SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 7: Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnologies

The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies.
The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts.
A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8.
The parts are as follows:
Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications                    Clauses 1 ‐ 9
Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects    Clauses 10 ‐ 22
Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures    Clauses 23 ‐ 32
Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing    Clauses 33 ‐ 45
Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints    Clauses 46 ‐ 63
Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection    Clauses 64 ‐ 81
Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies   Clauses 82 ‐ 107
Part 8 Glossary   
NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 7: Thermische und umweltbedingte Integrität, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und Gesundheitsüberwachung, weiche Werkstoffe, Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien

Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et en environnement, aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, matériaux souples, matériaux hybrides et nanotechnologies

Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije

Priročnik o strukturnih materialih, SMH, združuje informacije o materialih in oblikovanju uveljavljenih polimernih matričnih kompozitov z začasnimi informacijami o nastajajočih skupinah novejših naprednih materialov in njihovih kompozitov. Opisani so vidiki oblikovanja, skupaj z dejavniki združevanja in proizvodnje. Kjer je mogoče, so podani primeri ali študije primerov.
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih vsebuje 8 delov.
Slovar izrazov, opredelitve in okrajšave izrazov za te priročnike so v 8. delu.
Deli so:
1. del: Pregled in lastnosti materialov ter aplikacije                    Točke 1–9
2. del: Metode za izračun zasnove in splošni vidiki zasnove    Točke 10–22
3. del: Prenos obremenitve ter projektiranje spojev in konstrukcij    Točke 23–32
4. del: Nadzor integritete, smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja    Točke 33–45
5. del: Novi napredni materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov    Točke 46–63
6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov, načrtovanje in nadzor integritete ter inšpekcijski pregled Točke 64–81
7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije   Točke 82–107
8. del: Slovar   
OPOMBA: Teh 8 delov je označenih s številkami od TR17603-32-01 do TR 17603-32-08.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 24-Oct-2021
• Publication Date: 10-Feb-2022
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: I13 - Imaginarni 13
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 31-Jan-2022
• Due Date: 07-Apr-2022
• Completion Date: 11-Feb-2022
• Mandate: M/496 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardisation regarding space industry (Phase 3 of the process)
• Ref Project: CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022 - Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 7: Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnologies

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022
01-marec-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 7. del: Toplotna in okoljska
celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki
materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 7: Thermal and environmental
integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid
materials and nanotechnologies
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 7: Thermische und
umweltbedingte Integrität, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und Gesundheitsüberwachung,
weiche Werkstoffe, Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et
en environnement, aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, matériaux souples,
matériaux hybrides et nanotechnologies
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022


TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-07

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT
January 2022
ICS 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
7: Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing
aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials,
hybrid materials and nanotechnologies
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe -
- Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et en environnement, Teil 7: Thermische und umweltbedingte Integrität,
aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und
matériaux souples, matériaux hybrides et Gesundheitsüberwachung, weiche Werkstoffe,
nanotechnologies Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 29 November 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.























CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-07:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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Table of contents
European Foreword . 30
Introduction . 31
82 Thermal behaviour . 32
82.1 Introduction .32
82.1.1 General .32
82.1.2 Physical response .32
82.1.3 Physical properties .32
82.2 MMC: Thermal cycling .33
82.2.1 General .33
82.2.2 Magnesium-carbon fibre composites .33
82.2.3 Aluminium-carbon fibre composites .34
82.2.4 Aluminium-boron filament composites .34
82.2.5 Titanium-silicon carbide filament composites .35
82.2.6 Superalloy (FeCrAlY) composites .35
82.3 CMC: Thermal cycling .35
82.4 MMC: Thermal shock .36
82.4.1 General .36
82.4.2 Metal alloys .36
82.4.3 MMC .36
82.4.4 Intermetallics .36
82.5 CMC: Thermal shock .36
82.5.1 General .36
82.5.2 SiC-SiC composites .37
82.6 MMC: Thermal conductivity .38
82.6.1 General .38
82.6.2 Thermal diffusivity measurement .38
82.6.3 Effect of material composition .38
82.6.4 Modelling .39
82.7 CMC: Thermal conductivity .40
82.7.1 General .40
2

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82.7.2 Glass-ceramic matrix composites .40
82.7.3 SiC-SiC and C-SiC composites.41
82.8 Specific heat capacity .48
82.9 Surface emissivity .48
82.10 Surface catalyticity .49
82.11 References .49
82.11.1 General .49
83 Thermo-mechanical fatigue . 52
83.1 Introduction .52
83.2 Phased TMF .52
83.3 Superalloys .53
83.4 Aluminium composites .53
83.4.1 Particulate reinforced composites .53
83.4.2 Continuous fibre reinforced composites .54
83.5 Titanium composites .54
83.6 Copper composites .57
83.7 Ceramic composites .58
83.8 Carbon-carbon composites .58
83.9 Predictive methods .58
83.10 References .59
83.10.1 General .59
84 Dimensional control . 62
84.1 Introduction .62
84.2 Residual stresses .62
84.3 Creep: Metallic materials .62
84.3.1 General .62
84.3.2 Particulate reinforced aluminium composites .63
84.3.3 Discontinuous fibre reinforced aluminium .63
84.4 Creep: Ceramic composites .63
84.4.1 General .63
84.4.2 Creep mismatch ratio (CMR) .63
84.5 Crack densities .66
84.6 CTE: Metallic materials .66
84.6.1 General .66
84.6.2 Continuous reinforcement .66
84.6.3 Particulate reinforcement .67
84.7 CTE: Ceramic composites .67
3

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84.7.1 SiC matrix composites .67
84.7.2 Glass matrix composites .70
84.7.3 Environmental factors .70
84.8 References .70
84.8.1 General .70
85 High-temperature environmental stability . 72
85.1 Introduction .72
85.2 Aqueous corrosion: Metals .72
85.2.1 General .72
85.2.2 Aluminium-based composites .72
85.3 Hot corrosion: Metals .73
85.3.1 Applications .73
85.3.2 Causes .73
85.3.3 Protection systems .74
85.4 Hot corrosion: CMC .74
85.4.1 Causes .74
85.5 Oxidation: Metals .74
85.6 Oxidation: Ceramics .74
85.6.1 Carbon-containing materials .74
85.6.2 SiC-SiC composites .75
85.6.3 Chemical reactions .76
85.6.4 Effect of conditions .76
85.6.5 Effect of manufacturing route .76
85.6.6 Modelling .77
85.7 Hydrogen embrittlement.77
85.7.1 General .77
85.7.2 Metal-based materials .77
85.7.3 Ceramic-based materials .78
85.7.4 Precautions .78
85.8 Hydrogen: Titanium materials .79
85.8.1 General .79
85.8.2 Alloys .79
85.8.3 MMC .80
85.9 Hydrogen: Intermetallic materials .80
85.9.1 Titanium aluminides .80
85.10 Hydrogen: Carbon composites.82
85.11 References .82
4

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85.11.1 General .82
86 High-temperature test facilities . 85
86.1 Introduction .85
86.2 Thermo-mechanical loading .86
86.2.1 General .86
86.2.2 Spaceplane verification .86
86.2.3 Test facilities .86
86.3 Thermo-acoustic testing.87
86.3.1 General .87
86.3.2 Test facilities .87
86.4 Plasma arc jet tests .87
86.4.1 General .87
86.4.2 Test facilities .87
86.5 Electric arc jet tests .87
86.5.1 General .87
86.5.2 Test facilities .88
86.6 Oxygen-hydrogen combustors .88
86.7 European facilities .88
86.7.1 General .88
86.7.2 France .88
86.7.3 Germany .89
86.7.4 Switzerland .89
86.7.5 Austria .89
86.7.6 UK .90
86.7.7 The Netherlands .90
86.7.8 Belgium .90
86.7.9 Russia .90
86.8 References .90
86.8.1 General .90
87 Integrated manufacturing . 93
87.1 Introduction .93
87.2 Process development .93
87.2.1 Techniques .93
87.2.2 Status .93
87.2.3 Expertise .93
87.3 Stages in manufacture .94
87.3.1 Process techniques .94
5

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87.3.2 Finishing .95
87.3.3 Surface protection and coatings .95
88 Manufacturing techniques . 96
88.1 Introduction .96
88.2 Composite manufacture .96
88.2.1 Matrix phase .96
88.2.2 Reinforcement .98
88.2.3 Processing .98
88.3 Powder processing .98
88.3.1 Metals .98
88.3.2 MMC .99
88.4 Sintering . 101
88.5 Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) . 101
88.6 Foil and fibre consolidation . 101
88.6.1 General . 101
88.6.2 Metal foils . 102
88.6.3 Powder cloth . 102
88.7 Superplastic forming (SPF) . 103
88.7.1 Metal characteristics . 103
88.7.2 Techniques . 103
88.8 Diffusion bonding (DB) . 105
88.9 Hot pressing . 106
88.9.1 MMC . 106
88.9.2 Glass and ceramic-based composites . 106
88.10 Diffusion coatings . 106
88.10.1 General . 106
88.10.2 Pack cementation . 106
88.10.3 Chromising . 107
88.10.4 Aluminising . 108
88.10.5 Selective oxidation . 109
88.10.6 Modified native oxides . 109
88.11 Reaction bonding . 109
88.12 Polymer or pitch infiltration and pyrolysis . 110
88.13 Melt infiltration . 111
88.13.1 General . 111
88.13.2 Metal matrix . 111
88.13.3 Glass matrix . 113
6

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88.13.4 Ceramic matrix . 114
88.14 In-situ siliconising. 114
88.14.1 Molten . 114
88.14.2 Particulate . 114
88.15 In-situ oxidation . 114
88.15.1 MMC to ceramic oxide matrix . 114
88.15.2 Oxide coatings on metals . 115
88.15.3 Oxide coatings on ceramics . 115
88.16 Sol-gel . 115
88.17 Slurry infiltration . 118
88.18 Investment casting . 120
88.19 Spray techniques . 122
88.19.1 Atomisation . 122
88.19.2 Plasma spraying . 122
88.20 Physical vapour deposition (PVD) . 125
88.20.1 Coatings . 125
88.21 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) . 127
88.22 Chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) . 128
88.23 References . 131
88.23.1 General . 131
89 European sources of expertise . 134
89.1 Introduction . 134
89.2 Company specialisation . 135
89.2.1 General . 135
89.2.2 Aerospatiale . 135
89.2.3 Societe Européene de Propulsion (SEP) . 136
89.2.4 ONERA : L'Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiale . 136
89.2.5 Le Carbone . 136
89.2.6 SNECMA . 136
89.2.7 Dassault Aviation . 136
89.2.8 Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH . 136
89.2.9 Dornier Deutche Aerospace . 136
89.2.10 MAN Technologie AG . 137
89.2.11 SIGRI . 137
89.2.12 MBB (DASA) . 137
89.2.13 MTU Motoren und Turbinen Union GmbH . 137
89.2.14 Sintec Keramik . 137
7

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89.2.15 Deutche Forschunganstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) . 137
89.2.16 British Aerospace (BAe) . 137
89.2.17 Rolls Royce .
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021
01-oktober-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 7.del: Toplotna in okoljska
celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje v orbiti in zdravju, mehki materiali,
hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 7: Thermal and environmental
integrity, manufacturing aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid
materials and nanotechnologies
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 7: Thermische und
umweltbedingte Integrität, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und Gesundheitsüberwachung,
weiche Werkstoffe, Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et
en environnement, aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, matériaux souples,
matériaux hybrides et nanotechnologies
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021


TECHNICAL REPORT
FINAL DRAFT
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT

August 2021
ICS 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
7: Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing
aspects, in-orbit and health monitoring, soft materials,
hybrid materials and nanotechnologies
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe -
- Partie 7 : Intégrité thermique et en environnement, Teil 7: Thermische und umweltbedingte Integrität,
aspects fabrication, surveillance des matériaux, Herstellungsaspekte, In-Orbit- und
matériaux souples, matériaux hybrides et Gesundheitsüberwachung, weiche Werkstoffe,
nanotechnologies Hybridwerkstoffe und Nanotechnologien


This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.
















CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 30
Introduction . 31
82 Thermal behaviour . 32
82.1 Introduction .32
82.1.1 General .32
82.1.2 Physical response .32
82.1.3 Physical properties .32
82.2 MMC: Thermal cycling .33
82.2.1 General .33
82.2.2 Magnesium-carbon fibre composites .33
82.2.3 Aluminium-carbon fibre composites .34
82.2.4 Aluminium-boron filament composites .34
82.2.5 Titanium-silicon carbide filament composites .35
82.2.6 Superalloy (FeCrAlY) composites .35
82.3 CMC: Thermal cycling .35
82.4 MMC: Thermal shock .36
82.4.1 General .36
82.4.2 Metal alloys .36
82.4.3 MMC .36
82.4.4 Intermetallics .36
82.5 CMC: Thermal shock .36
82.5.1 General .36
82.5.2 SiC-SiC composites .37
82.6 MMC: Thermal conductivity .38
82.6.1 General .38
82.6.2 Thermal diffusivity measurement .38
82.6.3 Effect of material composition .38
82.6.4 Modelling .39
82.7 CMC: Thermal conductivity .40
82.7.1 General .40
2

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82.7.2 Glass-ceramic matrix composites .40
82.7.3 SiC-SiC and C-SiC composites.41
82.8 Specific heat capacity .48
82.9 Surface emissivity .48
82.10 Surface catalyticity .49
82.11 References .49
82.11.1 General .49
83 Thermo-mechanical fatigue . 52
83.1 Introduction .52
83.2 Phased TMF .52
83.3 Superalloys .53
83.4 Aluminium composites .53
83.4.1 Particulate reinforced composites .53
83.4.2 Continuous fibre reinforced composites .54
83.5 Titanium composites .54
83.6 Copper composites .57
83.7 Ceramic composites .58
83.8 Carbon-carbon composites .58
83.9 Predictive methods .58
83.10 References .59
83.10.1 General .59
84 Dimensional control . 62
84.1 Introduction .62
84.2 Residual stresses .62
84.3 Creep: Metallic materials .62
84.3.1 General .62
84.3.2 Particulate reinforced aluminium composites .63
84.3.3 Discontinuous fibre reinforced aluminium .63
84.4 Creep: Ceramic composites .63
84.4.1 General .63
84.4.2 Creep mismatch ratio (CMR) .63
84.5 Crack densities .66
84.6 CTE: Metallic materials .66
84.6.1 General .66
84.6.2 Continuous reinforcement .66
84.6.3 Particulate reinforcement .67
84.7 CTE: Ceramic composites .67
3

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84.7.1 SiC matrix composites .67
84.7.2 Glass matrix composites .70
84.7.3 Environmental factors .70
84.8 References .70
84.8.1 General .70
85 High-temperature environmental stability . 72
85.1 Introduction .72
85.2 Aqueous corrosion: Metals .72
85.2.1 General .72
85.2.2 Aluminium-based composites .72
85.3 Hot corrosion: Metals .73
85.3.1 Applications .73
85.3.2 Causes .73
85.3.3 Protection systems .74
85.4 Hot corrosion: CMC .74
85.4.1 Causes .74
85.5 Oxidation: Metals .74
85.6 Oxidation: Ceramics .74
85.6.1 Carbon-containing materials .74
85.6.2 SiC-SiC composites .75
85.6.3 Chemical reactions .76
85.6.4 Effect of conditions .76
85.6.5 Effect of manufacturing route .76
85.6.6 Modelling .77
85.7 Hydrogen embrittlement.77
85.7.1 General .77
85.7.2 Metal-based materials .77
85.7.3 Ceramic-based materials .78
85.7.4 Precautions .78
85.8 Hydrogen: Titanium materials .79
85.8.1 General .79
85.8.2 Alloys .79
85.8.3 MMC .80
85.9 Hydrogen: Intermetallic materials .80
85.9.1 Titanium aluminides .80
85.10 Hydrogen: Carbon composites.82
85.11 References .82
4

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85.11.1 General .82
86 High-temperature test facilities . 85
86.1 Introduction .85
86.2 Thermo-mechanical loading .86
86.2.1 General .86
86.2.2 Spaceplane verification .86
86.2.3 Test facilities .86
86.3 Thermo-acoustic testing.87
86.3.1 General .87
86.3.2 Test facilities .87
86.4 Plasma arc jet tests .87
86.4.1 General .87
86.4.2 Test facilities .87
86.5 Electric arc jet tests .87
86.5.1 General .87
86.5.2 Test facilities .88
86.6 Oxygen-hydrogen combustors .88
86.7 European facilities .88
86.7.1 General .88
86.7.2 France .88
86.7.3 Germany .89
86.7.4 Switzerland .89
86.7.5 Austria .89
86.7.6 UK .90
86.7.7 The Netherlands .90
86.7.8 Belgium .90
86.7.9 Russia .90
86.8 References .90
86.8.1 General .90
87 Integrated manufacturing . 93
87.1 Introduction .93
87.2 Process development .93
87.2.1 Techniques .93
87.2.2 Status .93
87.2.3 Expertise .93
87.3 Stages in manufacture .94
87.3.1 Process techniques .94
5

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87.3.2 Finishing .95
87.3.3 Surface protection and coatings .95
88 Manufacturing techniques . 96
88.1 Introduction .96
88.2 Composite manufacture .96
88.2.1 Matrix phase .96
88.2.2 Reinforcement .98
88.2.3 Processing .98
88.3 Powder processing .98
88.3.1 Metals .98
88.3.2 MMC .99
88.4 Sintering . 101
88.5 Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) . 101
88.6 Foil and fibre consolidation . 101
88.6.1 General . 101
88.6.2 Metal foils . 102
88.6.3 Powder cloth . 102
88.7 Superplastic forming (SPF) . 103
88.7.1 Metal characteristics . 103
88.7.2 Techniques . 103
88.8 Diffusion bonding (DB) . 105
88.9 Hot pressing . 106
88.9.1 MMC . 106
88.9.2 Glass and ceramic-based composites . 106
88.10 Diffusion coatings . 106
88.10.1 General . 106
88.10.2 Pack cementation . 106
88.10.3 Chromising . 107
88.10.4 Aluminising . 108
88.10.5 Selective oxidation . 109
88.10.6 Modified native oxides . 109
88.11 Reaction bonding . 109
88.12 Polymer or pitch infiltration and pyrolysis . 110
88.13 Melt infiltration . 111
88.13.1 General . 111
88.13.2 Metal matrix . 111
88.13.3 Glass matrix . 113
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-07:2021 (E)
88.13.4 Ceramic matrix . 114
88.14 In-situ siliconising. 114
88.14.1 Molten . 114
88.14.2 Particulate . 114
88.15 In-situ oxidation . 114
88.15.1 MMC to ceramic oxide matrix . 114
88.15.2 Oxide coatings on metals . 115
88.15.3 Oxide coatings on ceramics . 115
88.16 Sol-gel . 115
88.17 Slurry infiltration . 118
88.18 Investment casting . 120
88.19 Spray techniques . 122
88.19.1 Atomisation . 122
88.19.2 Plasma spraying . 122
88.20 Physical vapour deposition (PVD) . 125
88.20.1 Coatings . 125
88.21 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) . 127
88.22 Chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) . 128
88.23 References . 131
88.23.1 General . 131
89 European sources of expertise . 134
89.1 Introduction . 134
89.2 Company specialisation . 135
89.2.1 General . 135
89.2.2 Aerospatiale . 135
89.2.3 Societe Européene de Propulsion (SEP) . 136
89.2.4 ONERA : L'Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiale . 136
89.2.5 Le Carbone . 136
89.2.6 SNECMA . 136
89.2.7 Dassault Aviation . 136
89.2.8 Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH . 136
89.2.9 Dornier Deutche Aerospace . 136
89.2.10 MAN Technologie AG . 137
89.2.11 SIGRI . 137
89.2.12 MBB (DASA) . 137
89.2.13 MTU Motoren und Turbinen Union GmbH . 137
89.2.14 Sintec Keramik . 137
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