SIST EN ISO 16993:2016

Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another (ISO 16993:2016)

ISO 16993:2016 gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that can be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.

Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Umwandlung von Analysenergebnissen einer Bezugsbasis in Ergebnisse mit anderer Bezugsbasis (ISO 16993:2016)

Diese Internationale Norm stellt Gleichungen zur Verfügung, die es ermöglichen, auf biogene Festbrennstoffe bezogene Analysendaten hinsichtlich der verschiedenen, allgemein gebräuchlichen Bezugsbasen anzugeben. Es werden Korrektionen berücksichtigt, die auf gewisse bestimmte Werte für biogene Festbrennstoffe vor deren Berechnung auf anderen Bezugsbasen angewendet werden können.
Im Anhang A sind Instrumente für Integritätsprüfungen von Analysenergebnissen angegeben. Im Anhang B sind Umrechnungsfaktoren zur Berechnung in andere Einheiten angeführt. Der Anhang C ist ein Leitfaden für die Anwendung von Validierungsparametern, wie sie in Analysennormen vom ISO/TC 238 zu finden sind.

Biocombustibles solides - Conversion de résultats analytiques d'une base en une autre base (ISO 16993:2016)

L'ISO 16993 :2016 fournit les formules permettant aux données analytiques relatives aux biocombustibles solides d'être exprimées sur différentes bases communément utilisées. Il faut prendre en considération les corrections qui peuvent s'appliquer à certaines valeurs déterminées pour les biocombustibles solides avant de procéder à des calculs sur d'autres bases.
L'Annexe A donne des outils destinés aux vérifications d'intégrité des résultats analytiques. L'Annexe B donne les facteurs de conversion pour un calcul dans d'autres unités. L'Annexe C est une directive d'utilisation des paramètres de validation tels qu'ils peuvent être trouvés dans les normes analytiques de l'ISO/TC 238.

Trdna biogoriva - Preračun analiznih rezultatov na različne osnove (ISO 16993:2016)

Ta mednarodni standard podaja formule, ki omogočajo izražanje analiznih podatkov v zvezi s trdnimi biogorivi na različnih osnovah, ki se pogosto uporabljajo. Obravnavani so popravki, ki se lahko uporabijo za določene ugotovljene vrednosti za trdna biogoriva pred izračunom na druge osnove. V dodatku A so podana orodja za preverjanje integritete analiznih rezultatov. V dodatku B so podani faktorji pretvorbe za izračun v druge enote. Dodatek C je smernica za uporabo parametrov potrjevanja, kot so navedeni v analiznih standardih ISO/TC 238.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 02-Jun-2016
• Publication Date: 08-Sep-2016
• ICS: 75.160.40 - Biofuels
• Technical Committee: AGO - Refuse derived fuel
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 31-Aug-2016
• Due Date: 05-Nov-2016
• Completion Date: 09-Sep-2016
• Directive: 2000/76/EC - Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste
• Mandate: M/298 - Mandate to CEN for standardisation in the field of solid biofuels
• Ref Project: EN ISO 16993:2016 - Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another (ISO 16993:2016)

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN ISO 16993:2015 - Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another (ISO 16993:2015)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2016

Overview - EN ISO 16993:2016 (Solid biofuels conversion)

EN ISO 16993:2016 (ISO 16993:2016) provides standardized formulae to convert analytical results for solid biofuels between commonly used reporting bases: as‑analysed (air‑dried), as‑received, dry, and dry, ash‑free (daf). The standard explains required corrections for parameters that are directly affected by moisture (notably hydrogen and net calorific value) and supplies informative Annexes with integrity checks, unit conversion factors and guidance on validation parameters. EN ISO 16993:2016 is intended to ensure consistent, comparable reporting of analytical data across laboratories, fuel producers and users.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Conversion formulae: Table 1 contains the general formulae to calculate multiplication factors for converting analytical values among bases (ad, ar, d, daf).
• Moisture handling: Details when and how to apply moisture-related corrections before or after basis conversion.
• Hydrogen correction: Specifies removal of moisture‑bound hydrogen from air‑dried results before conversion (uses a factor derived from water composition - shown in the standard).
• Oxygen calculation: Oxygen on a dry basis may be calculated by difference using carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine and ash results.
• Net calorific value (NCV): NCV reported on a moist basis includes a heat-of-vaporization correction (24.43 J/g per percentage point of moisture). The standard prescribes how to undo and reapply this correction when changing bases.
• Integrity and validation tools:
  • Annex A: tools for integrity checks of analytical results (consistency checks).
  • Annex B: tables with units and conversion factors.
  • Annex C: guidance on validation parameters consistent with ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.
• Normative references: The standard references analytical methods such as ISO 16948, ISO 16994, ISO 18122, ISO 18125, and ISO 18134 parts.

Applications - who uses EN ISO 16993:2016

• Analytical laboratories reporting solid biofuel composition and calorific values.
• Fuel producers and traders who must present product specifications on different contractual bases (dry, as‑received, daf).
• Power plant operators and boiler manufacturers for fuel quality assessment and combustion calculations.
• Regulators and standards bodies harmonizing test reports and compliance data.
• Quality managers implementing consistent reporting and data exchange.

Related standards

• ISO 16948 - C/H/N determination
• ISO 16994 - S/Cl determination
• ISO 18122 - Ash content
• ISO 18125 - Calorific value
• ISO 18134 (parts 1–3) - Moisture determination

Using EN ISO 16993:2016 improves data comparability, supports accurate energy calculations, and helps avoid misinterpretation when converting analytical results between as‑analysed, as‑received, dry, and dry, ash‑free reporting bases. Keywords: EN ISO 16993:2016, solid biofuels, conversion, analytical results, dry basis, air‑dried, dry ash free, moisture correction, net calorific value.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2016
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 16993:2015
7UGQDELRJRULYD3UHUDþXQDQDOL]QLKUH]XOWDWRYQDUD]OLþQHRVQRYH,62

Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another (ISO
16993:2016)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Umwandlung von Analysenergebnissen einer Bezugsbasis in
Ergebnisse mit anderer Bezugsbasis (ISO 16993:2016)
Biocombustibles solides - Conversion de résultats analytiques d'une base en une autre
base (ISO 16993:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16993:2016
ICS:
75.160.40 Biogoriva Biofuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 16993
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.160.10; 27.190 Supersedes EN ISO 16993:2015
English Version
Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one
basis to another (ISO 16993:2016)
Biocombustibles solides - Conversion de résultats Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Umwandlung von
analytiques d'une base en une autre base (ISO Analysenergebnissen einer Bezugsbasis in Ergebnisse
16993:2016) mit anderer Bezugsbasis (ISO 16993:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 June 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16993:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 16993:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid
biofuels" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of
which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 16993:2015.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16993:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16993:2016 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16993
Second edition
2016-07-01
Solid biofuels — Conversion of
analytical results from one basis to
another
Biocombustibles solides — Conversion de résultats analytiques d’une
base en une autre base
Reference number
ISO 16993:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
ISO 16993:2016(E)
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO 16993:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Calculations for analyses of solid biofuels . 2
5.1 General . 2
5.2 Extra calculations for hydrogen, oxygen, and net calorific value . 2
5.2.1 Hydrogen . 2
5.2.2 Oxygen . 2
5.2.3 Net calorific value . 3
5.3 General formulae for the conversion from one basis to another basis. 3
Annex A (informative) Tools for integrity check . 4
Annex B (informative) Tables with units and conversion factors . 7
Annex C (informative) Guideline for the use of validation parameters . 8
Bibliography .10
ISO 16993:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16993:2015), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO 16993:2016(E)
Introduction
In the International Standards covering the analysis of solid biofuels, it is generally specified that the
determination is intended to be carried out on the air-dried or in air-equilibrated general analysis test
sample prepared according to ISO 14780. However, in making use of these analyses, it is necessary to
express the results on dry basis and sometimes, also on some other basis. The bases in common use for
solid biofuels are “air-dried” (sometimes stated as “as determined”), “as received” (sometimes stated
“as sampled” or “as delivered”), “dry”, and “dry, ash free”.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16993:2016(E)
Solid biofuels — Conversion of analytical results from one
basis to another
1 Scope
This International Standard gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to
be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that can be
applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for
calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can
be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16948:2015, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
ISO 16994, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of sulphur and chlorine
ISO 18122, Solid biofuels — Determination of ash content
1)
ISO 18125 , Solid biofuels — Determination of calorific value
ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 1: Total
moisture — Reference method
ISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 2: Total
moisture — Simplified method
ISO 18134-3, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 3: Moisture
in general analysis sample
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The symbols employed in the subsequent clauses are as follows, with the suffixes “ad” (air-dried), “ar”
(as received), “d” (dry), and “daf” (dry, ash free), where appropriate.
A ash (percentage by mass) according to ISO 18122
C total carbon content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16948
Cl total chlorine content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16994
q net calorific value at constant pressure (J/g) according to ISO 18125
p,net
H total hydrogen content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16948
1) To be published.
ISO 16993:2016(E)
M moisture content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 18134-1, ISO 18134-2, and
ISO 18134-3
N total nitrogen content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16948
O total oxygen content (percentage by mass)
S total sulfur content (percentage by mass) according to ISO 16994
4 Principle
In order to convert an analytical result expressed as one basis to another basis, it is multiplied by a
factor calculated from the appropriate formulae (see Table 1), after insertion of the requisite numerical
values into the formula in question.
5 Calculations for analyses of solid biofuels
5.1 General
Most analytical values on a particular basis can be converted to any other basis by multiplying it by a
factor calculated from the appropriate formula given in Table 1, after insertion of the requisite numerical
values into the formula in question. However, for some parameters, there is a direct involvement of the
moisture content. In these cases, a correction (as specified in 5.2) of the air-dried result shall be carried
out before calculation to dry basis or dry, ash-free b
...