SIST-TP CEN/TR 17698:2021
(Main)Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric and strength data of children in Europe
Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric and strength data of children in Europe
This document contains guidance on identifying reliable sources of anthropometric and strength data published since 2000 for the European population under the age of 18 years. It does not contain the anthropometric data itself.
This document is intended to give guidance to the stakeholders such as the standard writers, designers and manufacturers of products for children on how to identify currently available sources of anthropometric data that are relevant to their needs in terms of age/gender groupings, types of anthropometric data. This document also identifies the lack of data for specific applications hence implicitly indicating caution for the stakeholders
This document also provides information about the sources of anthropometric data listed within it. This information includes:
- Date of survey;
- Organization who carried out the survey;
- Geographic limitations of the survey;
- Size and gender of the population measured or scanned;
- Types of anthropometric measurements included in them.
This document has two annexes
- Annex A: Definition of body measurements;
- Annex B: Existing data sources.
Ergonomie - Bedarf und Verfügbarkeit von anthropometrischen und Kraftdaten von Kindern in Europa
Demandes et disponibilité des données anthropométriques et de force des enfants en Europe
Ergonomija - Zahteve in razpoložljivost antropometričnih podatkov in podatkov o telesni zmogljivosti otrok v Evropi
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2021
Ergonomija - Zahteve in razpoložljivost antropometričnih podatkov in podatkov o
telesni zmogljivosti otrok v Evropi
Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric and strength data of children in
Europe
Ergonomie - Bedarf und Verfügbarkeit von anthropometrischen und Kraftdaten von
Kindern in Europa
Demandes et disponibilité des données anthropométriques et de force des enfants en
Europe
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17698:2021
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN/TR 17698
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
October 2021
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 13.180
English Version
Ergonomics - Demands and availability of anthropometric
and strength data of children in Europe
Ergonomie - Demandes et disponibilité des données Ergonomie - Bedarf und Verfügbarkeit von
anthropométriques et de force des enfants en Europe anthropometrischen und Kraftdaten von Kindern in
Europa
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 3 October 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 122.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 17698:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Background of the project . 5
5 Description of the project . 6
6 Anthropometric data needed by the stakeholders . 6
6.1 General. 6
6.2 Head measurements . 9
6.3 Hand measurements . 10
6.4 Foot measurements . 12
6.5 Supine measurements . 13
6.6 Standing measurements . 14
6.7 Sitting measurements . 18
6.8 Reach measurements . 19
6.9 Strength measurements . 20
7 Existing data sources . 22
7.1 General. 22
7.2 Methodology . 22
7.3 Characterization of databases . 23
7.3.1 General. 23
7.3.2 Identification of the database . 23
7.3.3 Context of the database . 24
7.3.4 Description of the sample . 25
7.3.5 Characterization of the measurement protocol . 25
7.3.6 Kind of measurements . 27
8 Information on data gaps . 31
Annex A (informative) Definition of body measurements . 34
Annex B (informative) Existing data sources . 84
Bibliography . 144
European foreword
This document (CEN/TR 17698:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122
“Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
Introduction
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has carried out, within CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” a
project to acquire anthropometric and strength data of children in Europe, initiated by the lack of
published data. These data have to be current and reliable being the basis for the safety, comfort and
usability of products used for or with children. From the economic point of view, they are the prerequisite
for a successful position of European stakeholders on the international market.
At present, there is no sufficient knowledge neither on the existing anthropometric data and its
availability nor on the specific demand of data from the relevant stakeholders. Therefore, the project has
been divided in two phases. This technical report is a consequence of the results of the first phase of the
project entitled “Analysis of the Demand and Availability of anthropometric data of children in Europe”.
This first phase of the project included an extensive research on the demands, necessity and existence of
Anthropometric and Strength data of European population under 18 years old. Background information
and summary of this research project is provided in Clauses 4 to 8 of this Technical Report.
1 Scope
This document contains guidance on identifying reliable sources of anthropometric and strength data
published since 2000 for the European population under the age of 18 years. It does not contain the
anthropometric data itself.
This document is intended to give guidance to the stakeholders such as the standard writers, designers
and manufacturers of products for children on how to identify currently available sources of
anthropometric data that are relevant to their needs in terms of age/gender groupings, types of
anthropometric data. This document also identifies the lack of data for specific applications hence
implicitly indicating caution for the stakeholders
This document also provides information about the sources of anthropometric data listed within it. This
information includes:
— Date of survey;
— Organization who carried out the survey;
— Geographic limitations of the survey;
— Size and gender of the population measured or scanned;
— Types of anthropometric measurements included in them.
This document has two annexes
— Annex A: Definition of body measurements;
— Annex B: Existing data sources.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
4 Background of the project
Experts involved in several CEN Technical Committees (CEN/TC) and working for the standardization
projects related to childcare products, toys and articles used by and for children have identified and
emphasized the need of having precise and relevant up-to-date anthropometric data, related to the use
of this kind of products.
Availability of correct anthropometric data and the use of updated data are important due to the changes
in body measures and physical strengths of children along the past 30 years and no European-wide
collection of data has been recently conducted to fill the gap in this population.
5 Description of the project
In order to describe the current scenario of anthropometric data of children in Europe, the first phase of
the project comprised the following aims:
1. Research on the existence, quality and availability of anthropometric data of children in Europe.
2. Research on the demands from relevant stakeholders on anthropometric data of children with regard
to the application of anthropometric data.
3. Comparison of the existence/availability of, and the demands for anthropometric data in order to
identify the gap between available data and demands concerning their application.
6 Anthropometric data needed by the stakeholders
6.1 General
The demands on anthropometric data has been explored using an online questionnaire that has been sent
to a long list of stakeholders with needs of children anthropometric and strength data. The stakeholders
that have answered the questionnaire were distributed along different groups whose professional
activity is related with the design, evaluation and/or commercialization of products for children. A set of
workshops and individual interviews were also performed in order to obtain more detailed information
about the demands on children anthropometry and strengths.
Finally, 251 participants from 204 organizations, institutions and companies answered the
questionnaire and 20 participants from 18 organizations, institutions and companies have
participated in the workshops and interviews.
The charts below show the profile of the participants in the questionnaires. Figure 1 shows the number
of participants in the survey shorted by professional profile. The stakeholders that have filled out the
questionnaire mainly belong to the areas of industry (designer/product developer and quality expert),
standardization and research. In addition, some participants belong to other areas of industry
(marketing, sales, and management) and the areas of laboratories, representative bodies of sector
(industrial associations) and consumer associations.
Key
1 Standardization 6 Laboratory – Other
2 Industry – Designer/Product Developer 7 Research
3 Industry – Quality Expert 8 Consumer Association
4 Industry – Other 9 Representative Body of Sector
5 Laboratory – Dummy/Mannequin Developer
Figure 1 — Profile of the participants in the questionnaire
Figure 2 shows the percentage of participants by sector that have answered the questionnaire. In ‘Other’,
sectors such as personal protective equipment and consumer goods are included. 73 % of participants
were from Standardization Technical Committees.
Key
Clothing/footwear
Toys
Child use and care
Playground
Educational furniture
Sport
Transport (child restraining systems)
Other
Figure 2 — Online questionnaire: Participation by sector
The 28 participants in the workshops and interviews are mainly from areas of the Industry
(Designer/Product developer) and Research laboratories/Universities (21 %), but also others from the
Standardization and Consumer associations (6 %), R&D departments or associations of the Industry
(3 %) and Certification laboratories (4 %) have participated.
Figure 3 shows the percentage of participants by sector that have participated in the workshops and
interviews.
Key
Transport
Toys
Child use and care
Education furniture
General
Sport
Construction
Playground
Figure 3 — Workshops and Interviews: Participation by sector
The measurements, sorted by sector and kind of measurement or part of the body, that are relevant for
the participants in the questionnaires, workshops and interviews are shown in the following sections.
The colour of the cell is related with the importance of the measurement for the sector. Therefore:
— Measurements in green colour are highlighted by 50 % of the respondents of the questionnaires and
the participants in the workshops consider them highly relevant.
— Measurements in yellow colour are highlighted by 25 % of the respondents of the questionnaires and
the participants in the workshops consider them relevant.
— Measurements in white colour were not mentioned as relevant or necessary for the sector.
The description and illustrations of the measurements are included in the Annex A.
6.2 Head measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Head Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Head breadth R HR R HR HR R HR HR HR
2 Ear-to-ear (bitragion) breadth R R
3 Face breadth (bizygomatic or cheekbones)
4 Face breadth (brow ridges)
5 Jaw breadth
6 Eye separation (Interpupilar distance)
7 Neck breadth R HR R R R R HR HR
8 Bitragion arc of the head
9 Neck circumference/Neck girth R HR HR HR HR R R HR
10 Neck-base girth R R R R R
11 Head circumference/Head girth R HR HR HR HR R HR
12 Sagittal arc of the head R R R R
13 Head length HR R R R HR HR
14 Maximum head diameter (chin to back of head) HR HR HR HR
15 Head height (7th Cervicale) R R R R R
16 Head height (Vertex to chin) R HR HR HR R R R HR
17 Face height
18 Face length (menton-sellion)
19 Mouth breadth HR HR
20 Mouth opening (between incisors) R HR HR
6.3 Hand measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Hand Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Hand length (stylion to wrist crease) R R R R R R R R R
2 Palm length perpendicular R R R R
3 Hand length (to thumb crotch) R R R HR HR
4 Hand breadth at metacarpals R HR R R HR R HR HR
5 Hand breadth at thumb R HR HR HR R R R HR HR
6 Hand circumference at palm R R HR HR HR R R HR
7 Thumb breadth at distal joint R HR HR HR R R HR
8 Index finger breadth, distal R HR HR HR HR HR
9 Index finger breadth, proximal R R HR R R HR
10 Middle finger breadth at distal joint HR HR HR HR HR
11 Middle finger breadth at middle joint R HR R R HR
12 Third finger breadth at distal joint HR HR HR HR HR
13 Third finger breadth at middle joint R HR R R HR
14 Little finger breadth at distal joint R HR HR HR HR HR
15 Little finger breadth at middle joint R R HR R R HR
16 Middle finger length (distal joint to tip) R HR HR HR HR HR
17 Middle finger length (middle joint to distal joint) R HR R HR
18 Thumb length HR R R HR
19 Index finger length R HR R R HR
20 Middle finger length R HR HR R R HR
21 Third finger length HR R R HR
22 Little finger length HR R R HR
Child use Educational Restraint
Hand Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
23 Hand depth R R HR HR R R R HR
24 Hand clearance (maximum aperture) R R HR R R HR
25 Middle finger depth at distal joint HR R HR
26 Middle finger depth at middle joint HR R R HR
27 Fist depth R R R HR R R HR
28 Fist circumference R R R
Middle finger length (knuckle to middle joint, hand
29 R R
clenched)
30 Fist breadth R R HR HR R HR HR
Maximum grip diameter (between thumb and index
31 HR HR HR HR R R HR
finger)
Maximum grip diameter (between thumb and middle
32 R HR R HR HR R HR
finger)
33 Grip length (middle finger to thumb) R HR R R HR
34 Thumb diameter (minimum aperture) R R HR HR R HR
35 Index finger diameter (minimum aperture) R R HR HR HR HR HR
36 Middle finger diameter (minimum aperture) R R HR HR HR R HR
37 Little finger diameter (minimum aperture) HR HR HR HR R HR
6.4 Foot measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Foot Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Foot length R HR R HR HR HR R HR HR
2 Forefoot length R R R
3 Distance heel — 1st metatarsal R R
4 Distance heel — 5th metatarsal R R
5 Toes width HR HR
6 Foot breadth R HR R HR HR R R HR HR
7 Heel breadth R R R
8 Ankle breadth R HR R HR
9 Toes girth
10 Ball girth R R R
11 Instep girth R R
12 Minimum leg girth R R
13 Ankle circumference R R R
14 Heel to instep girth R R
15 Foot height HR HR HR R HR HR
16 Height of 1st toe R R HR HR HR
17 Height of 1st metatarsal R R HR HR HR
18 Height of 5th toe HR HR
19 Height of 5th metatarsal HR HR
20 Instep height R R HR HR
21 Heel height
22 Ankle height R R R HR HR
6.5 Supine measurements
Measurements in supine posture are a specific set of the standing measurements that are taken in children under 24 months and only before they
can stand up.
Child use Educational Restraint
Supine Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Body mass HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR
2 Body length, crown to sole (Supine) /recumbent length R HR HR HR R HR HR HR
3 Shoulder height (supine) HR R R R HR HR
4 Elbow height (supine) R R R R R R
5 Sitting height/Crown to rump (supine) HR HR HR R HR HR HR
6 Leg length, buttock to sole (supine) R HR R HR R HR R HR
7 Hip depth (supine) R R HR R R R HR
8 Buttock to popliteal length (supine) R R R R R R
9 Lower leg length, popliteal to sole (supine) R R R R R R
10 Lower leg length, knee to sole (supine) R R R R R R
11 Mid-thigh depth (supine) R HR R HR
12 Waist breadth (in infants) HR HR HR R HR R HR
13 Hip breadth, standing (maximum in infants) R HR HR HR R HR R HR
14 Waist circumference (maximum in infants) R R HR R R HR
15 Mid-thigh girth (supine) R R R R
The body mass had not been addressed in the questionnaire described in 6.1 and its relevance for the sectors was, therefore, based on literature [7].
6.6 Standing measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Body mass HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR
2 Stature R HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR
3 Eye height (from floor) HR R R HR
4 Chin height R HR HR
5 Back neck height/Cervicale height R HR HR R HR
6 Shoulder height from floor R R HR HR R R HR
7 Chest height at armpit R R
8 Iliac spine height, standing R R
9 Hip height at trochanter R R R
10 Waist height R R
11 Upper hip height R R
12 Top hip height R R
Maximum hip girth height / Buttock height at
13 R R
maximum depth
14 Crotch height / Inside leg height R HR R HR R HR
15 Buttock height at gluteal furrow R R R R R R
16 Torso height HR R HR
17 Back neck point to ground (contoured) R R R
18 Back neck point to knee R R
19 Diagonal trunk girth R R
20 Centre trunk length HR HR HR
The body mass had not been addressed in the questionnaire described in 6.1 and its relevance for the sectors was, therefore, based on literature [7].
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
21 Shoulder breadth (bideltoid) R HR R R HR
22 Shoulder breadth (biacromial) R R
23 Elbow to elbow breadth R HR R R HR
24 Shoulder slope HR R HR
25 Back shoulder width R R
26 Shoulder length HR HR
27 Back width (armpit level) R R R
28 Across back width R R
29 Back neck point to waist HR R HR
30 Scye depth R R
31 Back point to bust point R R
32 Back neck point to waist level R R
33 Bust points around neck R R
34 Side neck point to bust point R R
35 Side neck point to waist level R R
36 Front width (armpit level) R R
37 Chest depth, standing R R R
38 Thorax depth/Bust depth R R R
39 Body depth, standing R R R
40 Abdomen/hip depth R R R
41 Straight body rise HR HR
42 Total crotch length HR HR
43 Front crotch length HR HR
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
44 Back crotch length HR HR
45 Side waist to hip R R
46 Waist to hips (trochanter) HR HR
47 Chest breadth at armpit R R
48 Chest breadth, standing (mesosternal level)
49 Bust point width R R
50 Chest breadth at nipples R R R
51 Waist breadth (at navel) HR HR R HR
52 Hip breadth (trochanter) HR HR R R HR
53 Chest circumference/Bust girth HR R HR
54 Chest girth (at axilla) HR HR
55 Underbust girth HR HR
56 Mid-riff girth R R
57 Waist circumference / Waist girth HR HR
58 Hip circumference (buttock)/Hip girth HR HR R HR
59 Hip circumference (trochanter) HR HR R R HR
60 Upper arm depth R R
61 Lower arm breadth R R
62 Wrist breadth R R
63 Wrist depth R R
64 Upper arm length HR R HR
65 Outer arm length HR R HR
66 Back neck point to wrist length HR R HR
67 Underarm length R R R
Child use Educational Restraint
Standing Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
68 Elbow-wrist length HR R HR
69 Forearm-fingertip length R R HR R R HR
70 Armscye girth R R
71 Upper arm circumference at armpit R HR R HR
72 Upper arm girth R HR HR
73 Elbow girth R HR HR
74 Lower arm circumference R R R
75 Wrist circumference R R HR HR
76 Outside leg length HR R R HR
77 Thigh length HR R HR
78 Knee height (midpatella), standing R R R HR HR
79 Tibiale height R R R R
80 Calf height (at maximum circumference) R R
81 Upper thigh depth R R
82 Calf depth
83 Thigh circumference HR HR
84 Mid-thigh girth R R
85 Knee girth R HR HR
86 Lower knee girth R R R
87 Calf circumference R R R
6.7 Sitting measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Sitting Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Sitting height R HR HR HR R HR HR HR
2 Eye height, sitting R HR HR HR
3 Cervical height, sitting/Back neck height, sitting R HR R HR
4 Shoulder height, sitting HR HR R HR
5 Shoulder- elbow length R R HR R HR HR
6 Elbow height, sitting HR R R R HR
7 Hip breadth, sitting (maximum when seated) R HR R HR R HR HR HR
8 Thigh breadth (maximum when seated) HR R HR
9 Knee breadth, sitting HR R HR
10 Abdominal depth, sitting HR R HR HR
11 Buttock-abdomen depth, sitting R HR R HR HR HR
12 Buttock-popliteal length, sitting (seat depth) R R HR HR HR HR
13 Buttock-knee length, sitting R R R HR R R HR
14 Thigh clearance, (depth) sitting R HR R HR HR
15 Knee height, sitting R HR R HR R HR R HR
16 Popliteal height, sitting R HR HR HR HR R HR
6.8 Reach measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Reach Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
1 Span R HR HR R HR HR
2 Elbow span R R R R R
3 Sideways reach to grip (standing) HR HR HR HR
4 Knuckle height (from floor) R HR R HR
5 Middle finger tip height (from floor) R R R
6 Fist (grip axis) height R R R
7 Wall-acromion distance R R
8 Arm length to fingertip R R HR HR R HR HR
9 Arm length to grip HR HR HR
10 Forward reach to grip (standing)/Grip reach, standing R HR HR HR HR
11 Elbow height (from floor) R R HR HR HR
12 Elbow — grip length R R R
13 Step height R HR HR HR HR HR
14 Overhead reach to grip (standing) R HR R HR HR R R HR
15 Overhead reach to fingertip (on tiptoes) HR HR R HR
16 Overhead reach to fingertip (jumping) HR HR
17 Overhead reach to grip (sitting) HR R HR R HR HR
18 Forward reach to grip (sitting) R HR HR R R HR
19 Forward reach to grip (stretching and seated) R HR R R HR
Forward reach to fingertip (stretching and seated, legs
20 R R R R
outstretched)
21 Leg length, buttock to sole (sitting) HR HR R HR
6.9 Strength measurements
Child use Educational Restraint
Strength measurements Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
Hand strength
1 Finger Push R R HR HR R HR HR
2 Pinch (finger tips) R R HR HR HR R HR
3 Pinch (lateral) R R HR R HR
4 Pinch-Pull R R HR HR HR R R HR
5 Hand Grip R HR R HR HR
6 Hand pushing R R HR HR HR
7 Hand Pulling R HR HR HR HR HR
8 Shear R HR HR
Wrist strengths
1 Twisting (with hand) R R HR HR HR HR HR
2 Twisting (with finger tips) HR HR R HR
3 Opening R HR R HR
Leg/feet strengths
1 Press with the foot R R R HR HR HR
2 Feet pushing forwards R HR R HR
3 Lift with the foot R HR R HR R HR
Child use Educational Restraint
Strength measurements Toys Playground Sport Clothing Construction Global
and care furniture transport
Mouth strengths
1 Biting R HR HR R HR
2 Lip strength R R R
Upper body/trunk strengths
1 Pushing forwards R R HR R HR HR HR
2 Pushing downwards R R HR R HR HR HR
3 Pushing sideways R R R HR R HR
4 Pulling R R HR R HR HR HR
5 Lifting R HR R HR R HR
6 Hitting force R R R R R R R
7 Pushing with the shoulder R HR R HR
8 Hanging by the arms R R R R R
9 Chair push-up R R HR HR
7 Existing data sources
7.1 General
An exhaustive search on the existing anthropometric and strength data of children relevant for the design
of safety and ergonomic products has been carried out in the project, identifying all the relevant
information required to analyse the scope, representability and availability of data.
7.2 Methodology
The search of data has been performed on an exhaustive set of scientific, technical and commercial
literature between June 2015 and December of 2015. New studies that have been identified after this
date are included in the set of existing data. The review has explored different sources of information to
generate the resulting databases:
— Scientific search engines: Web of science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Medline (PubMed), Plos One and
Google Scholar.
— Scientific online networks: Researchgate. The citations of identified publications were also
screened for additional resources.
— Network of contacts of CEN/TC 122 members, including technological centres, research
organizations and companies.
— Information provided by experts from different CEN Technical Committees.
— Standards related to anthropometry or children products.
— Those stakeholders participating in the online survey developed in WP2, “Demands on
anthropometric data”, who have informed that they have their own anthropometric database of
children.
— Google engine: For commercial and research websites that are not published on scientific sources.
The parameters that were considered for the inclusion of data in the results of the present research are
explained hereafter:
— Geographical scope. The review is focused on studies considering population from the EU-28,
Switzerland, Turkey, Norway, Russia and Belarus.
— Year of generation of the database. The review has been focussed on data acquired in the year 2000
or later. Previous data could be affected by secular changes.
— Demographic aspects. The review includes databases of children from 0 to 18 years old of both
genders. Those studies focused on pathologies have not been considered. In the case of strength
review, studies focused on children involved in sport activities have not been considered.
— Sample size. It represents the number of children measured to generate the database. No limitation
was applied to identify existing databases.
— Acquisition procedure. Regarding the anthropometric surveys, the review includes references
involving both traditional acquisitions based on the use of instruments such as stadiometers or
measuring tapes and 3D acquisitions obtained through 3D scanners or similar. Regarding strength
surveys, the review includes studies involving both measurements of isometric (static) forces and
isokinetic (dynamic) forces as well as other methods.
7.3 Characterization of databases
7.3.1 General
Table of the existing data are shown in two tables in the Annexe B. Both tables have complementary
information and some coincident parameters. Table B.1 contains information about the generation of the
database (author, organization, year of publication, …) and Table B.2 describes the contents of the
databases regarding the kind of measurements and measurement protocols. Some parameters are
repeated in Table B.1 and Table B.2 because they are useful to link both tables and to understand the
contents and description of each database. The rows per page of both tables are completely aligned, so as
they can be printed and physically overlapped in order to consult all the information about each data
source.
The parameters of both tables are described in the sections hereafter.
7.3.2 Identification of the database
7.3.2.1 Code of the databases
The databases are named with an exclusive identifier including the following information in the
codification:
— Country: the codification of the country is based in the system of three letters of the standard
EN ISO 3166-1 alfa-3 (A3).
— Year of publication.
— Year of the survey. When the measurements have been taken.
— Part of the body. The codification is shown in Table 1.
— Single identifier. A number of two figures is used to distinguish databases that share the same
previous parameters.
Table 1 — Codification of parts of the body
Parts of the body
B0 Head and neck C0 Trunk D0 Upper limbs E0 Lower limbs
C1 Thorax D1 Shoulder and upper arm E1 Hip and Thigh
A0
B1 Head
Full body
C2 Abdomen D2 Elbow and forearm E2 Knee and leg
B2 Neck C3 Pelvis D3 Wrist and hand E3 Ankle and foot
7.3.2.2 Study name (Title)
This is the title of the publication (paper, thesis, web name, etc.) where the study is described and some
results are published.
7.3.2.3 Name of the database/study
In case that the database or the study has been named with a proper name, it is included in this parameter.
7.3.2.4 Author and organization
Name of the first author of the publication and the organization he or she belonged to when the study
was published.
7.3.3 Context of the database
7.3.3.1 Year of the publication
This is the year of the publication.
7.3.3.2 Year of the survey
This is the year (or years) when the survey was performed.
7.3.3.3 Country
This is the country where the study was performed.
7.3.3.4 Area of Europe
The areas of Europe have been defined ad hoc for the project as it follows:
— Northern Europe: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, United Kingdom.
Non-EU: Iceland, Norway.
— Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands. Non-EU: Switzerland.
— Southern Europe: Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain. Non-EU: Turkey,
Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro.
— Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia. Non-EU: West Russia,
Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.
— General: Studies that include population from different countries.
Figure 4 — Regions of Europe. Blue: Northern Europe; Red: Eastern Europe; Green: Western
Europe; Purple: Southern Europe
7.3.4 Description of the sample
7.3.4.1 Age range
Minimum and maximum ages of the population measured in the study.
7.3.4.2 Gender
It is referred to the gender of the population measured in the study:
— M: Only males
— F: Only females
— M&F: Both males and females have been measured in the study.
7.3.4.3 Boys sample size
Number of males measured in the study of all age groups.
7.3.4.4 Girls sample size
Number of females measured in the study of all age groups.
7.3.5 Characterization of the measurement protocol
7.3.5.1 Category
This parameter is related with the kind of dimensions considered in the scope of the study and the
number of measurements taken in the survey. Seven categories have been defined in order to represent
the potential of these databases in terms of kind of data and number of acquired body measurements:
— Ant-Basic: It includes Height and Weight and some of the following measurements: Waist
circumference, Hip circumference, Head circumference, Arm circumference, Forearm circumference,
Arm span and Hand breadth.
— Ant-Reduced: The number of anthropometric measurements is between 7 and 15 measurements,
including the Basic set.
— Ant-Mid-extended: The number of anthropometric measurements is between 16 and 25.
— Ant-Extended: The number of measurements is between 26 and 60.
— Ant-Full extended: The number of measurements is higher than 75.
— Ant-Body part: Databases that are focused on gathering the anthropometry of some part of the body.
— Strengths: Studies that are focused on strengths, which they usually include between 1 and 12
measurements.
7.3.5.2 Measurement method
This parameter is about the measurement method that was used to gather the measurements of the
population:
— Traditional: Anthropometric data measured using manual or traditional instruments.
— 3D Scanner: Anthropometric measurements obtained from a 3D representation of the body,
registered with a 3D scanner.
— 3D Scanner and Traditional: The database includes measurements taken with both of the previous
methods.
— Images: Anthropometric measurements taken from images of the body or a part of the body.
— Images and Traditional: The database includes anthropometric measurements taken from images and
also using traditional instruments.
— Others (anthropometry): Other methods different than the previous ones have been used to take
anthropometric measurements.
— Isometric: Static forces (they do not involve the movement of the body).
— Isometric and Isokinetic: Both static and dynamic forces.
— Eurofit test battery: Studies that have measured the set of the Eurofit test battery.
— Isometric and Others: Both static and other kind of forces (but not dynamic forces).
— Others (strengths): Other methods different than the previous ones have been used to take strength
measurements.
7.3.5.3 Part of the body
This parameter is about the part of the body that has been measured or that is related with the
measurements taken in the study:
— Full body: Both anthropometric or strength measurements that are related with the full body.
— Head: Anthropometric measurements of the head.
— Hand: Anthropometric measurements of the hand.
— Foot and ankle: Anthropometric measurements of feet or ankles.
— Arms/Upper body: Strengths performed with the arms or the upper part of the body.
— Legs/feet: Strengths performed with the legs or feet.
— Hand/Wrist: Strengths performed with the hand or the wrist.
— Wrist: Strengths performed with the wrist.
— Fingers: Strengths performed with the fingers.
7.3.6 Kind of measurements
The parameters included in this section show the kind of measurements included in the database. There
are two sets of measurements and the possible values of those parameters are only three: Yes when this
kind of data are included in the database. Unknown when there is a suspicion about the presence of these
measurements in the database but it cannot be confirmed. Blank if this kind of data are not included in
the database.
The two sets of parameters are the following:
— Anthropometric measurements. They refer to the measurements described in sections 1 to 7 of the
Annex A.
— Basic measurements. The database includes the basic set of anthropometric measurements (i.e.
Height and Weight and some of the following measurements: Waist circumference, Hip
circumference, Head circumference, Arm circumference, Forearm circumference, Arm span and
Hand breadth.)
— Hand dimensions.
— Foot dimensions.
— Head dimensions.
— Seated dimensions.
— Standing/Supine dimensions.
— Reach dimensions.
— Strength measurements. They refer to the measurements described in section 8 of the Annex A.
— Grip strength. This measurement is the most frequent in the studies about strengths, therefore it
has been created a specific category.
— Measurements related to physical fitness tests, such as explosive strength, endurance, flexibility.
— Hand strength. They are related to more than one hand strength, such as grip, pinch, etc.
— Muscle strength. They are related to more than one individual muscle group strength, such as
elbow flexion and extension, knee flexion and extension, etc.
— Wrist strength. Strength that are performed with the wrist and the hand does not have a
significant role.
— Strength related to actions. They are related to specific actions, such as pushing, opening, biting,
etc.
— Trunk strength. Strength that are performed with the trunk and the arms and hands do not play
a significant role.
— Fingers’ strength. When the measured forces are of specific movements of the fingers.
The summary of the existing data in four age groups and organized by kind of data as it follows:
— Anthropometric data:
— Basic dimensions;
— Standing/Supine;
— Seated;
— Reaches;
— Head;
— Hand;
— Foot;
— Strengths.
Table 2 — Summary of the existing data
Age range 0–2 years old 2–4 years old 5–10 years old 11–18 years old
Databases in Northern (2db),
Databases in Southern (8db), Western Databases in Eastern (5db), Northern Databases in Southern (32db),
Southern (3db), Western (3db) and
Basic
(6db), Northern (5db) and Eastern (22db), Southern (24db) and Western Northern (19db), Western (22db) and
Eastern Europe (1db).
anthropometric
Europe (2db) (22db) Europe. Eastern (10db) Europe.
dimensions
Statistics
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