended are given only in annexes in some parts of
ISO/IEC 80000. These annexes are informative, in the first place for the conversion
factors, and are not integral parts of the standard. These deprecated units are arranged in
two groups:
1) units in the CGS system with special names;
2) units based on the foot, pound, second, and some other related units.
e) Other non-SI units given for information, especially regarding the conversion factors are
given in another informative annex.
0.3.2 Remark on units for quantities of dimension one, or dimensionless quantities
The coherent unit for any quantity of dimension one, also called a dimensionless quantity, is
the number one, symbol 1. When the value of such a quantity is expressed, the unit symbol 1
is generally not written out explicitly.
EXAMPLE
Refractive index n = 1,53 × 1 = 1,53
Prefixes shall not be used to form multiples or submultiples of this unit. Instead of prefixes,
powers of 10 are recommended.
EXAMPLE
3
Reynolds number Re = 1,32 × 10
Considering that plane angle is generally expressed as the ratio of two lengths and solid
angle as the ratio of two areas, in 1995 the CGPM specified that, in the SI, the radian, symbol
rad, and steradian, symbol sr, are dimensionless derived units. This implies that the quantities
plane angle and solid angle are considered as derived quantities of dimension one. The units
radian and steradian are thus equal to one; they may either be omitted, or they may be used
in expressions for derived units to facilitate distinction between quantities of different kinds
but having the same dimension.
0.4 Numerical statements in this standard
The sign = is used to denote “is exactly equal to”, the sign ≈ is used to denote “is
approximately equal to”, and the sign := is used to denote “is by definition equal to”.
Numerical values of physical quantities that have been experimentally determined always
have an associated measurement uncertainty. This uncertainty should always be specified. In
this standard, the magnitude of the uncertainty is represented as in the following example.
EXAMPLE
l = 2,347 82(32) m
In this example, l = a(b) m, the numerical value of the uncertainty b indicated in parentheses
is assumed to apply to the last (and least significant) digits of the numerical value a of the
length l. This notation is used when b represents one standard uncertainty (estimated
standard deviation) in the last digits of a. The numerical example given above may be
interpreted to mean that the best estimate of the numerical value of the length l, when l is
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80000-6 © IEC:2008 – 7 –
expressed in the unit metre, is 2,347 82 and that the unknown value of l is believed to lie
between (2,347 82 −0,000 32) m and (2,347 82 + 0,000 32) m with a probability determined
by the standard uncertainty 0,000 32 m and the probability distribution of the values of l.
0.5 Special remarks
The items given in ISO 80000-6 are generally in conformity with the International
Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV), especially IEC 60050-121 and IEC 60050-131. For each
quantity, the reference to IEV is given in the form: “See IEC 60050-121, item 121-xx-xxx.”.
0.5.1 System of quantities
For electromagnetism, several different systems of quantities have been developed and used
depending on the number and the choice of base quantities on which the system is based.
However, in electromagnetism and electrical engineering, only the International System of
Quantities, ISQ, and the associated International System of Units, SI, are acknowledged and
are reflected in the standards of ISO and IEC. The SI has seven base units, among them
metre, symbol m, kilogram, symbol kg, second, symbol s, and ampere, symbol A.
0.5.2 Sinusoidal quantities
For quantities that vary sinusoidally with time, and for their complex representations, the IEC
has standardized two ways to build symbols. Capital and lowercase letters are generally used
for electric current (item 6-1) and for voltage (item 6-11.3), and additional marks for other
quantities. These are given in IEC 60027-1.
EXAMPLE 1
The sinusoidal variation with time of an electric current (item 6-1) can be expressed in real
representation as
i = 2 I cos(ωt − ϕ)
and its complex representation (termed phasor) is expressed as
− jϕ
II= e
where i is the instantaneous value of the current, I is its root-mean-square (rms) value, (ωt –
φ) is the phase, φ is the initial phase.
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EXAMPLE 2
The sinusoidal variation with time of a magnetic flux (item 6-22.1) can be expressed in real
representation as
ˆ
Φ =Φ cos(ωt − ϕ) = 2Φ cos(ωt − ϕ)
eff
ˆ
where Φ is the instantaneous value of the flux, Φ is its peak value and Φ is its rms value.
eff
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80000-6 © IEC:2008 – 9 –
QUANTITIES AND UNITS –
Part 6: Electromagnetism
1 Scope
In IEC 80000-6 names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of electromagnetism
are given. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60027-1:1992, Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 1: General
IEC 60050-111, International electrotechnical vocabulary – Part 111: Physics and chemistry
IEC 60050-121, International electrotechnical vocabulary – Part 121: Electromagnetism
IEC 60050-131, International electrotechnical vocabulary – Part 131: Circuit theory
ISO 31-0:1992, Quantities and units – Part 0: General principles (under revision)
ISO 80000-3:2006, Quantities and units – Part 3: Space and time
ISO 80000-4:2006, Quantities and units – Part 4: Mechanics
3 Names, symbols, and definitions
The names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of electromagnetism are given in
the tables on the following pages.
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ELECTROMAGNETISM QUANTITIES
Item No. Name Symbol Definition Remarks
6-1 electric current electric current is one of the base quantities in Electric current is the
I, i
(5-1) the International System of Quantities, ISQ, on quantity that can often be
fr courant (m)
which the International System of Units, SI, is measured with an ammeter.
électrique
based
The electric current through
a surface is the quotient of
the electric charge (item 6-2)
transferred through the
surface during a time interval
by the duration of that
interval.
For a more complete defini-
tion, see item 6-8 and
IEC 60050-121,
item 121-11-13.
6-2 electric charge Electric charge is carried by
Q, q dQ = Idt
(5-2) discrete particles and can be
fr charge (f)
positive or negative. The
where I is electric current (item 6-1) and t is
électrique
sign convention is such that
time (ISO 80000-3, item 3-7)
the elementary electric
charge e, i.e. the charge of
the proton, is positive.
See IEC 60050-121,
item121-11-01.
To denote a point charge q
is often used, and that is
done in the present
document.
6-3 electric charge density, See IEC 60050-121, item
ρ, ρ dQ
V
(5-3) volumic electric charge ρ= 121-11-07.
dV
fr charge (f)
électrique
where Q is electric charge (item 6-2) and V is
volumique
volume (ISO 80000-3, item 3-4)
6-4 surface density of See IEC 60050-121, item
dQ
ρ , σ
A
(5-4) electric charge, 121-11-08.
ρ =
A
areic electric charge dA
fr charge (f)
where Q is electric charge (item 6-2) and A is
électrique
area (ISO 80000-3, item 3-3)
surfacique
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80000-6 © IEC:2008 – 11 –
UNITS ELECTROMAGNETISM
Item No. Name Inter- Definition Conversion factors and remarks
national
symbol
6-1.a ampere A ampere is that constant electric This definition implies that the magnetic
current which, if maintained in two
constant μ (item 6-26.1) is exactly
0
parallel conductors of infinite
–7
4π × 10 H/m.
length, of negligible circular
cross-section, and placed 1 metre
apart in vacuum, would produce
In this definition “force” is used instead of
between these conductors a force
“lineic force” or “force per length”.
equal to
Accordingly the last unit should be
–7
2 × 10 newton per metre of
“newton per metre” without “of length”.
th
length [9 CGPM (1948)]
6-2.a coulomb C 1 C := 1 A · s The unit ampere hour, is used for
electrolytic devices, such as storage
batteries.
1 A · h = 3,6 kC
3
6-3.a coulomb per cubic
C/m
metre
2
6-4.a coulomb per square
C/m
metre
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ELECTROMAGNETISM QUANTITIES
Item No. Name Symbol Definition Remarks
6-5 linear density of See IEC 60050-121,
dQ
ρ ,τ
l
(5-5) electric charge, item121-11-09.
ρ =
l
lineic electric charge
dl
fr charge (f)
where Q is electric charge (item 6-2) and l is
électrique linéique
length (ISO 80000-3, item 3-1.1)
6-6 electric dipole moment The electric dipole moment
p p = q(r – r )
+ –
(5-14) of a substance within a
fr moment (m)
domain is the vector sum of
where r and r are the position vectors (ISO
+ –
électrique
electric dipole moments of all
80000-3, item 3-1.11) to carriers of electric
moment (m) de
electric dipoles included in
dipôle électrique
charges q and –q (item 6-2), respectively
the domain.
See IEC 60050-121, items
121-11-35 and 121-11-36.
6-7 electric polarization
See IEC 60050-121, item
P P = dp/dV
(5-13) 121-11-37.
fr polarisation (f) where p is electric dipole moment (item 6-6) of
électrique
a substance within a domain with volume V
(ISO 80000-3, item 3-4)
6-8 electric current
J J = ρv Electric current I (item 6-1)
(5-15) density,
through a surface S is
areic electric current
where ρ is electric charge density (item 6-3)
fr densité (f) de
I = J ⋅ e dA
n
and v is velocity (ISO 80000-3, item 3-8.1)
∫
courant électrique
S
where e dA is vector
n
surface element.
See IEC 60050-121, item
121-11-11.
6-9 linear electric current
J J = ρ v Electric current I (item
S S A
(―) density,
6-1) through a curve C on a
lineic electric current
surface is
where ρ is surface density of electric charge
A
fr densité (f) linéique
(item 6-4) and v is velocity (ISO 80000-3, item
de courant
I = J × e ⋅ dr
3-8.1) S n
∫
électrique
C
where e is a unit vector
n
perpendicular to the surface
and line vector element and
dr is the differential of
position vector r.
See IEC 60050-121, item
121-11-12.
6-10 electric field strength See IEC 60050,
E E = F/q
(5-5) item 121-11-18.
fr champ (m)
where F is force (ISO 80000-4, item
électrique
q is the charge of a test
4-9.1) and q is electric charge (item 6-2)
particle at rest.
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80000-6 © IEC:2008 – 13 –
UNITS ELECTROMAGNETISM
Item No. Name Inter- Definition Conversion factors and remarks
national
symbol
6-5.a coulomb per metre C/m
6-6.a coulomb metre C · m
2
6-7.a coulomb per metre
C/m
squared
2
6-8.a ampere per square
A/m
metre
6-9.a ampere per metre A/m
6-10.a volt per metre V/m 1 V/m = 1 N/C For the definition of the volt, see
item 6-11.a.
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ELECTROMAGNETISM QUANTITIES
Item No. Name Symbol Definition Remarks
6-11.1 electric potential The electric potential is not
V, ϕ ∂A
(5-6.1) unique, since any constant scalar
–grad V = E +
fr potential (m)
field quantity can be added to it
∂t
électrique
without changing its gradient.
where E is electric field strength (item 6-
See IEC 60050-121, item
10), A is magnetic vector potential (item 121-11-25.
6-32) and t is time (ISO 80000-3,
item 3-7)
6-11.2 electric potential
V r V = V – V
ab ab a b
b
(5-6.2) difference
∂A
where V and V are the
V = (E + ) ⋅ dr a b
ab
∫
fr différence (f) de ∂t
potentials at points a and b,
r (C)
potential
a respectively.
électrique
See IEC 60050-121,
where E is electric field strength (item 6-
item 121-11-26.
10), A is magnetic vector potential (item
6-32), t is time (ISO 80000-3, item 3-7),
and r is position vector (ISO 80000-3,
item 3-1.11) along a given curve C from
point a to point b
6-11.3 voltage, in electric circuit theory, For an electric field within a
U, U
ab
(5-6.3) electric tension medium
U = V – V
ab a b
r
b
fr tension (f) where V and V are the electric
a b
électrique
potentials (item 6-11.1) at points a and b,
U = E ⋅ dr
ab
∫
respectively
(The name “voltage”,
r (C)
a
commonly used in the
English language, is
where E is electric field strength
given in the IEV but is
(item 6-10) and r is position
an exception from the
vector (ISO 80000-3, item 3-1.11)
principle that a
along a given curve C from point a
quantity name should
to point b.
not refer to any name
of unit.)
For an irrotational electric field,
the voltage is independent of the
path between the two points a
and b.
See IEC 60050-121, item
121-11-27.
6-12 electric flux density, The electric flux density is related
D
D =ε E + P
0
(5-7) to electric charge density via
electric displacement
div D = ρ
where ε is the electric constant (item
0
fr induction (f)
6-14.1), E is electric field strength (item
where div
...
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