SIST EN ISO 20024:2020

Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets in commercial and industrial applications (ISO 20024:2020)

This document provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of solid biofuels pellets in commercial and industrial applications. This document is using a risk-based approach to determine what safety measures should be considered.
Facilities with a storage capacity <100 t are covered by ISO 20023. Generally, for end-user facilities with a storage capacity of <1 000 t, ISO 20023 could also be applicable if storage principle and facility complexity is in-line with the objectives of ISO 20023.
This document covers the handling and storage process of pellets in the following applications:
—     at a pellet production plant from the outlet of the cooler unit until loaded for transportation;
—     at a commercial distributor from the receiving station until loaded for transportation; and
—     at an industrial end-user from the receiving station until fed into the fuel preparation or combustion process.
Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included in the operational envelops defined above, the safety aspect of the transportation itself is beyond the scope of this document.
This document also gives specific guidance on detection and suppression systems and preparatory measures to enable safe and efficient firefighting operations. Guidance on the management of fire and explosion incidents is also specified.

Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Sicherer Umgang und Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen in kommerziellen und industriellen Anwendungen (ISO 20024:2020)

Dieses Dokument enthält die Grundsätze für und Anforderungen an den sicheren Umgang mit und die sichere Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen in gewerblichen und industriellen Anwendungen. In diesem Dokument wird ein risikobasierter Ansatz angewendet um zu bestimmen, welche Sicherheitsmaßnahmen in Betracht gezogen werden sollten.
Anlagen mit einer Lagerkapazität von < 100 t fallen in den Anwendungsbereich von ISO 20023. Im Allgemeinen könnte ISO 20023 auch für Anlagen beim Endverbraucher mit einer Lagerkapazität von < 1 000 t anzuwenden sein, wenn das Lagerprinzip und die Komplexität der Anlage mit den Zielen von ISO 20023 übereinstimmen.
Dieses Dokument umfasst den Prozess der Förderung und Lagerung von Pellets in den folgenden Anwendungen:
- in einer Anlage zur Pelletherstellung vom Abgang unter der Kühlereinheit bis zum Beladen für den Transport;
- bei einem gewerblichen Anlagenbetreiber (Vertreiber) von der Annahmestelle bis zum Beladen für den Transport und
- bei einem industriellen Endverbraucher von der Annahmestelle bis zum Einbringen in den Prozess der Brennstoffvorbereitung oder Verbrennung.
Auch wenn das Ent  und Beladen von z. B. Behältern/Schiffen (en: vessels), Zügen oder Lastkraftwagen in den vorstehend definierten Betriebsbereichen enthalten ist, fällt der Sicherheitsaspekt des Transports selbst nicht in den Anwendungsbereich dieses Dokuments.
Das vorliegende Dokument enthält außerdem eine spezifische Anleitung zu Erkennungs  und Unterdrückungssystemen sowie vorbereitenden Maßnahmen, um sichere und wirksame Brandbekämpfungsmaßnahmen zu ermöglichen. Eine Anleitung zum Management von Brand  und Explosionsvorfällen ist ebenfalls festgelegt.

Biocombustibles solides - Manipulation et stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de biocombustibles solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles (ISO 20024:2020)

Le présent document fournit les principes et exigences pour la manutention et le stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de biocombustibles solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles. Le présent document utilise une approche basée sur les risques pour déterminer quelles mesures de sécurité il convient de prendre en compte.
Les installations ayant une capacité de stockage <100 t sont couvertes par l'ISO 20023. De manière générale, pour les installations chez les utilisateurs finaux ayant une capacité de stockage <1 000 t, l'ISO 20023 peut également être applicable si les principes de stockage et la complexité de l'installation sont conformes aux objectifs de l'ISO 20023.
Le présent document couvre le processus de manutention et de stockage des granulés dans les applications suivantes:
—          dans une usine de production de granulés, à partir de la sortie du refroidisseur jusqu'à leur chargement pour le transport;
—          chez un distributeur commercial, du poste de réception jusqu'au chargement pour le transport; et
—          chez un utilisateur final industriel, du poste de réception jusqu'à l'ajout dans le processus de préparation du combustible ou de combustion.
Bien que le déchargement et le chargement des navires, des trains ou des camions (par exemple) soient inclus dans les cadres opérationnels définis ci-dessus, les aspects liés à la sécurité du transport en lui-même ne relèvent pas du domaine d'application du présent document.
Le présent document fournit également des recommandations spécifiques au sujet des systèmes de détection et d'extinction et des mesures préparatoires afin de permettre des opérations de lutte contre l'incendie sûres et efficaces. Des recommandations relatives à la gestion des incendies et des explosions sont également spécifiées.

Trdna biogoriva - Varno skladiščenje in ravnanje s peleti trdnega biogoriva za komercialno in industrijsko uporabo (ISO 20024:2020)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 31-Mar-2019
• Publication Date: 16-Apr-2020
• ICS: 27.190 - Biological sources and alternative sources of energy
• ICS: 75.160.40 - Biofuels
• ICS: 75.200 - Petroleum products and natural gas handling equipment
• Technical Committee: AGO - Refuse derived fuel
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 27-Mar-2020
• Due Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Completion Date: 17-Apr-2020
• Ref Project: EN ISO 20024:2020 - Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets in commercial and industrial applications (ISO 20024:2020)

Overview - Solid biofuels pellet handling and storage safety (ISO 20024:2020)

SIST EN ISO 20024:2020 (ISO 20024:2020) specifies principles and requirements for the safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets in commercial and industrial settings. Using a risk‑based approach, it defines what safety measures should be considered from the outlet of the cooler at a pellet plant, through commercial distribution, to receipt and feeding at industrial end‑users. The standard covers operational envelopes including unloading and loading activities, but does not cover transport safety itself. It also provides guidance on fire and explosion detection, suppression systems and preparatory measures to support safe firefighting.

Key technical topics and requirements

• Risk management framework: hazard identification, risk estimation, evaluation and risk reduction/control tailored to pellet facilities.
• Design and construction: general requirements to reduce ignition sources and allow safe maintenance and firefighting.
• Handling systems: requirements and recommendations for conveyors, transfer points and related detection/protection.
• Storage types: guidance for silos, large bunkers and warehouses - including monitoring, ventilation and access considerations.
• Detection and monitoring: temperature, gas and fire detection strategies specific to pellet storage and transfer points.
• Fire protection and suppression: selection and placement of suppression systems, preparatory measures for firefighting operations.
• Explosion protection: measures to reduce dust/explosion risk at transfer points and confined areas.
• Operation, maintenance and documentation: operational procedures, housekeeping, maintenance regimes, personnel safety, visitor/contractor guidance and emergency planning.
• Scope limitations: facilities <100 t storage capacity are covered by ISO 20023; for end‑users <1 000 t ISO 20023 may also be applicable depending on complexity.

Practical applications - who uses this standard

• Pellet production plants: defining safe outlet, cooling, loading and storage practices.
• Commercial distributors: receiving, bulk storage and loading operations.
• Industrial end‑users: safe receipt, intermediate storage and feed into combustion or fuel preparation systems.
• Designers and engineers: specifying conveyors, silos, bunkers and protection systems.
• Safety managers, fire brigades and emergency planners: developing firefighting plans and detection/suppression strategies.
• Insurers and regulators: assessing compliance with accepted safety practices for pellet facilities.

Related standards

• ISO 20023 - referenced for smaller storage capacities and simpler facilities (storage <100 t; possible applicability up to 1 000 t depending on complexity).
• EN/ISO adoption note: ISO 20024:2020 is published as EN ISO 20024:2020 and adopted by national bodies (e.g., SIST).

Keywords: solid biofuels, biofuel pellets, pellet storage safety, handling and storage, fire detection, fire suppression, risk assessment, conveyor systems, silos, industrial pellet storage.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2020
Trdna biogoriva - Varno skladiščenje in ravnanje s peleti trdnega biogoriva za
komercialno in industrijsko uporabo (ISO 20024:2020)
Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets in commercial and
industrial applications (ISO 20024:2020)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Sicherer Umgang und Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen
Festbrennstoffen in kommerziellen und industriellen Anwendungen (ISO 20024:2020)
Biocombustibles solides - Manipulation et stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de
biocombustibles solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles (ISO
20024:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 20024:2020
ICS:
75.160.40 Biogoriva Biofuels
75.200 Oprema za skladiščenje Petroleum products and
nafte, naftnih proizvodov in natural gas handling
zemeljskega plina equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 20024
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 27.190; 75.160.40
English Version
Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel
pellets in commercial and industrial applications (ISO
20024:2020)
Biocombustibles solides - Manipulation et stockage en Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Sicherer Umgang und
toute sécurité des granulés de biocombustibles solides Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen in
dans des applications commerciales et industrielles kommerziellen und industriellen Anwendungen (ISO
(ISO 20024:2020) 20024:2020)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 February 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 20024:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 20024:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid
biofuels" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of
which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2020, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 20024:2020 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 20024:2020 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20024
First edition
2020-02
Solid biofuels — Safe handling
and storage of solid biofuel pellets
in commercial and industrial
applications
Biocombustibles solides — Manutention et stockage en toute sécurité
des granulés de biocombustibles solides dans des applications
commerciales et industrielles
Reference number
ISO 20024:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
ISO 20024:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 20024:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms . 1
3.2 Risk management . 3
3.3 Storage, handling and operation . 6
3.4 Extinguishing media, extinguishing systems and detection . 9
4 Guidance on how to use this document . 9
5 Risk management .10
5.1 General .10
5.2 Introduction to the risk management process .12
5.2.1 General.12
5.2.2 Definition of scope . .12
5.2.3 Hazard identification.12
5.2.4 Risk estimation .12
5.2.5 Risk evaluation .13
5.2.6 Risk reduction/control .13
6 Requirements for design and construction .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Specific risk considerations for handling of solid biofuel pellets .15
6.3 Risk areas .17
6.4 General requirements and recommendations for safe handling .17
7 Requirements for safe operation and maintenance .18
7.1 General .18
7.2 General requirement for operation, maintenance and manuals .18
7.3 Documentation of operation procedures .19
7.4 Safety during operation .20
7.4.1 Operation .20
7.4.2 Housekeeping .20
7.4.3 Maintenance .21
7.4.4 Guidelines for visitors/contractors .22
7.5 Pre-planning of emergency operations .23
7.6 Personnel risks.24
8 Conveyor system and transfer points .24
8.1 General .24
8.2 Detection .24
8.3 Preparatory measures .25
8.3.1 Fire protection .25
8.3.2 Explosion protection .26
8.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of conveyor systems .27
8.4.1 General.27
8.4.2 Detection systems .27
8.4.3 Fire protection .27
8.4.4 Explosion protection .28
9 Silos .28
9.1 General .28
9.2 Detection and temperature and gas monitoring .29
9.3 Preparatory measures .29
ISO 20024:2020(E)
9.3.1 Fire protection .29
9.3.2 Explosion protection .30
9.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of silos .31
9.4.1 General.31
9.4.2 Detection systems .31
9.4.3 Fire protection systems.31
9.4.4 Explosion protection .35
10 Large scale bunkers .35
10.1 General .35
10.2 Detection and temperature and gas monitoring in bunkers .36
10.3 Preparatory measures .37
10.3.1 Fire protection .37
10.3.2 Explosion protection .37
10.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of bunkers .38
10.4.1 General.38
10.4.2 Detection systems .38
10.4.3 Fire protection systems.38
10.4.4 Explosion protection .40
11 Warehouse .41
11.1 General .41
11.2 Detection .41
11.3 Preparatory measures .42
11.3.1 Fire protection .42
11.3.2 Explosion protection .42
11.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of warehouse .43
11.4.1 Detection systems .43
11.4.2 Fire protection .43
11.4.3 Explosion protection .44
Annex A (informative) Description of solid biofuel pellets supply chain and general safety
guidelines for unit operations .45
Annex B (informative) Self-heating and off-gassing .60
Annex C (informative) Dust as a fire and explosion hazard and mitigation of risks.66
Annex D (informative) Safety aspects and guidance on handling various emergency situations .82
Annex E (informative) Ventilation for cooling of bulk material .97
Annex F (informative) Principle design of inert gas distribution system and inlet openings .98
Annex G (informative) Examples of arrangement of various sensors and detection systems
relevant to the biofuel pellet industry .101
Annex H (informative) Example for the risk assessment in a commercial medium size wood
pellet store .107
Bibliography .120
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 20024:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
ISO 20024:2020(E)
Introduction
There is a continuous global growth in production, storage, handling, bulk transport and use of solid
biofuels especially in the form of pelletized biofuels.
The handling and storage of solid biofuels and their physical characteristics can lead to a risk for fire
and/or explosion, but also health risks, for example intoxication due to exposure to carbon monoxide
(CO), asphyxiation due to oxygen depletion, and allergic reactions.
There is a risk of injury or fatality associated with pellet storage so the implementation of safety
measures is important. The possibility of fire and explosion incidents is a clear indicator that safety
is to be prioritized, first of all for human safety but also because interruptions in energy supply will
have significant consequences. The market confidence in solid biofuels as a reliable energy source will
be jeopardized, and financial losses due to business interruptions could occur. Difficulty to obtain
insurance coverage will also increase.
This document provides support, advice and guidance to facility owners, logistics providers, equipment
suppliers/manufacturers, consultants, authorities and insurance providers to assess and mitigate risk
when handling and storing solid biofuel pellets. General guidance is provided for personnel safety
protection and personal precautions in accordance with generally accepted work safety requirements.
As part of the determination and assessment of risks for solid biofuels, applicable quality standards and
related test methods are discussed and recommendations for additional methodologies are indicated.
As made of living materials, solid biofuels are subject to degradation such as ageing and moisture
contamination causing variability in reactivity which requires margins in risks assessments. One
shipment of solid biofuels may have substantially different physical and chemical characteristics in
terms of self-heating and off-gassing than another, and therefore diligent monitoring, frequent testing
and house-keeping are recommended.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20024:2020(E)
Solid biofuels — Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel
pellets in commercial and industrial applications
1 Scope
This document provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of solid biofuels
pellets in commercial and industrial applications. This document is using a risk-based approach to
determine what safety measures should be considered.
Facilities with a storage capacity <100 t are covered by ISO 20023. Generally, for end-user facilities
with a storage capacity of <1 000 t, ISO 20023 could also be applicable if storage principle and facility
complexity is in-line with the objectives of ISO 20023.
This document covers the handling and storage process of pellets in the following applications:
— at a pellet production plant from the outlet of the cooler unit until loaded for transportation;
— at a commercial distributor from the receiving station until loaded for transportation; and
— at an industrial end-user from the receiving station until fed into the fuel preparation or combustion
process.
Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included in the operational envelops
defined above, the safety aspect of the transportation itself is beyond the scope of this document.
This document also gives specific guidance on detection and suppression systems and preparatory
measures to enable safe and efficient firefighting operations. Guidance on the management of fire and
explosion incidents is also specified.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12100, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
biofuel pellet
biofuel made with or without additives in the form of cubiform, polyhedral, polyhydric or cylindrical
units with a diameter up to 25 mm, produced by compressing biomass
Note 1 to entry: Usually the biomass has been milled before densification.
ISO 20024:2020(E)
Note 2 to entry: See also non-woody pellet and wood pellet.
[SOURCE: ISO 16559:2014, 4.31]
3.1.2
combustible dust
finely divided solid particles, 500 μm or less in nominal size, which may form explosive mixtures with
air at standard atmospheric pressure and temperatures
Note 1 to entry: This includes dust and grit as defined in ISO 4225.
Note 2 to entry: The term 'solid particles' is intended to address particles in the solid phase but does not preclude
a hollow particle.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 80079-20-2:2016, 3.1]
3.1.3
combustible flyings
solid particles, including fibres, where one dimension is greater than 500 µm in nominal size, which
may form an explosive mixture with air at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature
Note 1 to entry: The ratio of length to width is 3 or more.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 80079-20-2:2016, 3.2, modified — Note 2 deleted.]
3.1.4
fines
small sized particles in fuel below a certain pre-defined size, here less than 3,15 mm
[SOURCE: ISO 16559:2014, 4.90, modified — "usually" replaced by "here" to indicate exact limit.]
3.1.5
ignition source
source of energy that initiates combustion
[SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.189]
3.1.6
product safety data sheet
specification sheet defining physical aspects, characteristics and health and safety data for a product
3.1.7
self-heating
exothermic reaction within a material resulting in a rise in temperature in the material
[SOURCE: ISO 4880:1997, 55]
3.1.8
self-ignition
ignition resulting from self-heating (3.1.7)
[SOURCE: ISO 4880:1997, 56]
3.1.9
smouldering
slow combustion of a material without light being visible and generally evidenced by an increase in
temperature and/or by smoke
[SOURCE: ISO 4880:1997, 58]
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 20024:2020(E)
3.1.10
wood pellet
biofuel made from woody biomass with or without additives in the form of cubiform, polyhedral,
polyhydric or cylindrical units, random length and typically 3,15 mm to 40 mm, a diameter up to 25 mm
and with broken ends
Note 1 to entry: The raw material for wood pellets is woody biomass in accordance with Table 1 of ISO 17225-1.
Pellets are usually manufactured in a die, with total moisture content usually less than 10 % of their mass wet basis.
Note 2 to entry: The woody biomass used as feedstock for pellet making is milled to size in accordance with
customer specification. Determination of the particle size distribution of the constituent of pellets is done by
ISO 17830.
[SOURCE: ISO 16559:2014, 4.228]
3.2 Risk management
3.2.1
accident
incident resulting in fatality, disease, injury or other damage
[SOURCE: ISO 21101:2014, 3.25]
3.2.2
emergency
serious situation requiring immediate action
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 21102:2013, 2.8]
3.2.3
fail-safe
term applied to equipment or a system so designed that, in the event of failure or malfunction of any
part of the system, devices are automatically activated to stabilize or secure the safety of the operation
[SOURCE: ISO 13628-7:2005, 3.1.49]
3.2.4
failure mode and effect analysis
FMEA
analytically derived identification of the conceivable equipment failure modes and the potential adverse
effects of those modes on the system and mission
Note 1 to entry: It is primarily used as a design tool for review of critical components.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16901:2015, 3.11]
3.2.5
harm
injury or damage to the health of people or animals or damage to property or the environment
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.1, modified — "or animals" added.]
3.2.6
hazard
potential source of harm (3.2.5)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.2]
ISO 20024:2020(E)
3.2.7
hazardous event
event that can cause harm (3.2.5)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.3]
3.2.8
hazardous situation
circumstance in which people or animals, property or the environment is/are exposed to one or more
hazards (3.2.6)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.4, modified — "or animals" added.]
3.2.9
hazard and operability study
HAZOP
systematic approach by an interdisciplinary team to identify hazards (3.2.6) and operability problems
occurring as a result of deviations from the intended range of process conditions
Note 1 to entry: All four steps are in place and recorded to manage a hazard completely.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16901:2015, 3.16]
3.2.10
incident
event or occurrence, which can, but does not necessarily, create a risk (3.2.14) of harm (3.2.5), including
possible risks due to shearing, crushing, falling, impact, trapping, fire, electric shock, exposure to
weather etc.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 25740-1:2011, 3.13]
3.2.11
inherently safe design
measures taken to eliminate hazards (3.2.6) and/or to reduce risks (3.2.14) by changing the design or
operating characteristics of the product or system
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.5]
3.2.12
intended use
use in accordance with information provided with a product or system, or, in the absence of such
information, by generally understood patterns of usage
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.6]
3.2.13
reasonably foreseeable misuse
use of a product or system in a way not intended by the supplier, but which can result from readily
predictable human behaviour
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.7, modified — Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry has been deleted.]
3.2.14
risk
combination of the probability of occurrence of harm (3.2.5) and the severity of that harm
Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence includes the exposure to a hazardous situation, the occurrence of a
hazardous event and the possibility to avoid or limit the harm.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.9]
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 20024:2020(E)
3.2.15
risk analysis
systematic use of available information to identify hazards (3.2.6) and to estimate the risk (3.2.14)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.10]
3.2.16
risk assessment
overall process comprising a risk analysis (3.2.15) and a risk evaluation (3.2.20)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.11]
3.2.17
risk control
process of decision-making for managing and/or reducing risk (3.2.14); its implementation, enforcement
and re-evaluation from time to time, using the results of risk assessment (3.2.16) as one input
3.2.18
risk criteria
terms of reference against which the significance of a risk (3.2.14) is evaluated
Note 1 to entry: Risk criteria are based on organizational objectives, and external and internal context.
Note 2 to entry: Risk criteria can be derived from standards, laws, policies and other requirements.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 73:2009, 3.3.1.3]
3.2.19
risk estimation
process of assigning values to the probability of occurrence of events and their consequences
[SOURCE: ISO 13824:2009, 3.15]
3.2.20
risk evaluation
procedure based on the risk analysis (3.2.15) to determine whether tolerable risk (3.2.14) has been
exceeded
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.12]
3.2.21
risk management
coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk (3.2.14)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 73:2009, 2.1]
3.2.22
risk reduction measure
protective measure
action or means to eliminate hazards (3.2.6) or reduce risks (3.2.14)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.13, modified — Example has been removed.]
3.2.23
residual risk
risks (3.2.14) remaining after risk reduction measures (3.2.22) have been implemented
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.8]
ISO 20024:2020(E)
3.2.24
safety
freedom from risk (3.2.14) which is not tolerable
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.14]
3.2.25
significant hazard
hazard (3.2.6) which has been identified and which requires specific action to eliminate or to reduce
risk (3.2.14) according to the risk management (3.2.21)
3.2.26
tolerable risk
level of risk (3.2.14) that is accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, the terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered
to be synonymous.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.15]
3.3 Storage, handling and operation
3.3.1
mechanical bridging
process of forming stable bridges in a bulk storage of solids where large particles mechanically interlock
and form an obstruction, preventing the discharging of the material
Note 1 to entry: Bridging is also called arching.
3.3.2
cohesive bridging
process of forming stable bridges in a bulk storage of solids when particles bond together due to effects
of moisture, fines concentration, particle shape, temperature, etc. and form an obstruction, preventing
the discharging of the material
Note 1 to entry: Bridging is also called arching.
3.3.3
bulk material
amount of material within which component parts are not initially distinguishable on the
macroscopic level
[SOURCE: ISO 11648-1:2003, 3.1.1]
3.3.4
bunker
vessel for the storage of materials, with the main section having vertical walls and the lowermost
portion usually constructed in the form of a hopper
Note 1 to entry: Large bunkers are often used at power plants for short term fuel storage before the combustion
furnace.
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-1:1993, 9.1.6, modified — “bin” deleted, Note 1 to entry added.]
3.3.5
bunker floor
steel construction above the bunker (3.3.4) to support the conveyor system and a steel grating to allow
entrance for maintenance
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 20024:2020(E)
3.3.6
bunker covering
construction covering the bunker floor (3.3.5) to aid the bunker (3.3.4) ventilation system to create an
airflow from the bunker house (3.3.7) into the bunker
Note 1 to entry: The bunker covering will reduce dust dispersion into the bunker house and the environment
during filling but also reduce the risk of foreign objects falling into the bunker during e.g. maintenance work
inside the bunker house.
3.3.7
bunker house
building construction covering the bunker (3.3.4), the bunker floor bunker floor (3.3.5) and the conveyor
system, protecting it against precipitation and preventing dispersion of dust to the environment
3.3.8
core flow
material flow that is confined to a column immediately surrounding the vertical axis through the outlet
and in which the material on the surface slides in towards the downward-moving column
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-1:1993, 10.1.15]
3.3.9
funnel flow
flow that occurs during gravity storage when bulk material sloughs off the surface of the material and
discharges through a vertical channel which forms within the material in the bin whenever material is
drawn from the outlet
Note 1 to entry: Material adjacent to the bin walls remains stationary.
Note 2 to entry: Core flow is sometimes used instead of funnel flow.
[SOURCE: ISO 15117-1:2004, 3.15, modified — Note 2 to entry included.]
3.3.10
hopper
container for a loose bulk material such as grain, rock, or rubbish, typically one that tapers downward
and is able to discharge its contents at the bottom
3.3.11
maintenance manual
document detailing the disciplines and procedures to be followed to maintain an item of equipment,
complete machine or system in good working order
Note 1 to entry: A maintenance manual will detail periodic checks and replacement of parts, type of lubricant
and protective processes and the period of time between each check. It will include instructions on how to locate
faults, carry out repairs and the replacement of components. It may also include a detailed list of the components
which go together to make the complete unit, and their reference numbers and quantity required to assist
purchase of replacements as required.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 11065:1992, 385, modified — Part of definition moved as Note 1 to entry.]
3.3.12
mass flow
flow in which all the contents of a bin, silo or bunker are in motion, so that there is substantially uniform
velocity of flow across the whole cross-section of the material
[SOURCE: ISO 1213-1:1993, 10.1.14, modified — "(in bunkers)" deleted in heading; bin, silo or added.]
ISO 20024:2020(E)
3.3.13
operation manual
collection of documents that provide the information necessary to familiarize the personnel with the
operation and maintenance of a facility, system or item of equipment
[SOURCE: ISO 26870:2009, 3.11, modified — and maintenance deleted in heading.]
3.3.14
personal protection equipment
PPE
equipment that can include, but is not limited to, clothing, gloves, helmets, footwear and face protection
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 21808:2009, 2.1]
3.3.15
powered mobile handling equipment
equipment provided with some form of self-propulsion ordinarily under the direct control of an
operator
Note 1 to entry: Powered mobile handling equipment includes, earthmoving machinery (e.g. rollers, graders,
scrapers, skid steer loader), wheel loaders and wheel loader equipment, trucks, excavators, mobile cranes, hoists,
elevating work platforms, concrete placement booms, reach stackers and forklifts, and trains and wagons.
3.3.16
ratholing
discharging of material taking place only in a flow channel formed above the outlet of a silo, bunker
(3.3.4) or hopper (3.3.10)
Note 1 to entry: The reason for ratholing is the material being cohesive leading to the material outside the formed
channel will not flow into it, stopping the outflow once the central flow channel is emptied.
Note 2 to entry: Ratholing is also called piping.
Note 3 to entry: See also definition on funnel flow, 3.3.9.
3.3.17
SCBA
self contained breathing apparatus
generic term for respiratory protective devices, designed for the wearer to carry a source of supplying
air, oxygen or breathable gas to be consumed in breathing
[SOURCE: ISO 16972:2010, A.267]
3.3.18
screw conveyor
auger conveyor
mechanism that uses a rotating helical screw blade, usually within a tube, to move liquid or granular
materials
3.3.19
silo
structure for the storage of a volume of bulk material (3.3.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2014, 3.2.20, modified — “loose” material has been replaced by “bulk” material,
“large” has been deleted.]
3.3.20
war
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