kSIST FprEN 1994-1-1:2025
(Main)Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
1.1 Scope of EN 1994-1-1
(1) EN 1994-1-1 gives general rules for the design of steel and concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific for buildings.
NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to EN 1994-1-1.
(2) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the assumptions given in EN 1992–1–1, EN 1992-1-2, and EN 1993-1-1 apply to this document.
(3) EN 1994-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993 (all parts), EN 1997 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts when steel and concrete composite structures are built in seismic regions), EN 1090-1, EN 1090-2, EN 1090-4, EN 13670 and ENs for construction products relevant to steel and concrete composite structures.
Eurocode 4 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Regeln für den Hochbau
1.1 Anwendungsbereich von EN 1994-1-1
(1) EN 1994-1-1 enthält allgemeine Regeln für die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton und ergänzende spezifische Bestimmungen für Hochbauten.
ANMERKUNG Spezifische Regeln für Brücken sind in EN 1994-2 angegeben.
1.2 Voraussetzungen
(1) Die in EN 1990 angegebenen Voraussetzungen gelten für die Anwendung von EN 1994-1-1.
(2) Zusätzlich zu den allgemeinen Voraussetzungen nach EN 1990 gelten für dieses Dokument die Voraussetzungen nach EN 1992-1-1, EN 1992-1-2 und EN 1993-1-1.
(3) EN 1994-1-1 ist für die Anwendung in Zusammenhang mit EN 1990, EN 1991 (alle Teile), EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993 (alle Teile), EN 1997 (alle Teile), EN 1998 (alle Teile bei Ausführung von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton in Erdbebenregionen), EN 1090-1, EN 1090-2, EN 1090-4, EN 13670 und mit den für Verbundtragwerke aus Stahl und Beton maßgebenden Europäischen Normen zu Bauprodukten vorgesehen.
Eurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 1-1: Règles générales et règles pour les bâtiments
1.1 Domaine d'application de l'EN 1994-1-1
(1) L'EN 1994-1-1 donne des règles générales pour le calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton et des dispositions complémentaires spécifiques aux bâtiments.
NOTE Des règles particulières concernant les ponts sont données dans l'EN 1994-2.
1.2 Hypothèses
(1) Les hypothèses énoncées dans l'EN 1990 s'appliquent à l'EN 1994-1-1.
(2) Outre les hypothèses générales de l'EN 1990, les hypothèses données en l'EN 1992-1-1,
l'EN 1992-1 2 et l'EN 1993-1-1 s'appliquent au présent document.
(3) L'EN 1994-1-1 est destinée à être utilisée conjointement avec l'EN 1990, l'EN 1991 (toutes parties), l'EN 1992-1-1, l'EN 1993 (toutes parties), l'EN 1997 (toutes parties), l'EN 1998 (toutes parties lorsque des structures mixtes acier-béton sont construites dans des régions sismiques), l'EN 1090-1, l'EN 1090 2, l'EN 1090 4, l'EN 13670 ainsi qu'avec les normes EN relatives aux structures mixtes acier-béton.
Evrokod 4 - Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona - 1-1. del: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbe
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Public Enquiry End Date
- 29-Jun-2024
- Technical Committee
- KON - Structures
- Current Stage
- 5020 - Formal vote (FV) (Adopted Project)
- Start Date
- 22-Oct-2025
- Due Date
- 10-Dec-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 24-Jan-2018
Overview
Eurocode 4 (FprEN 1994-1-1 / EN 1994-1-1) gives the general rules for the design of composite steel and concrete structures and includes supplementary provisions specifically for buildings. Prepared by CEN/TC 250, this Eurocode is intended to be used together with EN 1990 and the relevant parts of EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1997, EN 1998 and execution/product standards (for example EN 1090 and EN 13670). Note: specific rules for bridges are covered in EN 1994-2.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Scope and assumptions: establishes applicability to steel–concrete composite members and references the foundational assumptions in EN 1990 and related Eurocodes.
- Basis of design: principles of limit states design and verification using the partial factor method (design values, resistances, action combinations).
- Materials and durability: requirements for concrete, reinforcing steel, structural steel, fasteners, shear connectors, and profiled steel sheeting used in composite slabs.
- Structural analysis: modelling rules, joint modelling, ground–structure interaction, stability and global analysis methods (linear elastic, non-linear, rigid-plastic options), and treatment of imperfections.
- Cross‑section classification and limit states: classification of composite sections, bending and shear resistances, lateral‑torsional buckling, transverse forces on webs, and provisions for partially encased sections used in buildings.
- Execution and verification: links to execution/product standards (e.g., EN 1090 parts) for fabrication, welding and erection; durability and detailing requirements for long‑term performance.
Practical applications and who uses it
Eurocode 4 is the primary reference for:
- Structural engineers designing composite steel‑concrete beams, slabs and frames in buildings.
- Designers specifying shear connectors, profiled decking and composite slab systems.
- Steel fabricators, concrete contractors and inspectors ensuring compliance with design and execution rules.
- Building authorities and certifiers assessing conformity with European structural design practice. Typical applications include multi-storey steel‑framed buildings with concrete slabs, composite floors, partially encased beams and mixed‑material structural elements where efficient use of steel and concrete is required.
Related standards
- EN 1990 (Basis of structural design)
- EN 1991 (Actions on structures)
- EN 1992 (Design of concrete structures)
- EN 1993 (Design of steel structures)
- EN 1997 (Geotechnical design)
- EN 1090 series (execution of steel structures)
- EN 13670 (execution of concrete structures) These referenced Eurocodes and execution standards should be used in conjunction with EN 1994-1-1 for complete, code-compliant design and construction.
Keywords: Eurocode 4, EN 1994-1-1, design of composite steel and concrete structures, composite structures, shear connectors, profiled steel sheeting, limit states design, partial factor method, CEN.
Frequently Asked Questions
kSIST FprEN 1994-1-1:2025 is a draft published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings". This standard covers: 1.1 Scope of EN 1994-1-1 (1) EN 1994-1-1 gives general rules for the design of steel and concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific for buildings. NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to EN 1994-1-1. (2) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the assumptions given in EN 1992–1–1, EN 1992-1-2, and EN 1993-1-1 apply to this document. (3) EN 1994-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993 (all parts), EN 1997 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts when steel and concrete composite structures are built in seismic regions), EN 1090-1, EN 1090-2, EN 1090-4, EN 13670 and ENs for construction products relevant to steel and concrete composite structures.
1.1 Scope of EN 1994-1-1 (1) EN 1994-1-1 gives general rules for the design of steel and concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific for buildings. NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to EN 1994-1-1. (2) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the assumptions given in EN 1992–1–1, EN 1992-1-2, and EN 1993-1-1 apply to this document. (3) EN 1994-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993 (all parts), EN 1997 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts when steel and concrete composite structures are built in seismic regions), EN 1090-1, EN 1090-2, EN 1090-4, EN 13670 and ENs for construction products relevant to steel and concrete composite structures.
kSIST FprEN 1994-1-1:2025 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects; 91.080.13 - Steel structures; 91.080.40 - Concrete structures. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
kSIST FprEN 1994-1-1:2025 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST EN 1994-1-1:2005. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
kSIST FprEN 1994-1-1:2025 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 305/2011; Standardization Mandates: M/515. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024
01-junij-2024
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 1994-1-1:2005
Evrokod 4 - Projektiranje sovprežnih konstrukcij iz jekla in betona - 1-1. del:
Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbe
Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings
Eurocode 4 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton
- Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Regeln für den Hochbau
Eurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Partie 1-1: Règles générales et
règles pour les bâtiments
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1994-1-1
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
91.080.13 Jeklene konstrukcije Steel structures
91.080.40 Betonske konstrukcije Concrete structures
oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024
oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 1994-1-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2024
ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.13; 91.080.40 Will supersede EN 1994-1-1:2004
English Version
Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete
structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Eurocode 4: Calcul des structures mixtes acier-béton - Eurocode 4 - Bemessung und Konstruktion von
Partie 1-1: Règles générales et règles our les bâtiments Verbundtragwerken aus Stahl und Beton - Teil 1-1:
Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Anwendungsregeln
für den Hochbau
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 250.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1994-1-1:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024
prEN 1994-1-1:2024 (E)
Contents
European foreword . 9
0 Introduction . 10
1 Scope . 12
1.1 Scope of EN 1994-1-1 . 12
1.2 Assumptions . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 12
3.1 Terms and definitions . 12
3.2 Symbols . 17
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters . 17
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters . 23
3.2.3 Greek upper case letters . 28
3.2.4 Greek lower case letters . 29
3.3 Additional symbols used in Annex A . 32
3.3.1 Latin upper case letters . 32
3.3.2 Latin lower case letters . 32
3.3.3 Greek lower case letters . 33
3.4 Additional symbols used in Annex B . 33
3.4.1 Latin upper case letters . 33
3.4.2 Latin lower case letters . 33
3.4.3 Greek lower case letters . 33
3.5 Additional symbols used in Annexes D and E . 34
3.5.1 Latin upper case letters . 34
3.5.2 Latin lower case letters . 36
3.5.3 Greek lower case letters . 37
3.6 Additional symbols used in Annex F . 37
3.6.1 Latin upper case letters . 37
3.6.2 Latin lower case letters . 37
3.6.3 Greek upper case letters . 38
3.6.4 Greek lower case letters . 38
3.7 Additional symbols used in Annex G . 38
3.7.1 Latin upper case letters . 38
3.7.2 Latin lower case letters . 38
3.8 Additional symbols used in Annex H . 39
3.8.1 Latin upper case letters . 39
3.8.2 Latin lower case letters . 39
3.8.3 Greek lower case letters . 39
3.9 Additional symbols used in Annex I . 40
3.10 Additional symbols used in Annex J . 40
3.10.1 Latin upper case letters . 40
3.10.2 Latin lower case letters . 40
3.10.3 Greek lower case letters . 41
4 Basis of design . 41
4.1 General Rules . 41
4.1.1 Requirements . 41
4.1.2 Robustness . 41
4.1.3 Reliability . 41
4.2 Principles of limit states design . 41
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4.3 Basic variables . 42
4.3.1 Actions and environmental influences . 42
4.3.2 Material and product properties . 42
4.3.3 Classification of actions . 42
4.4 Verification by the partial factor method . 42
4.4.1 Design values. 42
4.4.2 Design resistances . 43
4.4.3 Combination of actions . 43
4.4.4 Verification of static equilibrium . 43
5 Materials . 43
5.1 Concrete . 43
5.2 Reinforcing steel . 44
5.3 Structural steel . 45
5.4 Connecting devices . 45
5.4.1 Fasteners . 45
5.4.2 Shear connectors . 45
5.5 Profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs in buildings . 47
6 Durability . 48
6.1 General . 48
6.2 Profiled steel sheeting for composite slabs in buildings . 48
7 Structural analysis . 48
7.1 Structural modelling for analysis . 48
7.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions . 48
7.1.2 Joint modelling . 48
7.1.3 Ground-structure interaction . 49
7.2 Structural stability . 49
7.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure . 49
7.2.2 Methods of analysis for buildings . 49
7.3 Imperfections . 50
7.3.1 Basis. 50
7.3.2 Imperfections in buildings . 50
7.4 Calculation of action effects . 51
7.4.1 Methods of global analysis . 51
7.4.2 Linear elastic analysis . 53
7.4.3 Non-linear global analysis . 56
7.4.4 Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution for buildings . 56
7.4.5 Rigid-plastic global analysis for buildings. 58
7.5 Classification of cross-sections . 59
7.5.1 General . 59
7.5.2 Classification of composite sections without concrete encasement . 60
7.5.3 Classification of composite sections for buildings with concrete encasement . 60
8 Ultimate limit states . 61
8.1 Beams . 61
8.1.1 General . 61
8.1.2 Effective width for verification of cross-sections . 63
8.2 Resistances of cross-sections of beams . 63
8.2.1 Bending resistance . 63
8.2.2 Resistance to vertical shear . 72
8.3 Resistance of cross-sections of beams with partial encasement for buildings . 73
8.3.1 Scope . 73
8.3.2 Bending resistance . 74
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prEN 1994-1-1:2024 (E)
8.3.3 Resistance to vertical shear . 75
8.3.4 Bending and vertical shear . 76
8.4 Lateral-torsional buckling of composite beams . 76
8.4.1 General. 76
8.4.2 Verification of lateral-torsional buckling of continuous composite beams with
cross- sections in Class 1, 2 and 3 . 76
8.4.3 Simplified verification of lateral-torsional buckling of continuous composite beams
with cross- sections in Class 1, 2 and 3, without direct calculation for beams in
buildings. 79
8.5 Transverse forces on webs . 80
8.5.1 General. 80
8.5.2 Flange-induced buckling of webs . 80
8.6 Shear connection . 80
8.6.1 Basis of design . 80
8.6.2 General method using non-linear analysis . 81
8.6.3 Beams in buildings where plastic theory is used for the resistance of the cross-section
................................................................................................................................................................... 81
8.6.4 Other beams where plastic theory is used for the resistance of the cross-sections . 84
8.6.5 Beams in which elastic theory is used for resistances of cross-sections . 85
8.6.6 Beams in which non-linear theory is used for resistances of cross-sections . 86
8.6.7 Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear force . 86
8.6.8 Headed stud connectors in solid slabs and concrete encasement . 88
8.6.9 Design resistance of headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting in buildings . 90
8.6.10 Detailing of the shear connection and influence of execution . 93
8.6.11 Longitudinal shear in concrete slabs . 96
8.7 Fatigue . 99
8.7.1 Fatigue for buildings . 99
8.8 Composite columns and composite compression members . 99
8.8.1 General. 99
8.8.2 General method of design . 102
8.8.3 Simplified method of design . 105
8.8.4 Shear connection and load introduction . 113
8.8.5 Detailing provisions . 118
9 Serviceability limit states . 119
9.1 General. 119
9.2 Stresses . 119
9.2.1 General. 119
9.2.2 Stress limitation for buildings . 120
9.3 Deformations in buildings . 120
9.3.1 Deflections . 120
9.3.2 Vibration . 122
9.4 Cracking of concrete . 122
9.4.1 General. 122
9.4.2 Minimum reinforcement . 122
9.4.3 Control of cracking due to direct loading . 124
10 Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings . 126
10.1 General. 126
10.1.1 Scope . 126
10.1.2 Definitions . 127
10.2 Detailing provisions . 127
10.2.1 Slab thickness and reinforcement . 127
10.2.2 Aggregate . 129
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10.2.3 Bearing requirements . 129
10.3 Actions and action effects . 129
10.3.1 Design situations . 129
10.3.2 Actions for profiled steel sheeting as shuttering . 130
10.3.3 Actions for composite slab . 130
10.4 Analysis for internal forces and moments . 130
10.4.1 Profiled steel sheeting as shuttering . 130
10.4.2 Analysis of composite slab . 130
10.4.3 Effective width of composite slab for concentrated point and line loads . 131
10.5 Verification of profiled steel sheeting as shuttering for ultimate limit states . 133
10.6 Verification of profiled steel sheeting as shuttering for serviceability limit states 133
10.7 Verification of composite slabs for the ultimate limit states . 134
10.7.1 Design criterion . 134
10.7.2 Flexure . 134
10.7.3 Longitudinal shear for slabs without end anchorage . 137
10.7.4 Longitudinal shear for slabs with end anchorage. 137
10.7.5 Vertical shear . 138
10.7.6 Punching shear . 142
10.8 Verification of composite slabs for serviceability limit states . 144
10.8.1 Control of cracking of concrete . 144
10.8.2 Deflection . 144
11 Composite joints in frames for buildings . 145
11.1 Scope . 145
11.2 Analysis, modelling and Classification . 146
11.2.1 General . 146
11.2.2 Elastic global analysis . 146
11.2.3 Classification of joints . 146
11.3 Design methods . 146
11.3.1 Basis and scope . 146
11.3.2 Resistance . 146
11.3.3 Rotational stiffness . 146
11.3.4 Rotation capacity . 147
11.4 Resistance of components . 147
11.4.1 Scope . 147
11.4.2 Basic joint components . 147
11.4.3 Column web in transverse compression . 148
11.4.4 Reinforced components . 148
Annex A (Informative) Stiffness of joint components in buildings . 150
A.1 Scope . 150
A.2 Stiffness coefficients . 150
A.2.1 Basic joint components . 150
A.2.1.1 Longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension . 150
A.2.1.2 Steel contact plate in compression . 150
Table A.1 — Stiffness coefficient k . 151
s,r
A.2.2 Other components in composite joints . 151
A.2.2.1 Column web panel in shear . 151
A.2.2.2 Column web in transverse compression . 151
A.2.3 Reinforced components . 152
A.2.3.1 Column web panel in shear . 152
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prEN 1994-1-1:2024 (E)
A.2.3.2 Column web in transverse compression . 152
A.3 Deformation of the shear connection . 153
Annex B (Normative) Standard tests . 154
B.1 General. 154
B.2 Test on shear connectors . 154
B.2.1 General. 154
B.2.2 Testing arrangements . 154
B.2.2.1 General. 154
B.2.2.2 Standard push tests . 154
B.2.2.3 Specific push tests . 155
B.2.3 Preparation of specimens . 156
B.2.4 Testing procedure . 157
B.2.5 Test evaluation . 157
B.3 Testing of composite floor slabs . 159
B.3.1 General. 159
B.3.2 Testing arrangement . 160
B.3.3 Preparation of specimens . 160
B.3.4 Test loading procedure . 161
B.3.5 Determination of the design values for τ . 161
u,Rd
Annex C (informative) Shrinkage of concrete for composite structures for buildings. 164
Annex D (Normative) Composite beams with web-openings . 165
D.1 Scope . 165
D.1.1 General. 165
D.1.2 Dimensional limits of openings . 165
D.2 Method of design . 166
D.2.1 General. 166
D.2.2 Equivalent length and depth of openings . 166
D.2.3 Effective width of concrete slab at an opening . 167
D.3 Analysis . 167
D.3.1 General. 167
D.3.2 Axial forces at the centre of openings . 168
D.3.3 Distribution of shear forces . 169
D.3.4 Forces and moments in web-posts between closely spaced openings . 170
D.3.5 Classification for global bending . 171
D.3.6 Classification for Vierendeel bending . 172
D.4 Ultimate Limit States . 172
D.4.1 Design rules . 172
D.4.1.1 General. 172
D.4.1.2 Global bending resistance . 172
D.4.1.3 Shear resistance of composite beam at web opening . 174
D.4.1.4 Shear resistance for Vierendeel bending . 175
D.4.1.5 Web buckling next to widely spaced openings . 176
D.4.2 Rules for closely spaced openings . 176
D.4.2.1 General. 176
D.4.2.2 Minimum degree of shear connection . 176
D.4.2.3 Shear and bending resistance between openings . 177
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D.4.2.4 Web post buckling . 177
D.5 Serviceability Limit States . 177
Annex E (Informative) Composite beams with web-openings and stiff slabs . 179
E.1 Scope . 179
E.2 Analysis . 179
E.3 Additional checks at ultimate limit states for widely spaced openings with locally stiff
slabs . 181
E.3.1 General . 181
E.3.2 Global bending resistance . 182
E.3.3 Global shear resistance . 182
E.3.4 Resistance to Vierendeel bending . 182
E.3.5 Resistance of the shear connection at the opening edges . 183
E.3.6 Resistance to web buckling . 184
E.3.7 Resistance of transverse reinforcement to local loads . 184
Annex F (Normative) Headed studs that cause splitting forces in the direction of the slab
thickness . 185
F.1 Design resistance and detailing . 185
F.2 Fatigue strength . 188
Annex G (Informative) Design resistance of headed studs used with open trough profiled
steel sheeting in buildings with ribs transverse to the supporting beams. 190
G.1 Scope . 190
G.2 Shear resistance . 190
Annex H (Normative) Design tension resistance of headed studs . 193
H.1 Scope . 193
H.2 Design tension resistance for headed studs . 193
Annex I (Normative) Additional rules for shallow floor beams . 197
I.1 General . 197
I.2 Structural Analysis . 200
I.2.1 Global analysis for buildings . 200
I.2.2 Classification of shallow floor beam cross-sections . 200
I.3 Ultimate limit states . 202
I.3.1 Bending Resistance . 202
I.3.1.1 General . 202
I.3.1.2 Effect of transverse bending . 202
I.3.1.3 Torsional effects. 202
I.3.2 Resistance to vertical shear . 203
I.3.3 Shear connection . 204
I.3.3.1 General .
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oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024는 유로코드 4(Eurocode 4)로 명명된 이 표준은 강철-콘크리트 복합 구조의 설계에 대한 기본 규칙을 제공하며, 건물에 특화된 보충 조항을 포함하고 있습니다. 이 표준은 특히 건축 설계 분야에서 강철과 콘크리트를 효과적으로 결합할 수 있는 방법론을 제시하여, 현대 건축물의 구조적 안전성과 경제성을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 강철과 콘크리트의 상호작용을 명확하게 규명하고, 이를 바탕으로 구조물의 신뢰성을 극대화하는 설계 기준을 수립하고 있다는 점입니다. 또한, oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024는 다양한 건축 형태에 적용할 수 있는 유연성을 가지고 있어, 설계 엔지니어들이 다양한 건물 설계 요구사항을 충족하도록 지원합니다. 또한 이 표준은 유럽 전역에서 통일된 설계 방법을 제공하여, 국제적인 건축 기준을 일관되게 적용할 수 있도록 하여, 건축 산업의 글로벌화에 기여합니다. 비록 다리 설계를 위한 구체적인 규칙은 EN 1994-2에 명시되어 있지만, 기본적인 steel-concrete 복합 구조에 대한 설계 원칙은 oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024에서 충분히 다루어져 있습니다. 따라서, oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024는 현대 건축에서 필수적인 표준으로, 강철-콘크리트 복합 구조 설계의 기초를 확립하고, 건물 설계 시 필요한 지침을 제공함으로써 구조적 안전성을 보장하는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다.
Die Norm oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024, auch bekannt als Eurocode 4, bietet eine umfassende Grundlage für die Planung von Verbundkonstruktionen aus Stahl und Beton. Der Geltungsbereich dieser Norm erstreckt sich auf die grundlegenden Regeln für das Design von Stahl-Beton-Verbundstrukturen, insbesondere im Kontext von Gebäuden. Dies stellt sicher, dass die spezifischen Anforderungen für die Konstruktion von Gebäuden angemessen adressiert werden, während gleichzeitig eine klare Abgrenzung zu den Bestimmungen für Brücken in EN 1994-2 besteht. Zu den Stärken der Norm gehört die detaillierte und anpassbare Herangehensweise an die genannten Regelungen für Bauwerke. Die Norm bietet nicht nur allgemeine Richtlinien, sondern auch spezifische Bestimmungen, die sich gezielt auf die besonderen Anforderungen von Gebäuden konzentrieren. Dies sorgt dafür, dass Ingenieure und Planer präzise, effektive und sichere Designlösungen entwickeln können, die den aktuellen Standards entsprechen. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Aspekt der oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024 ist ihre Relevanz im modernen Bauwesen. Mit dem zunehmenden Einsatz von Verbundmaterialien und der Notwendigkeit, effiziente und nachhaltige Baupraktiken zu fördern, ist die Norm von großer Bedeutung. Sie trägt dazu bei, dass die Integration von Stahl und Beton in Bauprojekten optimal funktioniert und gleichzeitig die Sicherheits- und Leistungsstandards eingehalten werden. Insgesamt positioniert sich die Eurocode 4-Norm als ein unverzichtbares Regelwerk für die Planung von Verbundbauwerken, das sowohl für erfahrene Ingenieure als auch für Nachwuchskräfte eine wertvolle Ressource darstellt. Sie ist ein neuer Maßstab für Qualität und Sicherheit im Bauwesen, der die neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse und praxisnahen Erfahrungen berücksichtigt.
The standard oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024, titled "Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings", serves as a foundational document in the realm of structural engineering. Its primary scope encompasses the basic rules necessary for the design of steel-concrete composite structures, along with supplementary provisions tailored specifically for buildings, effectively bridging the gap between structural integrity and architectural design. One of the notable strengths of this standard is its comprehensive framework for ensuring safety and performance in composite structures. By integrating steel and concrete, the standard promotes efficient material use and structural resilience, contributing to innovative design approaches in modern construction. Furthermore, its detailed provisions allow engineers to navigate the complexities of composite structure design with confidence, enabling them to make informed decisions that align with both functional and aesthetic considerations. The relevance of oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024 in today’s construction landscape cannot be overstated. As the demand for sustainable and cost-effective building solutions continues to rise, the principles laid out in this standard support engineers in creating structures that not only meet regulatory requirements but also foster sustainable construction practices. Additionally, while it specifically addresses buildings, the standard's alignment with the broader Eurocode framework enhances interoperability with other design disciplines, making it integral to modern engineering practices. In summary, oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024 is a crucial standard that underpins the design of composite steel and concrete structures, combining essential rules with targeted guidelines for buildings, thereby significantly enriching the field of structural engineering.
Le document de normalisation oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024, intitulé "Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings", présente des directives essentielles pour la conception des structures composites acier-béton. Le champ d'application de cette norme est particulièrement pertinent pour les ingénieurs et les architectes, car il offre des règles de base qui garantissent la sécurité et la performance des bâtiments en utilisant cette combinaison de matériaux. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on peut noter que les règles générales fournies permettent une approche systématique pour la conception des structures en acier et en béton, en intégrant des considérations sur la durabilité, la résistance au feu, et les charges environnementales. De plus, les dispositions supplémentaires spécifiques aux bâtiments, notamment celles concernant les détails constructifs et les exigences de résistance, enrichissent le document et assurent une couverture complète des aspects essentiels de la conception. La pertinence de l'oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024 se manifeste dans son alignement avec les pratiques modernes de construction et les besoins actuels en matière de durabilité et d'efficacité des matériaux. En offrant une fondation solide pour les projets de construction impliquant des structures composites, cette norme s’assure que les concepteurs peuvent répondre aux exigences réglementaires tout en innovant dans leurs conceptions. Il est important de noter que pour les constructions de ponts, des règles spécifiques sont fournies dans la norme EN 1994-2, ce qui démontre l'efficacité de la série Eurocode pour segmenter les informations selon les types de structures, tout en maintenant une cohérence et une adaptabilité au sein des normes de conception. La structure des normes permet ainsi de s'assurer que chaque type de structure est traité avec l'attention et la spécificité qu'il requiert. En somme, l'oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024 est une norme indispensable pour toute personne impliquée dans la conception de structures en acier et en béton, car elle jette les bases d'une pratique de conception efficace, durable et conforme aux attentes légales en matière de construction.
oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024は、鋼とコンクリートの複合構造物の設計に関する基本的なルールを提供する重要な基準です。この標準は、特に建物に関連する設計の基本的な原則を定義しており、建設業界における複合材料の使用を促進します。その範囲は非常に広く、鋼とコンクリートの一体化を考慮した設計手法を包括的にカバーしています。 この標準の強みの一つは、鋼とコンクリートの特性を最大限に活かすことができる設計原則を提供している点です。これにより、構造物の強度や耐久性を向上させることが可能となり、実際の建物の安全性を高める効果が期待できます。また、既存の設計基準との整合性も考慮されており、国際的な基準に準拠した信頼性の高い設計が実現されています。 oSIST prEN 1994-1-1:2024の関連性も非常に高いです。特に、近年の建設業界の動向において、持続可能な建築材料の使用が求められる中で、この標準が提供する鋼とコンクリートの複合設計は、資源の効率的な利用を促進します。さらに、この基準は最新の技術や材料に対応しており、進化するニーズに応じた柔軟な設計ガイドラインを提供しています。
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