SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
(Main)Radiological protection - Minimum criteria for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation - Part 2: Ex vivo human tooth enamel dosimetry (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Radiological protection - Minimum criteria for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation - Part 2: Ex vivo human tooth enamel dosimetry (ISO 13304-2:2020)
The purpose of this document is to provide minimum criteria required for quality assurance and quality control, evaluation of the performance and to facilitate the comparison of measurements related to absorbed dose estimation obtained in different laboratories applying ex vivo X-band EPR spectroscopy with human tooth enamel.
This document covers the determination of absorbed dose in tooth enamel (hydroxyapatite). It does not cover the calculation of dose to organs or to the body.
This document addresses:
a) responsibilities of the customer and laboratory;
b) confidentiality and ethical considerations;
c) laboratory safety requirements;
d) the measurement apparatus;
e) preparation of samples;
f) measurement of samples and EPR signal evaluation;
g) calibration of EPR dose response;
h) dose uncertainty and performance test;
i) quality assurance and control.
Strahlenschutz - Mindestanforderungen an die Elektronenspinresonanz (EPR-Spektroskopie) für die retrospektive Dosimetrie ionisierender Strahlung - Teil 2: Ex-vivo-Dosimetrie des menschlichen Zahnschmelzes (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Zweck dieses Dokuments ist es, Mindestkriterien für die Qualitätssicherung und kontrolle sowie die Leistungsbewertung festzulegen und den Vergleich von Messungen zur Abschätzung der Energiedosis zu erleichtern, die in verschiedenen Labors unter Anwendung der ex vivo-X Band-EPR Spektroskopie am menschlichen Zahnschmelz durchgeführt werden.
Dieses Dokument befasst sich mit der Bestimmung der Energiedosis in Zahnschmelz (Hydroxylapatit). Die Berechnung der Dosis für die Organe oder den Körper wird nicht behandelt.
Dieses Dokument behandelt Folgendes:
a) Verantwortlichkeiten des Kunden und Labors;
b) Vertraulichkeit und ethische Betrachtungen;
c) Sicherheitsanforderungen im Labor;
d) die Messeinrichtung;
e) Probenvorbereitung;
f) Messung von Proben und Auswertung von EPR Signalen;
g) Kalibrieren der EPR Dosiswirkung;
h) Dosisunsicherheit und Leistungsprüfung;
i) Qualitätssicherung und kontrolle.
Radioprotection - Critères minimaux pour la spectroscopie par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) pour la dosimétrie rétrospective des rayonnements ionisants - Partie 2: Dosimétrie ex vivo à partir de l’émail dentaire humain (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Le présent document vise à spécifier les critères minimaux exigés pour l’assurance qualité et le contrôle qualité, l’évaluation des performances, et vise à faciliter la comparaison des mesures associées à l’estimation de dose absorbée obtenues par différents laboratoires en appliquant la spectroscopie RPE ex vivo dans la bande X sur de l’émail dentaire humain.
Le présent document couvre la détermination de la dose absorbée dans l’émail dentaire (hydroxyapatite). Il ne couvre pas le calcul de la dose délivrée aux organes ou à l’organisme entier.
Le présent document traite:
a) des responsabilités du client et du laboratoire;
b) de la confidentialité et des considérations déontologiques;
c) des exigences de sécurité relatives aux laboratoires;
d) de l’appareillage de mesure;
e) de la préparation des échantillons;
f) du mesurage des échantillons et de l’analyse du signal RPE;
g) de l’étalonnag de la relation dose-réponse RPE;
h) de l’incertitude associée à la dose et des essais de performance;
i) de l’assurance qualité et du contrôle qualité.
Radiološka zaščita - Minimalna merila za spektroskopijo z elektronsko paramagnetno resonanco (EPR) za retrospektivno dozimetrijo ionizirnega sevanja - 2. del: Dozimetrija človeške zobne sklenine ex vivo (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Namen tega dokumenta je podati minimalna merila, ki so potrebna za zagotavljanje in nadzor kakovosti, oceno lastnosti ter olajšanje primerjave meritev v zvezi z oceno absorbirane doze, pridobljenih v drugih laboratorijih, z uporabo spektroskopije človeške zobne sklenine z elektronsko paramagnetno resonanco (EPR) ex vivo v pasu X.
Ta dokument obravnava določevanje absorbirane doze v zobni sklenini (hidroksiapatit). Ne obravnava izračuna doze, ki jo prejmejo organi ali telo.
Ta dokument obravnava:
a) odgovornosti stranke in laboratorija;
b) zaupnost in etične vidike;
c) zahteve za varnost laboratorija;
d) napravo za merjenje;
e) pripravo vzorcev;
f) meritve vzorcev in oceno signalov elektronske paramagnetne resonance (EPR);
g) kalibracijo odziva na dozo elektronske paramagnetne resonance;
h) negotovost doze in delovni preskus;
h) zagotavljanje in nadzor kakovosti.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
01-marec-2023
Radiološka zaščita - Minimalna merila za spektroskopijo z elektronsko
paramagnetno resonanco (EPR) za retrospektivno dozimetrijo ionizirnega sevanja
- 2. del: Dozimetrija človeške zobne sklenine ex vivo (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Radiological protection - Minimum criteria for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
spectroscopy for retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation - Part 2: Ex vivo human
tooth enamel dosimetry (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Strahlenschutz - Mindestanforderungen an die Elektronenspinresonanz (EPR-
Spektroskopie) für die retrospektive Dosimetrie ionisierender Strahlung - Teil 2: Ex-vivo-
Dosimetrie des menschlichen Zahnschmelzes (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Radioprotection - Critères minimaux pour la spectroscopie par résonance
paramagnétique électronique (RPE) pour la dosimétrie rétrospective des rayonnements
ionisants - Partie 2: Dosimétrie ex vivo à partir de l’émail dentaire humain (ISO 13304-
2:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 13304-2:2022
ICS:
13.280 Varstvo pred sevanjem Radiation protection
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
EN ISO 13304-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.280; 17.240
English Version
Radiological protection - Minimum criteria for electron
paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for
retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation - Part 2: Ex
vivo human tooth enamel dosimetry (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Radioprotection - Critères minimaux pour la Strahlenschutz - Mindestanforderungen an die
spectroscopie par résonance paramagnétique Elektronenspinresonanz (EPR-Spektroskopie) für die
électronique (RPE) pour la dosimétrie rétrospective retrospektive Dosimetrie ionisierender Strahlung - Teil
des rayonnements ionisants - Partie 2: Dosimétrie ex 2: Ex-vivo-Dosimetrie des menschlichen
vivo à partir de l'émail dentaire humain (ISO 13304- Zahnschmelzes (ISO 13304-2:2020)
2:2020)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 December 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 13304-2:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
EN ISO 13304-2:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
EN ISO 13304-2:2022 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO 13304-2:2020 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85 "Nuclear energy,
nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” of the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 13304-2:2022 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 430 “Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 13304-2:2020 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 13304-2:2022 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13304-2
First edition
2020-07
Radiological protection — Minimum
criteria for electron paramagnetic
resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for
retrospective dosimetry of ionizing
radiation —
Part 2:
Ex vivo human tooth enamel
dosimetry
Radioprotection — Critères minimaux pour la spectroscopie par
résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) pour la dosimétrie
rétrospective des rayonnements ionisants —
Partie 2: Dosimétrie ex vivo à partir de l’émail dentaire humain
Reference number
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Apparatus . 5
4.1 Specifications for EPR spectrometer. 5
4.2 Spectrometer sensitivity . 5
4.3 Microwave bridge . 5
4.4 Magnetic field . 5
4.5 Microwave resonator . 6
5 Preparation of tooth enamel samples . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Applicable grain size . 7
6 Measurement of the EPR spectrum . 7
6.1 Description of spectrum . 7
6.2 Applicable measurement parameters and conditions . 8
6.2.1 General. 8
6.2.2 Microwave power . 8
6.2.3 Magnetic centre field . 8
6.2.4 Magnetic field sweep width . 8
6.2.5 Magnetic field sweep time . 8
6.2.6 Time constant of signal channel receiver . 9
6.2.7 EPR spectrum resolution . 9
6.2.8 Conversion time of spectrum acquisition . 9
6.2.9 Magnetic field modulation amplitude . 9
6.2.10 Number of spectrum accumulations . 9
6.2.11 Sample positioning and loading .10
6.2.12 Dependence of EPR signal intensity on sample mass .10
6.2.13 Use of standard samples .10
6.2.14 Number of measurement repetitions .11
7 Assessment of the RIS intensity .11
7.1 General .11
7.2 Intrinsic EPR signals from microwave resonator and sample tube .12
8 Irradiation of tooth enamel calibration samples for low linear energy transfer
(LET) exposure .12
9 Conversion of the RIS intensity into an estimate of absorbed dose .13
10 Calculation of uncertainty on dose estimate .14
11 Minimum detectable dose .15
12 Confidentiality and ethical considerations .16
13 Laboratory safety requirements .16
13.1 General .16
13.2 Magnetic field safety requirements.16
13.3 Electromagnetic frequency requirements.17
13.4 Chemical safety requirements .17
13.5 Health risks from tooth samples . .17
13.6 Optical safety requirements .17
14 Responsibility of the customer .17
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
15 Responsibility of the service laboratory.17
16 Quality assurance and quality control (QA and QC) .17
16.1 General .17
16.2 Performance checks.18
16.2.1 General.18
16.2.2 Performance checks by inter-laboratory comparisons .18
16.2.3 Performance checks of sample preparation .18
16.2.4 Performance checks of general measurement laboratory conditions .19
16.2.5 Performance checks of EPR spectrometer .19
17 Collection/selection and identification of samples .19
18 Transportation and storage of samples .20
19 Minimum documentation requirements .20
Bibliography .21
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies,
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 13304 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Introduction
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) is an approach for
retrospective dosimetry of exposure to ionizing radiation in any situation where dosimetric
information is potentially incomplete or unknown for an individual. EPR is a tool for retrospective
evaluation of doses, pertinent as well for acute and protracted exposures in the past or recently. Doses
estimated with EPR were used to correlate the biological effect of ionizing radiation to received dose, to
validate other dosimetry techniques or methodologies, to manage casualties, or for forensic expertise
for judicial authorities.
EPR dosimetry is based on the fundamental properties of ionizing radiation: the generation of unpaired
electron species (e.g., radicals) proportional to absorbed dose. The technique of EPR specifically and
sensitively detects the unpaired electrons that have sufficient stability to be observed after their
generation. The amount of the detectable unpaired electrons is proportional to the total amount that
were generated, and hence to the absorbed dose. These species can interact with microwaves generating
the EPR signal, and therefore the relationship between the intensity of the EPR signal and the radiation
dose should be established.
The most extensive use of EPR in retrospective dosimetry has been with calcified tissue, especially
with enamel from teeth. EPR dosimetry is one of the methods of choice for retrospective evaluation
of doses to the involved populations from the atomic weapon exposures in Japan, after the Chernobyl
accident and radioactive releases of the Mayak facilities in the Southern Urals.
This document provides a guideline to perform the ex vivo measurements of human tooth enamel
samples by X-band EPR for dose assessment using documented and validated procedures. The
minimum requirements for reconstructing the absorbed dose in enamel, by defining precisely the
technical aspects of preparing enamel samples, recording EPR spectra, assessment of radiation induced
EPR signal, converting EPR yield to dose and performing proficiency tests, are described. Retrospective
dose assessment using EPR has relevance in radiation effect research, validating radio-epidemiological
dosimetry systems, medical management, and medical/legal requirements.
A part of the information in this document is contained in other international guidelines and scientific
publications, primarily in the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) technical reports series
on “Use of electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry with tooth enamel for retrospective dose
[1]
assessment” . However, this document expands and standardizes the measurement and dose
reconstruction procedures and the evaluation of performance.
[2]
This document is compliant with ISO 13304-1 with particular consideration given to the specific
needs of X-band EPR dosimetry using human tooth enamel.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Radiological protection — Minimum criteria for electron
paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for
retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation —
Part 2:
Ex vivo human tooth enamel dosimetry
1 Scope
The purpose of this document is to provide minimum criteria required for quality assurance and quality
control, evaluation of the performance and to facilitate the comparison of measurements related to
absorbed dose estimation obtained in different laboratories applying ex vivo X-band EPR spectroscopy
with human tooth enamel.
This document covers the determination of absorbed dose in tooth enamel (hydroxyapatite). It does not
cover the calculation of dose to organs or to the body.
This document addresses:
a) responsibilities of the customer and laboratory;
b) confidentiality and ethical considerations;
c) laboratory safety requirements;
d) the measurement apparatus;
e) preparation of samples;
f) measurement of samples and EPR signal evaluation;
g) calibration of EPR dose response;
h) dose uncertainty and performance test;
i) quality assurance and control.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
NOTE Definitions of terms used in this document that pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry are
[3]
compatible with ICRU 60 .
3.1
air kerma
K
a
sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation
per unit mass of air
Note 1 to entry: This quantity is recommended for calibrating the reference photon radiation fields and reference
[4]
instruments .
Note 2 to entry: The unit of the air kerma is given in gray (Gy), which is equal to 1 J/kg.
3.2
absorbed dose
D
quantity of ionizing radiation energy imparted per unit mass of a specific material
Note 1 to entry: The unit of the absorbed dose is given in gray (Gy), which is equal to 1 J/kg.
3.3
background signal
BGS
signal in the EPR spectrum not generated by ionizing radiation
Note 1 to entry: The background signal (BGS) is not equivalent to the signal component of the radiation induced
signal (RIS) (3.25), which is generated by environmental background radiation.
3.4
bias
deviation of results or interferences from the true value and the estimator
3.5
calibration curve
mathematical description of the dose response relation derived by the in vitro irradiation (3.16) of
tooth enamel samples to known doses
3.6
confidence interval
range within which the true value of a statistical quantity lies, given a value of the probability
3.7
decision threshold
critical value of a measurand quantifying absorbed dose (3.2) in a sample above which exposure can be
identified
3.8
detection limit
smallest true value of a measurand quantifying absorbed dose (3.2) in a sample above which irradiation
can be identified with given probability
3.9
electron paramagnetic resonance
EPR
electron spin resonance
ESR
magnetic resonance technique detecting the net spin (magnetic moment) of unpaired electrons of
paramagnetic centres (3.22) in matter
Note 1 to entry: The terms EPR and ESR are equivalent and are widely used. The term electron magnetic
resonance (EMR) also sometimes is used because it is analogous to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 13304-2:2023
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
3.10
EPR peak-to-peak line width
ΔB
pp
difference in the applied magnetic field values between the minimum and the maximum of the first
derivative of a single EPR signal
3.11
EPR signal
first derivative of the electron paramagnetic resonant microwave absorption of a specific paramagnetic
centre (3.22) measured as function of the applied magnetic field
Note 1 to entry: The area under the absorption curve is proportional to the amount of unpaired spins of the
paramagnetic centre. Hence, the amount of spins is proportional to the double integral of the EPR signal (EPR
signal intensity) or the product of EPR signal amplitude and the square of the EPR peak-to-peak line width.
3.12
EPR signal amplitude
A
peak-to-peak amplitude of the EPR signal (3.11)
3.13
EPR signal intensity
I
quantity proportional to the amount of paramagnetic centres that generated the EPR signal (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: The signal intensity can be evaluated by numerical double integration of the EPR signal by the
extension of the signal along the magnetic field. The signal intensity of a specific paramagnetic centre can also
be evaluated by comparing with a reference spectrum of the specific centre using least square method. The
reference spectrum may result from measurement of a sample including the specific paramagnetic centre or by
mathematical simulation of the spectrum.
3.14
EPR spectrometer
apparatus to measure the resonant absorption of electromagnetic energy (microwaves) resulting from
the transition of the spin of unpaired electrons between different en
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
01-oktober-2022
Radiološka zaščita - Minimalna merila za spektroskopijo z elektronsko
paramagnetno resonanco (EPR) za retrospektivno dozimetrijo ionizirnega sevanja
- 2. del: Dozimetrija človeške zobne sklenine ex vivo (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Radiological protection - Minimum criteria for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
spectroscopy for retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation - Part 2: Ex vivo human
tooth enamel dosimetry (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Strahlenschutz - Mindestanforderungen an die Elektronenspinresonanz (EPR-
Spektroskopie) für die retrospektive Dosimetrie ionisierender Strahlung - Teil 2: Ex-vivo-
Dosimetrie des menschlichen Zahnschmelzes (ISO 13304-2:2020)
Radioprotection - Critères minimaux pour la spectroscopie par résonance
paramagnétique électronique (RPE) pour la dosimétrie rétrospective des rayonnements
ionisants - Partie 2: Dosimétrie ex vivo à partir de l’émail dentaire humain (ISO 13304-
2:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 13304-2
ICS:
13.280 Varstvo pred sevanjem Radiation protection
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13304-2
First edition
2020-07
Radiological protection — Minimum
criteria for electron paramagnetic
resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for
retrospective dosimetry of ionizing
radiation —
Part 2:
Ex vivo human tooth enamel
dosimetry
Radioprotection — Critères minimaux pour la spectroscopie par
résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) pour la dosimétrie
rétrospective des rayonnements ionisants —
Partie 2: Dosimétrie ex vivo à partir de l’émail dentaire humain
Reference number
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Apparatus . 5
4.1 Specifications for EPR spectrometer. 5
4.2 Spectrometer sensitivity . 5
4.3 Microwave bridge . 5
4.4 Magnetic field . 5
4.5 Microwave resonator . 6
5 Preparation of tooth enamel samples . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Applicable grain size . 7
6 Measurement of the EPR spectrum . 7
6.1 Description of spectrum . 7
6.2 Applicable measurement parameters and conditions . 8
6.2.1 General. 8
6.2.2 Microwave power . 8
6.2.3 Magnetic centre field . 8
6.2.4 Magnetic field sweep width . 8
6.2.5 Magnetic field sweep time . 8
6.2.6 Time constant of signal channel receiver . 9
6.2.7 EPR spectrum resolution . 9
6.2.8 Conversion time of spectrum acquisition . 9
6.2.9 Magnetic field modulation amplitude . 9
6.2.10 Number of spectrum accumulations . 9
6.2.11 Sample positioning and loading .10
6.2.12 Dependence of EPR signal intensity on sample mass .10
6.2.13 Use of standard samples .10
6.2.14 Number of measurement repetitions .11
7 Assessment of the RIS intensity .11
7.1 General .11
7.2 Intrinsic EPR signals from microwave resonator and sample tube .12
8 Irradiation of tooth enamel calibration samples for low linear energy transfer
(LET) exposure .12
9 Conversion of the RIS intensity into an estimate of absorbed dose .13
10 Calculation of uncertainty on dose estimate .14
11 Minimum detectable dose .15
12 Confidentiality and ethical considerations .16
13 Laboratory safety requirements .16
13.1 General .16
13.2 Magnetic field safety requirements.16
13.3 Electromagnetic frequency requirements.17
13.4 Chemical safety requirements .17
13.5 Health risks from tooth samples . .17
13.6 Optical safety requirements .17
14 Responsibility of the customer .17
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ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
15 Responsibility of the service laboratory.17
16 Quality assurance and quality control (QA and QC) .17
16.1 General .17
16.2 Performance checks.18
16.2.1 General.18
16.2.2 Performance checks by inter-laboratory comparisons .18
16.2.3 Performance checks of sample preparation .18
16.2.4 Performance checks of general measurement laboratory conditions .19
16.2.5 Performance checks of EPR spectrometer .19
17 Collection/selection and identification of samples .19
18 Transportation and storage of samples .20
19 Minimum documentation requirements .20
Bibliography .21
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oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies,
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 13304 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Introduction
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) is an approach for
retrospective dosimetry of exposure to ionizing radiation in any situation where dosimetric
information is potentially incomplete or unknown for an individual. EPR is a tool for retrospective
evaluation of doses, pertinent as well for acute and protracted exposures in the past or recently. Doses
estimated with EPR were used to correlate the biological effect of ionizing radiation to received dose, to
validate other dosimetry techniques or methodologies, to manage casualties, or for forensic expertise
for judicial authorities.
EPR dosimetry is based on the fundamental properties of ionizing radiation: the generation of unpaired
electron species (e.g., radicals) proportional to absorbed dose. The technique of EPR specifically and
sensitively detects the unpaired electrons that have sufficient stability to be observed after their
generation. The amount of the detectable unpaired electrons is proportional to the total amount that
were generated, and hence to the absorbed dose. These species can interact with microwaves generating
the EPR signal, and therefore the relationship between the intensity of the EPR signal and the radiation
dose should be established.
The most extensive use of EPR in retrospective dosimetry has been with calcified tissue, especially
with enamel from teeth. EPR dosimetry is one of the methods of choice for retrospective evaluation
of doses to the involved populations from the atomic weapon exposures in Japan, after the Chernobyl
accident and radioactive releases of the Mayak facilities in the Southern Urals.
This document provides a guideline to perform the ex vivo measurements of human tooth enamel
samples by X-band EPR for dose assessment using documented and validated procedures. The
minimum requirements for reconstructing the absorbed dose in enamel, by defining precisely the
technical aspects of preparing enamel samples, recording EPR spectra, assessment of radiation induced
EPR signal, converting EPR yield to dose and performing proficiency tests, are described. Retrospective
dose assessment using EPR has relevance in radiation effect research, validating radio-epidemiological
dosimetry systems, medical management, and medical/legal requirements.
A part of the information in this document is contained in other international guidelines and scientific
publications, primarily in the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) technical reports series
on “Use of electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry with tooth enamel for retrospective dose
[1]
assessment” . However, this document expands and standardizes the measurement and dose
reconstruction procedures and the evaluation of performance.
[2]
This document is compliant with ISO 13304-1 with particular consideration given to the specific
needs of X-band EPR dosimetry using human tooth enamel.
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oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
Radiological protection — Minimum criteria for electron
paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for
retrospective dosimetry of ionizing radiation —
Part 2:
Ex vivo human tooth enamel dosimetry
1 Scope
The purpose of this document is to provide minimum criteria required for quality assurance and quality
control, evaluation of the performance and to facilitate the comparison of measurements related to
absorbed dose estimation obtained in different laboratories applying ex vivo X-band EPR spectroscopy
with human tooth enamel.
This document covers the determination of absorbed dose in tooth enamel (hydroxyapatite). It does not
cover the calculation of dose to organs or to the body.
This document addresses:
a) responsibilities of the customer and laboratory;
b) confidentiality and ethical considerations;
c) laboratory safety requirements;
d) the measurement apparatus;
e) preparation of samples;
f) measurement of samples and EPR signal evaluation;
g) calibration of EPR dose response;
h) dose uncertainty and performance test;
i) quality assurance and control.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
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oSIST prEN ISO 13304-2:2022
ISO 13304-2:2020(E)
NOTE Definitions of terms used in this document that pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry are
[3]
compatible with ICRU 60 .
3.1
air kerma
K
a
sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation
per unit mass of air
Note 1 to entry: This quantity is recommended for calibrating the reference photon radiation fields and reference
[4]
instruments .
Note 2 to entry: The unit of the air kerma is given in gray (Gy), which is equal to 1 J/kg.
3.2
absorbed dose
D
quantity of ionizing radiation energy imparted per unit mass of a specific material
Note 1 to entry: The unit of the absorbed dose is given in gray (Gy), which is equal to 1 J/kg.
3.3
background signal
BGS
signal in the EPR spectrum not generated by ionizing radiation
Note 1 to entry: The background signal (BGS) is not equivalent to the signal component of the radiation induced
signal (RIS) (3.25), which is generated by environmental background radiation.
3.4
bias
deviation of results or interferences from the true value and the estimator
3.5
calibration curve
mathematical description of the dose response relation derived by the in vitro irradiation (3.16) of
tooth enamel samples to known doses
3.6
confidence interval
range within which the true value of a statistical quantity lies, given a value of the probability
3.7
decision threshold
critical value of a measurand quantifying absorbed dose (3.2) in a sample above which exposure can be
identified
3.8
detection limit
smallest true value of a measurand quantifying absorbed dose (3.2) in a sample above which irradiation
can be identified with given probability
3.9
electron paramagnetic resonance
EPR
electron spin resonance
ESR
magnetic resonance technique detecting the net spin (magnetic moment) of unpaired electrons of
paramagnetic centres (3.22) in matter
Note 1 to entry: The terms EPR and ESR are equivalent and are widely used. The term electron magnetic
resonance (EMR) also sometimes is used because it is analogous to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
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3.10
EPR peak-to-peak line width
ΔB
pp
difference in the applied magnetic field values between the minimum and the maximum of the first
derivative of a single EPR signal
3.11
EPR signal
first derivative of the electron paramagnetic resonant microwave absorption of a specific paramagnetic
centre (3.22) measured as function of the applied magnetic field
Note 1 to entry: The area under the absorption curve is proportional to the amount of unpaired spins of the
paramagnetic centre. Hence, the amount of spins is proportional to the double integral of the EPR signal (EPR
signal intensity) or the product of EPR signal amplitude and the square of the EPR peak-to-peak line width.
3.12
EPR signal amplitude
A
peak-to-peak amplitude of the EPR signal (3.11)
3.13
EPR signal intensity
I
quantity proportional to the amount of paramagnetic centres that generated the EPR signal (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: The signal intensity can be evaluated by numerical double integration of the EPR signal by the
extension of the signal along the magnetic field. The signal intensity of a specific paramagnetic centre can also
be evaluated by comparing with a reference spectrum of the specific centre using least square method. The
reference spectrum may result from measurement of a sample including the specific paramagnetic centre or by
mathematical simulation of the spectrum.
3.14
EPR spectrometer
apparatus to measure the resonant absorption of electromagnetic energy (microwaves) resulting from
the transition of the spin of unpaired electrons between different energy levels, upon application of
microwave-frequencies to a paramagnetic substance in the presence of a magnetic field
3.15
EPR spectrum fitting
linear least squares curve fitting of an EPR spectrum using a set of reference EPR spectra of specific
paramagnetic centres
3.16
in vitro irradiation/measurement
irradiation/measurement carried out on tooth enamel samples outside the human body
Note 1 to entry: The term ex vivo dosimetry refers to samples measured in vitro but were irradiated within the
human body.
3.17
linear energy transfer
LET
dE/dl
quotient of dE/dl, as defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
(ICRU), where dE is the average energy locally imparted to the medium by a charged particle of specific
energy in traversing a distance of dl
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3.18
magnetic field
B
magnetic flux density (induction)
Note 1 to entry: SI unit Tesla (T) replaced the Gauss (G). 1 T = 10 000 G.
3.19
microwave bridge
apparatus to generate microwaves that are provided to the microwave resonator and to detect
microwaves that were reflected at the resonator
3.20
microwave resonator
resonator for electromagnetic waves consisting of a metal box with appropriate dimensions that
confines the electromagnetic fields in the microwave range and allows formation of standing waves
Note 1 to entry: For EPR measurement the sample is located inside of the microwave resonator. The term
microwave cavity is equivalent to microwave resonator.
3.21
microwave resonator working volume
volume inside the resonator extending along the vertical resonator axis around the centre, within which
the local sensitivity does not decrease more than 25 % relative to the maximal sensitivity at the centre
3.22
paramagnetic centre
species with unpaired electron(s)
Note 1 to entry: Paired electrons have the same quantum state but opposite spin orientation; unpaired electrons
do not have a “partner” with the opposite spin. When the unpaired spin is on a molecule, it is termed a radical;
when the unpaired electron is in a solid, it is termed electron or electron defect (hole) centre.
3.23
quality assurance
planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a process, measurement,
or service satisfies given requirements for quality
3.24
quality control
planned and systematic actions intended to verify that systems and components conform with
predetermined requirements
3.25
radiation induced signal
RIS
EPR signal (3.11) resulting from paramagnetic centres (3.22) generated by ionizing radiation
3.26
reference spectrum
unit EPR spectrum of a specific paramagnetic centre (3.22) used to evaluate the intensity of the EPR
spectrum of this centre in a sample under investigation
Note 1 to entry: The unit spectrum is reconstructed from EPR measurement of a sample containing the specific
paramagnetic centre or by mathematical simulation.
3.27
retrospective dosimetry
dosimetry to assess dose coming from past exposures
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3.28
standard sample
sample used to verify the performance stability of the EPR spectrometer
Note 1 to entry: The EPR signal of the standard sample shall be stable to allow reproducible measurements over
extended periods.
3.29
tooth enamel calibration samples
tooth enamel powder samples prepared from whole teeth exposed in vitro to defined absorbed doses
(3.2) or from unexposed teeth with in vitro exposure of the powder to calibrate the RIS dose response
4 Apparatus
4.1 Specifications for EPR spectrometer
The specifications of the apparatus provided by the manufacturer include
a) sensitivity,
b) range of frequency and power of the applicable microwaves,
c) range and stability, scan range and spatial homogeneity of the applicable magnetic field,
d) magnetic field modulation amplitude and frequency, and
e) unloaded quality factor (Q value) of the microwave resonator.
4.2 Spectrometer sensitivity
Commercial X-band EPR spectrometers have typically the sensitivity (indicated by the minimum
14 [5]
detectable spin number/signal half-width) of less than 1 × 10 spins/T . This corresponds to the
-
amount of CO -radicals generated in 100 mg of tooth enamel by absorbed radiation dose of less than
2
[6]
1 mGy .
4.3 Microwave bridge
The frequencies of microwaves provided by X-band microw
...
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