SIST EN 1994-1-1:2005

Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

(1) Part 1-1 of Eurocode 4 gives a general basis for the design of composite structures together with specific rules for buildings.
(2) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1-1:
Section 1: General
Section 2: Basis of design
Section 3: Materials
Section 4: Durability
Section 5: Structural analysis
Section 6: Ultimate limit states
Section 7: Serviceability limit states
Section 8: Composite joints in frames for buildings
Section 9: Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings

Eurocode 4: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für den Hochbau

(1) Der Teil 1-1 des Eurocode 4 enthält Grundregeln für den Entwurf, die Berechnung und die Bemessung von Verbundtragwerken und zusätzlich spezielle Regelungen für Tragwerke des Hochbaus.
(2) Der Teil 1-1 enthält die folgenden Kapitel:
Kapitel 1: Allgemeines
Kapitel 2: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung
Kapitel 3: Werkstoffe
Kapitel 4: Dauerhaftigkeit
Kapitel 5: Ermittlung der Schnittgrößen
Kapitel 6: Grenzzustände der Tragfähigkeit
Kapitel 7: Grenzzustände der Gebrauchstauglichkeit
Kapitel 8: Verbundanschlüsse in Tragwerken des Hochbaus
Kapitel 9: Verbunddecken in Tragwerken des Hochbaus

Eurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 1-1: Regles générales et regles our les bâtiments

(1) La Partie 1.1 de l'Eurocode 4 donne une base générale pour le calcul des structures mixtes ainsi que des dispositions spécifiques pour les bâtiments.
(2) Les sujets suivants sont traités dans la Partie 1.1 :
Section 1: Généralités
Section 2: Bases de calcul
Section 3: Matériaux
Section 4: Durabilité
Section 5: Analyse structurale
Section 6: Etats limites ultimes
Section 7: Etats limites de service
Section 8: Assemblages mixtes des structures de bâtiments
Section 9: Dalles mixtes avec plaques nervurées en acier dans les bâtiments

Evrokod 4: Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbe

1.1.2  Področje uporabe 1-1. dela evrokoda 4
(1)V 1-1. delu evrokoda 4 so navedene splošne osnove za projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij skupaj s posebnimi pravili za stavbe.
(2)1-1. del vsebuje naslednja poglavja:
1: Splošno
2: Osnove projektiranja
3: Materiali
4: Trajnost
5: Analiza konstrukcij
6: Mejna stanja nosilnosti
7: Mejna stanja uporabnosti
8: Sovprežni spoji okvirov v stavbah
9: Sovprežne plošče s profilirano jekleno pločevino v stavbah

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2005
• ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects
• ICS: 91.080.13 - Steel structures
• ICS: 91.080.40 - Concrete structures
• Technical Committee: KON - Structures
• Current Stage: 6100 - Translation of adopted SIST standards (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Sep-2006
• Due Date: 01-Sep-2006
• Completion Date: 01-Sep-2006
• Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products
• Directive: TP001 - Pravilnik o mehanski odpornosti in stabilnosti objektov
• Directive: TP237 - Pravilnik o spodnjem ustroju železniških prog
• Mandate: M/265 - Mandate to CEN for the conversion of the Eurocodes from ENV into EN concerning the structural and geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works
• Mandate: M/BC/CEN/89/11 - Framework mandate to CEN on Eurocode work : execution of a standardization programme on Eurocodes for the structural design of building and civil engineering works
• Ref Project: EN 1994-1-1:2004 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

Relations

• Replaces: SIST ENV 1994-1-1:1998 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2005
• Corrected By: SIST EN 1994-1-1:2005/AC:2009 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEvrokod 4: Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbeEurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 1-1: Regles générales et regles our les bâtimentsEurocode 4: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für den HochbauTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1994-1-1:2004SIST EN 1994-1-1:2005en91.080.40Betonske konstrukcijeConcrete structures91.080.10Kovinske konstrukcijeMetal structures91.010.30Technical aspectsICS:SIST ENV 1994-1-1:19981DGRPHãþDSLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1994-1-1:200501-maj-2005







EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1994-1-1
December 2004 ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.10; 91.080.40 Supersedes ENV 1994-1-1:1992 English version
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures -Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Eurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 1-1: Règles générales et règles our les bâtiments
Eurocode 4: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln für den Hochbau This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 May 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1994-1-1:2004: E



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
2 Contents
Page
Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Section 1 General……………………………………………………………………………. 12 1.1 Scope……………………………………………………………………………………… 12
1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4………………………………………………………………… 12
1.1.2 Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4…………………………………………………….
12 1.2 Normative references……………………………………………………………………. 13
1.2.1 General reference standards…………………………………………………………. 13
1.2.2 Other reference standards……………………………………………………………. 13 1.3 Assumptions………………………………………………………………………………. 14 1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules……………………………………. 14 1.5 Definitions………………………………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.1 General……………………………………………………………………………… 14
1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions used in this Standard……………………………. 14
1.6 Symbols…………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Section 2 Basis of design……………………………………………………………………. 22 2.1 Requirements……………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.2 Principles of limit state design…………………………………………………………… 23 2.3 Basic variables……………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences………………………………………………. 23
2.3.2 Material and product properties……………………………………………………… 23
2.3.3 Classification of actions……………………………………………………………… 23 2.4 Verification by the partial factor method…………………………………………………. 23
2.4.1 Design values………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.4.1.1 Design values of actions……………………………………………………… 23
2.4.1.2 Design values of material or product properties……………………………… 23
2.4.1.3 Design values of geometrical data……………………………………………. 24
2.4.1.4 Design resistances ……………………………………………………………. 24
2.4.2 Combination of actions……………………………………………………………… 24
2.4.3 Verification of static equilibrium (EQU)…………………………………………… 24
Section 3 Materials…………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.1 Concrete…………………………………………………………………………………. 24 3.2 Reinforcing steel………………………………………………………………………… 25 3.3 Structural steel…………………………………………………………………………… 25 3.4 Connecting devices………………………………………………………………………. 25
3.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 25
3.4.2 Headed stud shear connectors………………………………………………………. 25 3.5 Profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs in buildings…………………………………. 25
Section 4
Durability………………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 25 4.2 Profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs in buildings…………………………………. 26



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
3Section 5 Structural analysis………………………………………………………………. 26 5.1 Structural modelling for analysis…………………………………………………………. 26
5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions…………………………………………. 26
5.1.2 Joint modelling………………………………………………………………………… 26
5.1.3 Ground-structure interaction…………………………………………………………. 26 5.2 Structural stability…………………………………………………………………………. 27
5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure………………………………………. 27
5.2.2 Methods of analysis for buildings……………………………………………………. 27 5.3 Imperfections………………………………………………………………………………. 28
5.3.1 Basis…………………………………………………………………… ……………… 28
5.3.2 Imperfections in buildings…………………………………………………………… 28
5.3.2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………. 28
5.3.2.2 Global imperfections…………………………………………………………… 29 5.3.2.3 Member imperfections…………………………………………………………. 29 5.4 Calculation of action effects………………………………………………………………… 29
5.4.1 Methods of global analysis……………………………………………………………. 29
5.4.1.1 General…………………………………………………………………………. 29
5.4.1.2 Effective width of flanges for shear lag………………………………………… 29
5.4.2 Linear elastic analysis…………………………………………………………………. 30
5.4.2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………. 30
5.4.2.2 Creep and shrinkage…………………………………………………………… 31
5.4.2.3 Effects of cracking of concrete…………………………………………………. 32
5.4.2.4 Stages and sequence of construction…………………………………………… 33
5.4.2.5 Temperature effects……………………………………………………………. 33
5.4.2.6 Pre-stressing by controlled imposed deformations……………………………… 33
5.4.3 Non-linear global analysis……………………………………………………………. 33
5.4.4 Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution for buildings………………………. 34
5.4.5 Rigid plastic global analysis for buildings……………………………………………. 35 5.5 Classification of cross-sections……………………………………………………………. 36
5.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 36
5.5.2 Classification of composite sections without concrete encasement…………………… 37
5.5.3 Classification of composite sections for buildings with concrete
encasement……………………………………………………………………………. 37
Section 6
Ultimate limit states……………………………………………………………………… 38 6.1 Beams………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
6.1.1 Beams for buildings……………………………………………………………………. 38
6.1.2 Effective width for verification of cross-sections……………………………………… 40 6.2 Resistances of cross-sections of beams………………………………………………………40
6.2.1 Bending resistance……………………………………………………………………. 40
6.2.1.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 40 6.2.1.2 Plastic resistance moment Mpl,Rd of a composite cross-section………………. 40
6.2.1.3 Plastic resistance moment of sections with partial shear
connection in
buildings……………………………………………………… 42 6.2.1.4 Non-linear resistance to bending……………………………………………. 43 6.2.1.5 Elastic resistance to bending………………………………………………… 44
6.2.2 Resistance to vertical shear…………………………………………………………. 45
6.2.2.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………. 45
6.2.2.2 Plastic resistance to vertical shear……………………………………………. 45



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
4
6.2.2.3 Shear buckling resistance………………………………………………………… 45 6.2.2.4 Bending and vertical shear………………………………………………………. 45 6.3 Resistance of cross-sections of beams for buildings with partial
encasement……………………………………………………………………………………. 46
6.3.1 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………46
6.3.2 Bending resistance………………………………………………………………………
46
6.3.3 Resistance to vertical shear………………………………………………………………. 47
6.3.4 Bending and vertical shear………………………………………………………………
48 6.4 Lateral-torsional buckling of composite beams………………………………………………. 48
6.4.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………. 48
6.4.2 Verification of lateral-torsional buckling of continuous composite
beams with cross-sections in Class 1, 2 and 3 for buildings……………………………
49
6.4.3 Simplified verification for buildings without direct calculation………………………… 51 6.5 Transverse forces on webs…………………………………………………………………… 52
6.5.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………… 52
6.5.2 Flange-induced buckling of webs………………………………………………………… 52 6.6 Shear connection……………………………………………………………………………… 52
6.6.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………… 52
6.6.1.1 Basis of design……………………………………………………………………. 52 6.6.1.2 Limitation on the use of partial shear connection in beams
for buildings………………………………………………………………………. 53 6.6.1.3 Spacing of shear connectors in beams for buildings……………………………… 54
6.6.2 Longitudinal shear force in beams for buildings………………………………………….55 6.6.2.1 Beams in which non-linear or elastic theory is used for
resistances of one or more cross-sections………………………………………….55 6.6.2.2 Beams in which plastic theory is used for resistance of
cross-sections……………………………………………………………………… 55
6.6.3 Headed stud connectors in solid slabs and concrete encasement………………………….55
6.6.3.1 Design resistance………………………………………………………………… 55
6.6.3.2 Influence of tension on shear resistance…………………………………………. 56
6.6.4 Design resistance of headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
in buildings……………………………………………………………………………… 56
6.6.4.1 Sheeting with ribs parallel to the supporting beams………………………………. 56 6.6.4.2 Sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beams……………………………. 57 6.6.4.3 Biaxial loading of shear connectors………………………………………………. 58
6.6.5 Detailing of the shear connection and influence of execution…………………………… 58
6.6.5.1 Resistance to separation…………………………………………………………. 58
6.6.5.2 Cover and concreting for buildings………………………………………………. 58
6.6.5.3 Local reinforcement in the slab…………………………………………………… 59
6.6.5.4 Haunches other than formed by profiled steel sheeting…………………………… 59
6.6.5.5 Spacing of connectors……………………………………………………………. 60
6.6.5.6 Dimensions of the steel flange……………………………………………………. 60
6.6.5.7 Headed stud connectors…………………………………………………………… 60
6.6.5.8 Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting in buildings……………………… 61
6.6.6 Longitudinal shear in concrete slabs……………………………………………………. 61
6.6.6.1 General……………………………………………………………………………. 61
6.6.6.2 Design resistance to longitudinal shear…………………………………………… 61
6.6.6.3 Minimum transverse reinforcement………………………………………………. 62
6.6.6.4 Longitudinal shear and transverse reinforcement in beams
for buildings………………………………………………………………………. 62



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
56.7 Composite columns and composite compression members………………………………. 63
6.7.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 63
6.7.2 General method of design ……………………………………………………………. 65
6.7.3 Simplified method of design…………………………………………………………. 66
6.7.3.1 General and scope……………………………………………………………… 66
6.7.3.2 Resistance of cross-sections……………………………………………………. 67 6.7.3.3 Effective flexural stiffness, steel contribution ratio and
relative slenderness……………………………………………………………… 69 6.7.3.4 Methods of analysis and member imperfections………………………………. 70 6.7.3.5 Resistance of members in axial compression…………………………………… 70 6.7.3.6 Resistance of members in combined compression and
uniaxial bending…………………………………………………………………. 71 6.7.3.7 Combined compression and biaxial bending……………………………………. 73
6.7.4 Shear connection and load introduction………………………………………………… 74
6.7.4.1 General…………………………………………………………………………
74
6.7.4.2 Load introduction………………………………………………………………. 74
6.7.4.3 Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction………………………. 77
6.7.5 Detailing Provisions……………………………………………………………………. 76
6.7.5.1 Concrete cover of steel profiles and reinforcement………………………………78
6.7.5.2 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement………………………………………78 6.8 Fatigue……………………………………………………………………………………….78
6.8.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………. 78
6.8.2 Partial factors for fatigue assessment for buildings……………………………………. 79
6.8.3 Fatigue strength…………………………………………………………………………. 79
6.8.4 Internal forces and fatigue loadings……………………………………………………. 80
6.8.5 Stresses …………………………………………………………………………………. 80
6.8.5.1 General………………………………………………………………………… 80
6.8.5.2 Concrete………………………………………………………………………… 80
6.8.5.3 Structural steel…………………………………………………………………. 80
6.8.5.4 Reinforcement…………………………………………………………………. 81
6.8.5.5 Shear connection………………………………………………………………… 81
6.8.6 Stress ranges……………………………………………………………………………. 82
6.8.6.1 Structural steel and reinforcement……………………………………………… 82
6.8.6.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………… 82
6.8.7 Fatigue assessment based on nominal stress ranges…………………………………… 83
6.8.7.1 Structural steel, reinforcement, and concrete………………………………… 83
6.8.7.2 Shear connection……………………………………………………………… 83
Section 7 Serviceability limit states…………………………………………………………… 84 7.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………… 84 7.2 Stresses……………………………………………………………………………………… 84
7.2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………………. 84
7.2.2 Stress limitation for buildings…………………………………………………………. 85 7.3 Deformations in buildings…………………………………………………………………. 85
7.3.1 Deflections……………………………………………………………………………… 85
7.3.2 Vibration………………………………………………………………………………. 86 7.4 Cracking of concrete………………………………………………………………………… 86
7.4.1 General………………………………………………………………………………… 86
7.4.2 Minimum reinforcement………………………………………………………………. 87
7.4.3 Control of cracking due to direct loading……………………………………………… 88



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
6 Section 8 Composite joints in frames for buildings………………………………………… 89 8.1 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………. 89 8.2 Analysis, modelling and classification……………………………………………………… 90
8.2.1
General………………………………………………………………………………… 90
8.2.2
Elastic global analysis…………………………………………………………………. 90
8.2.3
Classification of joints…………………………………………………………………. 90 8.3 Design methods……………………………………………………………………………… 91
8.3.1 Basis and scope…………………………………………………………………………. 91
8.3.2 Resistance……………………………………………………………………………… 91
8.3.3 Rotational stiffness……………………………………………………………………. 91
8.3.4 Rotation capacity………………………………………………………………………. 91 8.4 Resistance of components…………………………………………………………………. 92
8.4.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………… 92
8.4.2 Basic joint components………………………………………………………………… 92
8.4.2.1 Longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension……………………………………. 92
8.4.2.2 Steel contact plate in compression……………………………………………… 92
8.4.3 Column web in transverse compression…………………………………………………93
8.4.4 Reinforced components………………………………………………………………… 93
8.4.4.1 Column web panel in shear……………………………………………………. 93
8.4.4.2 Column web in compression …………………………………………………… 93
Section 9 Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings………………………. 94 9.1 General……………………………………………………………………………………… 94
9.1.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………… 94
9.1.2 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………… 95
9.1.2.1 Types of
shear connection……………………………………………………… 95
9.1.2.2 Full shear connection am partial shear connection……………………………… 95 9.2 Detailing provisions…………………………………………………………………………. 96
9.2.1 Slab thickness and reinforcement………………………………………………………. 96
9.2.2 Aggregate………………………………………………………………………………. 97
9.2.3 Bearing requirements…………………………………………………………………… 97 9.3 Actions and action effects…………………………………………………………………… 97
9.3.1 Design situations………………………………………………………………………. 97
9.3.2 Actions for profiled steel sheeting as shuttering………………………………………. 98
9.3.3 Actions for composite slab……………………………………………………………. 98 9.4 Analysis for internal forces and moments…………………………………………………. 98
9.4.1 Profiled steel sheeting as shuttering…………………………………………………… 98
9.4.2 Analysis of composite slab……………………………………………………………. 98
9.4.3 Effective width of composite slab for concentrated point and
line loads……………………………………………………………………………… 99 9.5 Verification of profiled steel sheeting as shuttering for ultimate
limit states…………………………………………………………………………………. 100 9.6 Verification of profiled steel sheeting as shuttering for
serviceability limit states…………………………………………………………………… 100 9.7 Verification of composite slabs for ultimate limit states……………………………………100
9.7.1 Design criterion………………………………………………………………………
100
9.7.2 Flexure………………………………………………………………………………… 101
9.7.3 Longitudinal shear for slabs without end anchorage…………………………………
102
9.7.4 Longitudinal shear for slabs with end anchorage………………………………………104



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
7
9.7.5 Vertical shear……………………………………………………………………. 104
9.7.6 Punching shear…………………………………………………………………… 104 9.8 Verification of composite slabs for serviceability limit states………………………… 104
9.8.1 Control of cracking of concrete…………………………………………………… 104
9.8.2 Deflection………………………………………………………………………… 105
Annex A (Informative) Stiffness of joint components in buildings…………………… 106 A.1 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………. 106 A.2 Stiffness coefficients…………………………………………………………………… 106
A.2.1 Basic joint components…………………………………………………………… 106
A.2.1.1 Longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension………………………………. 106
A.2.1.2 Steel contact plate in compression………………………………………… 106
A.2.2 Other components in composite joints…………………………………………… 108
A.2.2.1 Column web panel in shear………………………………………………. 108 A.2.2.2 Column web in transverse compression…………………………………………. 108 A.2.3 Reinforced components……………………………………………………………. 108
A.2.3.1 Column web panel in shear……………………………………………… 108
A.2.3.2 Column web in transverse compression…………………………………. 108 A.3 Deformation of the shear connection………………………………………………… 109
Annex B (Informative) Standard tests………………………………………………………. 110 B.1 General………………………………………………………………………………. 110 B.2 Tests on shear connectors……………………………………………………………. 110
B.2.1 General…………………………………………………………………………. 110
B.2.2 Testing arrangements…………………………………………………………… 110
B.2.3 Preparation of specimens………………………………………………………… 111
B.2.4 Testing procedure………………………………………………………………. 112
B.2.5 Test evaluation……………………………………………………………………. 112 B.3 Testing of composite floor slabs………………………………………………………. 113
B.3.1 General…………………………………………………………………………… 113
B.3.2 Testing arrangement………………………………………………………………. 114
B.3.3 Preparation of specimens…………………………………………………………. 115
B.3.4 Test loading procedure……………………………………………………………. 115
B.3.5 Determination of design values for m and k……………………………………… 116
B.3.6 Determination of the design values for τu,Rd……………………………………… 117
Annex C (Informative) Shrinkage of concrete for composite structures for buildings…………………………………………………………………………………… 118
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….118



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
8 Foreword
This document (EN 1994-1-1:2004), Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures: Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings, has been prepared on behalf of Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 "Structural Eurocodes", the Secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010.
This document supersedes ENV 1994-1-1:1992.
CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Background of the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications.
Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them.
For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s.
In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1 between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council’s Directives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market).
The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
1 Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
9EN 1990 Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State.
Status and field of application of Eurocodes
The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes:
– as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°1 – Mechanical resistance and stability – and Essential Requirement N°2 – Safety in case of fire ;
– as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services ;
– as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs)
The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents2 referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3. Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working on product standards with a view to achieving full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes.
The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases.
2 According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents for the creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs. 3 According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall : a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levels for each requirement where necessary ; b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of
calculation and of proof, technical rules for project design, etc. ; c) serve as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals. The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2.



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
10 National Standards implementing Eurocodes
The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National annex.
The National annex may only contain information on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e.:
- values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode, - values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode, - country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.), e.g. snow map, - the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode.
It may also contain
- decisions on the use of informative annexes, and
- references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode.
Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for products
There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for construction products and the technical rules for works4. Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products which refer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which Nationally Determined Parameters have been taken into account.
Additional information specific to EN 1994-1-1
EN 1994-1-1 describes the Principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of composite steel and concrete structures, together with specific provisions for buildings. It is based on the limit state concept used in conjunction with a partial factor method.
For the design of new structures, EN 1994-1-1 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with other Parts of EN 1994, Eurocodes EN 1990 to 1993 and Eurocodes EN 1997 and 1998.
EN 1994-1-1 also serves as a reference document for other CEN TCs concerning structural matters.
EN 1994-1-1 is intended for use by: – committees drafting other standards for structural design and related product, testing and execution standards; – clients (e.g. for the formulation of their specific requirements on reliability levels and durability); – designers and constructors; – relevant authorities.
4 see Art.3.3 and Art.12 of the CPD, as well as clauses 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID 1.



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
11Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and of quality management applies. When EN 1994-1-1 is used as a base document by other CEN/TCs the same values need to be taken.
National annex for EN 1994-1-1
This standard gives values with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. Therefore the National Standard implementing EN 1994-1-1 should have a National annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the relevant country.
National choice is allowed in EN 1994-1-1 through the following clauses:
- 2.4.1.1(1) - 2.4.1.2(5) - 2.4.1.2(6) - 2.4.1.2(7) - 3.1(4) - 3.5(2) - 6.4.3(1)(h) - 6.6.3.1(1) - 6.6.3.1(3) - 6.6.4.1(3) - 6.8.2(1) - 6.8.2(2) - 9.1.1(2) - 9.6(2) - 9.7.3(4) - 9.7.3(8) - 9.7.3(9) - B.2.5(1) - B.3.6(5)



EN 1994-1-1:2004 (E)
12 Section 1
General 1.1 Scope 1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 4 (1) Eurocode 4 applies to the design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering works. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990 – Basis of structural design.
(2) Eurocode 4 is concerned only with requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
(3) Eurocode 4 is intended to be used in conjunction with: EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures ENs, hENs, ETAGs and ETAs for construction products relevant for composite structures EN 1090 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures
EN 13670 Execution of concrete structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures
...


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