SIST EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1:2021
(Main)Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz - Transmitter-receiver systems - Part 1: Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum
Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz - Transmitter-receiver systems - Part 1: Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum
The present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for avalanche beacon
transmitter-receiver systems operating from 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz. The frequency range 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz is
EU wide harmonised for emergency detections of buried victims and valuable items devices according to Commission
Implementing decision (EU) 2019/1345 [i.9].
An avalanche beacon comprises in one unit at least a transmitter/receiver including antenna and battery.
NOTE: The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive
2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in annex A.
Lavinske žolne, ki delujejo v območju 457 kHz - Oddajno-sprejemni sistemi - 1. del: Harmonizirani standard za dostop do radijskega spektra
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD
Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz;
Transmitter-receiver systems;
Part 1: Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum
2 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
Reference
REN/ERM-TG28-559
Keywords
harmonised standard, radio, testing
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© ETSI 2021.
All rights reserved.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the oneM2M Partners. ®
GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Modal verbs terminology . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Technical requirements specifications . 11
4.1 Environmental profile . 11
4.2 Conformance requirements for transmitters . 11
4.2.1 Modulation and carrier keying . 11
4.2.1.1 Applicability. 11
4.2.1.2 Description . 11
4.2.1.3 Limits . 11
4.2.1.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.2 Frequency error . 12
4.2.2.1 Applicability. 12
4.2.2.2 Description . 12
4.2.2.3 Limits . 12
4.2.2.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.3 Output field strength (H-field) . 12
4.2.3.1 Applicability. 12
4.2.3.2 Description . 12
4.2.3.3 Limits . 12
4.2.3.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.4 Transmitter spurious emis sions . 13
4.2.4.1 Applicability. 13
4.2.4.2 Description . 13
4.2.4.3 Limits . 13
4.2.4.4 Conformance . 13
4.3 Conformance requirements for receiver parameters . 13
4.3.1 Receiver sensitivity . 13
4.3.1.1 Applicability. 13
4.3.1.2 Description . 13
4.3.1.3 Limits . 14
4.3.1.4 Conformance . 14
4.3.2 Receiver blocking . 14
4.3.2.1 Applicability. 14
4.3.2.2 Description . 14
4.3.2.3 Limits . 14
4.3.2.4 Conformance . 14
4.3.3 Receiver spurious emissions . 14
4.3.3.1 Applicability. 14
4.3.3.2 Description . 14
4.3.3.3 Limits . 14
4.3.3.4 Conformance . 15
5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements . 15
5.1 Environmental conditions for testing . 15
5.1.1 General . 15
5.1.2 External test power source . 15
ETSI
4 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
5.1.3 Normal test conditions . 16
5.1.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 16
5.1.3.2 Normal test voltage . 16
5.1.3.3 Normal test modulation . 16
5.1.4 Extreme test conditions . 16
5.1.4.1 Extreme temperatures . 16
5.1.4.2 Extreme test voltages . 16
5.2 Interpretation of test results . 16
5.3 Compliance test procedures . 17
5.3.1 Modulation and carrier keying . 17
5.3.2 Frequency error . 17
5.3.3 Output field strength (H-field) . 17
5.3.4 Transmitter spurious emis sions . 17
5.3.4.1 Method of measurement Radiated H-field (< 30 MHz) . 17
5.3.4.2 Method of measurement Effective radiated power (≥ 30 MHz). 18
5.3.5 Receiver sensitivity . 18
5.3.6 Receiver blocking . 19
5.3.7 Receiver spurious emissions . 19
5.3.7.1 Method of measurement Radiated H-Field (< 30 MHz) . 19
5.3.7.2 Method of measurement Effective radiated power (≥ 30 MHz). 19
5.4 Measuring receiver . 20
Annex A (informative): Relationship between the present document and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU . 21
Annex B (normative): Radiated measurement . 22
B.0 General . 22
B.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 22
B.1.0 Test sites . 22
B.1.1 Anechoic chamber . 22
B.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane . 23
B.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 25
B.1.3.0 General for OATS . 25
B.1.3.1 Measurements below 30 MHz . 25
B.1.3.2 Measurements above 30 MHz . 25
B.1.4 Test antenna . 26
B.1.5 Substitution antenna . 27
B.1.6 Measuring antenna . 27
B.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 27
B.2.0 General . 27
B.2.1 Verification of the test site . 27
B.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 27
B.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 28
B.2.4 Range length . 28
B.2.4.1 Far-field length above 30 MHz . 28
B.2.4.2 Near-field and Far-field length below 30 MHz . 29
B.2.5 Site preparation . 29
B.3 Coupling of signals . 29
B.3.1 General . 29
B.3.2 Data signals . 29
B.4 Standard test position . 29
Annex C (normative): Spurious limits, radiated H-field at 10 m distances . 30
Annex D (informative): E-fields in the near field at low frequencies . 31
Annex E (informative): Justification of receiver requirements . 34
E.1 Introduction . 34
ETSI
5 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
E.2 Justification of receiver requirements chosen in the present document . 34
Annex F (informative): Maximum Measurement uncertainty . 37
Annex G (informative): Determination and use of the measurement bandwidth . 38
Annex H (informative): Change history . 39
History . 40
ETSI
6 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This draft Harmonised European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the combined Public Enquiry and Vote
phase of the ETSI standards EN Approval Procedure.
The present document has been prepared under the Commission's standardisation request C(2015) 5376 final [i.2] to
provide one voluntary means of conforming to the essential requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisation
of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment and repealing
Directive 1999/5/EC [i.1].
Once the present document is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance with
the normative clauses of the present document given in table A.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of the present
document, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements of that Directive and associated
EFTA regulations.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering avalanche beacons operating at 457 kHz transmitter-
receiver systems, as identified below:
Part 1: "Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum";
Part 2: "Harmonised Standard for features for emergency services";
Part 3: "Harmonized EN covering essential requirements of article 3.3e of the R&TTE Directive".
NOTE: This part 3 is obsolete and has been replaced with ETSI EN 300 718-2 [2].
Proposed national transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 3 months after ETSI publication
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 6 months after doa
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 18 months after doa
ETSI
7 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
8 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
1 Scope
The present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for avalanche beacon
transmitter-receiver systems operating from 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz. The frequency range 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz is
EU wide harmonised for emergency detections of buried victims and valuable items devices according to [i.9].
An avalanche beacon comprises in one unit at least a transmitter/receiver including antenna and battery.
NOTE: The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive
2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in annex A.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16-1-4 (2019): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites
for radiated disturbance measurements".
[2] ETSI EN 300 718-2 (V2.1.1) (01-2018): "Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz; Transmitter-
receiver systems; Part 2: Harmonised Standard for features for emergency services".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Directive 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on the
harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of
radio equipment and repealing Directive 1999/5/EC.
[i.2] Commission Implementing Decision C(2015) 5376 final of 4.8.2015 on a standardisation request
to the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation and to the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute as regards radio equipment in support of Directive
2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council.
[i.3] ANSI C63.5: "American National Standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility-Radiated Emission
Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control-Calibration of Antennas (9 kHz to
40 GHz)".
ETSI
9 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
[i.4] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[i.5] ETSI TR 102 273-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 2: Anechoic chamber".
[i.6] ETSI TR 102 273-3: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 3: Anechoic chamber with a ground plane".
[i.7] ETSI TR 102 273-4: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 4: Open area test site".
[i.8] ECC Report 284 (September 2018): "Feasibility studies of Person detection and collision
avoidance applications in the 442.2-457.1 kHz range".
[i.9] Commission Implementing decision (EU) 2019/1345 of 2 August 2019 amending Decision
2006/771/EC updating harmonised technical conditions in the area of radio spectrum use for short-
range devices.
[i.10] ERC Recommendation 70-03 (June 2019): "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.11] ETSI EG 203 336 (V1.2.1): "Guide for the selection of technical parameters for the production of
Harmonised Standards covering article 3.1(b) and article 3.2 of Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.12] ETSI TS 103 361 (V1.1.1): "Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology
(UWB); Receiver technical requirements, parameters and measurement procedures to fulfil the
requirements of the Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.13] ETSI TS 103 567 (V1.1.1): "Requirements on signal interferer handling".
[i.14] Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a
common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services.
[i.15] Directive 2009/140/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009
amending Directives 2002/21/EC on a common regulatory framework for electronic
communications networks and services, 2002/19/EC on access to, and interconnection of,
electronic communications networks and associated facilities, and 2002/20/EC on the authorisation
of electronic communications networks and services.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
avalanche beacons: portable radio systems used for locating avalanche victims, for the purpose of direct rescue (i.e. for
rescue by comrades not buried by the avalanche)
NOTE: An avalanche beacon has two operating modes: transmit and receive.
E-field: electric component of the field measured as voltage per unit length
environmental profile: range of environmental conditions under which equipment within the scope of the present
document is required to comply with the provisions of the present document
H-field: magnetic component of the field measured as current per unit length
H-field test antenna: electrically screened loop or equivalent antenna, with which the magnetic component of the field
can be measured
ETSI
10 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
integral antenna: antenna designed as an indispensable part of the equipment, with or without the use of an antenna
connector
measuring receiver: selective voltmeter or a spectrum analyser
NOTE: See clause 5.4.
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
receive mode: operating mode of the avalanche beacon where it receives, or is ready to receive, the signal(s) of other
avalanche beacon(s) (also called: SEARCH mode)
transmit mode: operating mode of the avalanche beacon where it radiates a magnetic field with carrier frequency and
on/off keying as defined in the present document (also called: SEND mode)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
E Electrical field strength
Eo Reference electrical field strength
f Frequency
H Magnetic field strength
Ho Reference magnetic field strength
N Newton
P Power
R Distance
Ro Reference distance
t Time
Z Wave impedance
l Wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
CEPT Conférence des administrations Européennes des Postes et Telecommunications
CISPR Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques
DSP Digital Signal Processor
EC European Commission
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EFTA European Free Trade Association
ERC European Radio communications Committee
EU European Union
EUT Equipment Under Test
OATS Open Area Test Site
RF Radio Frequency
UWB Ultra Wideband
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
ETSI
11 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 Environmental profile
The technical requirements of the present document apply under the environmental profile for operation of the
equipment, which shall be in accordance with its intended use, but as a minimum, shall be that specified in the test
conditions contained in the present document (see clause 5.1). The equipment shall comply with all the technical
requirements of the present document at all times when operating within the boundary limits of the operational
environmental profile defined by its intended use.
4.2 Conformance requirements for transmitters
4.2.1 Modulation and carrier keying
4.2.1.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.1.2 Description
The modulation used for avalanche beacons is carrier keying. The carrier keying defines the on and off times for a
non-continuous carrier.
4.2.1.3 Limits
The carrier keying shall be as shown in figure 1:
• on time: 70 ms minimum;
• off time: 400 ms minimum;
• period: 1 000 ms ± 300 ms (on time plus off time).
1 000 ± 300 ms
status
≥ 70 ms
≥ 400 ms
on
time
off
Figure 1
ETSI
12 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
4.2.1.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for transmitter modulation and carrier keying shall be as defined in clause 5.3.1 of the present
document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.2.2 Frequency error
4.2.2.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.2.2 Description
The frequency error of the transmitter system is the difference between the measured carrier frequency and the nominal
carrier frequency.
4.2.2.3 Limits
The frequency error shall not exceed ±80 Hz at 457 kHz.
4.2.2.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for transmitter frequency error shall be as defined in clause 5.3.2 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.2.3 Output field strength (H-field)
4.2.3.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.3.2 Description
The H-field is measured in the direction of maximum field strength under specified conditions of measurement.
4.2.3.3 Limits
The minimum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not be lower than -6 dBμA/m (0,5 μA/m) at a distance of
10 m.
The maximum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not exceed 7 dBμA/m (2,23 μA/m) at a distance of 10 m.
4.2.3.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Transmitter output field strength (H-field) shall be as defined in clause 5.3.3 of the present
document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
ETSI
13 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
4.2.4 Transmitter spurious emissions
4.2.4.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.4.2 Description
Spurious emissions are emissions at frequencies other than those of the carrier and sidebands associated with its
modulation. The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power or
field strength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.
4.2.4.3 Limits
Radiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 1.
Table 1
State Frequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz
Except 457 kHz ± 0,1 kHz
Transmit
27 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct -3,5 dBμA/m
A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.
The power of any radiated emission shall not exceed the values given in table 2.
Table 2
State 47 MHz to 74 MHz Other frequencies between
87,5 MHz to 118 MHz 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
174 MHz to 230 MHz
470 MHz to 862 MHz
Operating 4 nW 250 nW
4.2.4.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Transmitter spurious emissions shall be as defined in clause 5.3.4 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3 Conformance requirements for receiver parameters
4.3.1 Receiver sensitivity
4.3.1.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.1.2 Description
The maximum usable sensitivity of the receiver is the minimum level of the wanted signal (H-field strength which,
when applied to the receiver input, produces an optical and/or acoustic indication of a received beacon.
ETSI
14 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
4.3.1.3 Limits
The receiver sensitivity limit is 80 nA/m (-22 dBµA/m) at a frequency of 457 kHz.
4.3.1.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver sensitivity shall be as defined in clause 5.3.5 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3.2 Receiver blocking
4.3.2.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.2.2 Description
Receiver blocking is a measure of the ability of the equipment to receive a wanted signal on its operating frequency
without exceeding a given degradation in the presence of an unwanted signal (blocking signal) on frequencies other
than the operating frequency.
4.3.2.3 Limits
The interference field strength at the EUT shall be 25 dBµA/m at 450 kHz.
The maximum level of the wanted signal (H-field strength) which, when applied to the receiver input, produces an
optical and/or acoustic indication of a received beacon, shall be 113 nA/m (-19 dBµA/m which is 3 dB above the test
level for receiver sensitivity)
NOTE: Testing frequency and level were derived from the requirements specified in ECC Report 284 [i.8].
4.3.2.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver blocking shall be as defined in clause 5.3.6 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3.3 Receiver spurious emissions
4.3.3.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.3.2 Description
The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power or field
strength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.
4.3.3.3 Limits
Radiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 3.
ETSI
15 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
Table 3
State Frequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz
Receive 6 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct -24,5 dBμA/m
A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.
The power of any radiated emission at or above 30 MHz shall not exceed the values given in table 4.
Table 4
State 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
Operating 2 nW
4.3.3.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver sensitivity shall be as defined in clause 5.3.7 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements
5.1 Environmental conditions for testing
5.1.1 General
Tests defined in the present document shall be carried out at representative points within the boundary limits of the
operational environmental profile defined by its intended use, which, as a minimum, shall be that specified in the test
conditions contained in the present document (see below).
Where technical performance varies subject to environmental conditions, tests shall be carried out under a sufficient
variety of environmental conditions as specified in the present document to give confidence of compliance for the
affected technical requirements.
Testing shall be made under normal test conditions, and also, where stated, under extreme test conditions.
The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in clauses 5.1.2 to 5.1.4.
5.1.2 External test power source
During the tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable of
producing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in clauses 5.1.3.2 and 5.1.4.2. The internal impedance of the
external test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of the
tests, the voltage of the external test power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment.
The non-grounded terminal of the batteries shall be disconnected, but batteries shall be left in place. The external test
power source shall be suitably de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. The
power leads shall be as short as practicable and properly dressed. For radiated measurements fully charged internal
batteries should be used. The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the manufacturer.
During tests the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.
ETSI
16 Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.0 (2021-02)
5.1.3 Normal test conditions
5.1.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and
humidity within the following ranges:
• temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C;
• relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect, stating the ambient temperature
and relative humidity during the tests, shall be added to the test report.
5.1.3.2 Normal test voltage
The normal test voltage shall be the nominal voltage of the device. The value shall be stated in the test report.
NOTE: The nominal voltage of the device depends on type and number of batteries, as specified in the user
manual.
5.1.3.3 Normal test modulation
The normal test modulation shall be carrier-keying with 100 ms on-time and 900 ms off-time.
5.1.4 Extreme test conditions
5.1.4.1 Extreme temperatures
The equipment shall be able to operate correctly in the temperature range from -20 °C to +45 °C and shall be stored
without damage in the temperature range from -25 °C to +70 °C.
Before measurements are made the equipment shall have reached thermal balance in the test chamber.
The equipment shall be switched off during the temperature stabilizing period.
In the case of equipment containing temperature stabilization circuits designed to operate continuously, the temperature
stabilization circuits shall be switched on for 15 minutes after thermal balance has been obtained, and the equipment
shall then meet the specified requirements.
If the thermal balance is not checked by measurements, a temperature stabilizing period of at least one hour shall be
allowed. The sequence of measurements shall be chosen, and the humidity content in the test chamber shall be
controlled so that excessive condensation does not occur.
5.1.4.2 Extreme test voltages
The extreme test voltages shall be as defined by the intended use of the EUT. The values shall be stated in the test
report.
NOTE: The extreme test voltages of the device depend on type and number of batteries (as specified in the user
manual) and the degree of battery discharge, which is allowed to maintain proper function of the device.
5.2 Interpretation of test results
Guidance on the interpretation of test resul
...
HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD
Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz;
Transmitter-receiver systems;
Part 1: Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum
2 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Reference
REN/ERM-TG28-559
Keywords
harmonised standard, radio, testing
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - APE 7112B
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° w061004871
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx
Notice of disclaimer & limitation of liability
The information provided in the present deliverable is directed solely to professionals who have the appropriate degree of
experience to understand and interpret its content in accordance with generally accepted engineering or
other professional standard and applicable regulations.
No recommendation as to products and services or vendors is made or should be implied.
In no event shall ETSI be held liable for loss of profits or any other incidental or consequential damages.
Any software contained in this deliverable is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, express or implied, including but not
limited to, the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement of intellectual property
rights and ETSI shall not be held liable in any event for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages
for loss of profits, business interruption, loss of information, or any other pecuniary loss) arising out of or related to the use
of or inability to use the software.
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© ETSI 2021.
All rights reserved.
ETSI
3 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Modal verbs terminology . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Technical requirements specifications . 11
4.1 Environmental profile . 11
4.2 Conformance requirements for transmitters . 11
4.2.1 Modulation and carrier keying . 11
4.2.1.1 Applicability. 11
4.2.1.2 Description . 11
4.2.1.3 Limits . 11
4.2.1.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.2 Frequency error . 12
4.2.2.1 Applicability. 12
4.2.2.2 Description . 12
4.2.2.3 Limits . 12
4.2.2.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.3 Output field strength (H-field) . 12
4.2.3.1 Applicability. 12
4.2.3.2 Description . 12
4.2.3.3 Limits . 12
4.2.3.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.4 Transmitter spurious emissions . 13
4.2.4.1 Applicability. 13
4.2.4.2 Description . 13
4.2.4.3 Limits . 13
4.2.4.4 Conformance . 13
4.3 Conformance requirements for receiver parameters . 13
4.3.1 Receiver sensitivity . 13
4.3.1.1 Applicability. 13
4.3.1.2 Description . 13
4.3.1.3 Limits . 14
4.3.1.4 Conformance . 14
4.3.2 Receiver blocking . 14
4.3.2.1 Applicability. 14
4.3.2.2 Description . 14
4.3.2.3 Limits . 14
4.3.2.4 Conformance . 14
4.3.3 Receiver spurious emissions . 14
4.3.3.1 Applicability. 14
4.3.3.2 Description . 14
4.3.3.3 Limits . 14
4.3.3.4 Conformance . 15
5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements . 15
5.1 Environmental conditions for testing . 15
5.1.1 General . 15
5.1.2 External test power source . 15
ETSI
4 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
5.1.3 Normal test conditions . 16
5.1.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 16
5.1.3.2 Normal test voltage . 16
5.1.3.3 Normal test modulation . 16
5.1.4 Extreme test conditions . 16
5.1.4.1 Extreme temperatures . 16
5.1.4.2 Extreme test voltages . 16
5.2 Interpretation of test results . 16
5.3 Compliance test procedures . 17
5.3.1 Modulation and carrier keying . 17
5.3.2 Frequency error . 17
5.3.3 Output field strength (H-field) . 17
5.3.4 Transmitter spurious emissions . 17
5.3.4.1 Method of measurement Radiated H-field (< 30 MHz) . 17
5.3.4.2 Method of measurement Effective radiated power (≥ 30 MHz). 18
5.3.5 Receiver sensitivity . 18
5.3.6 Receiver blocking . 19
5.3.7 Receiver spurious emissions . 19
5.3.7.1 Method of measurement Radiated H-Field (< 30 MHz) . 19
5.3.7.2 Method of measurement Effective radiated power (≥ 30 MHz). 19
5.4 Measuring receiver . 20
Annex A (informative): Relationship between the present document and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU . 21
Annex B (normative): Radiated measurement . 22
B.0 General . 22
B.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 22
B.1.0 Test sites . 22
B.1.1 Anechoic chamber . 22
B.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane . 23
B.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 25
B.1.3.0 General for OATS . 25
B.1.3.1 Measurements below 30 MHz . 25
B.1.3.2 Measurements above 30 MHz . 25
B.1.4 Test antenna . 26
B.1.5 Substitution antenna . 27
B.1.6 Measuring antenna . 27
B.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 27
B.2.0 General . 27
B.2.1 Verification of the test site . 27
B.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 27
B.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 28
B.2.4 Range length . 28
B.2.4.1 Far-field length above 30 MHz . 28
B.2.4.2 Near-field and Far-field length below 30 MHz . 29
B.2.5 Site preparation . 29
B.3 Coupling of signals . 29
B.3.1 General . 29
B.3.2 Data signals . 29
B.4 Standard test position . 29
Annex C (normative): Spurious limits, radiated H-field at 10 m distances . 30
Annex D (informative): E-fields in the near field at low frequencies . 31
Annex E (informative): Justification of receiver requirements . 34
E.1 Introduction . 34
ETSI
5 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
E.2 Justification of receiver requirements chosen in the present document . 34
Annex F (informative): Maximum Measurement uncertainty . 37
Annex G (informative): Determination and use of the measurement bandwidth . 38
Annex H (informative): Change history . 39
History . 40
ETSI
6 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not
referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,
essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its
Members. 3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP
Organizational Partners. oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the ®
oneM2M Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
Foreword
This Harmonised European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document has been prepared under the Commission's standardisation request C(2015) 5376 final [i.2] to
provide one voluntary means of conforming to the essential requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisation
of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment and repealing
Directive 1999/5/EC [i.1].
Once the present document is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance with
the normative clauses of the present document given in table A.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of the present
document, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements of that Directive and associated
EFTA regulations.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering avalanche beacons operating at 457 kHz transmitter-
receiver systems, as identified below:
Part 1: "Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum";
Part 2: "Harmonised Standard for features for emergency services";
Part 3: "Harmonized EN covering essential requirements of article 3.3e of the R&TTE Directive".
NOTE: This part 3 is obsolete and has been replaced with ETSI EN 300 718-2 [2].
ETSI
7 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
National transposition dates
Date of adoption of this EN: 24 May 2021
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 August 2021
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 28 February 2022
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 28 February 2023
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
8 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
1 Scope
The present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for avalanche beacon
transmitter-receiver systems operating from 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz. The frequency range 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz is
EU wide harmonised for emergency detections of buried victims and valuable items devices according to Commission
Implementing decision (EU) 2019/1345 [i.9].
An avalanche beacon comprises in one unit at least a transmitter/receiver including antenna and battery.
NOTE: The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive
2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in annex A.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16-1-4 (2019): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites
for radiated disturbance measurements".
[2] ETSI EN 300 718-2 (V2.1.1) (01-2018): "Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz; Transmitter-
receiver systems; Part 2: Harmonised Standard for features for emergency services".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Directive 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on the
harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of
radio equipment and repealing Directive 1999/5/EC.
[i.2] Commission Implementing Decision C(2015) 5376 final of 4.8.2015 on a standardisation request
to the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation and to the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute as regards radio equipment in support of Directive
2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council.
[i.3] ANSI C63.5: "American National Standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility-Radiated Emission
Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control-Calibration of Antennas (9 kHz to
40 GHz)".
ETSI
9 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
[i.4] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[i.5] ETSI TR 102 273-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 2: Anechoic chamber".
[i.6] ETSI TR 102 273-3: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 3: Anechoic chamber with a ground plane".
[i.7] ETSI TR 102 273-4: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 4: Open area test site".
[i.8] ECC Report 284 (September 2018): "Feasibility studies of Person detection and collision
avoidance applications in the 442.2-457.1 kHz range".
[i.9] Commission Implementing decision (EU) 2019/1345 of 2 August 2019 amending Decision
2006/771/EC updating harmonised technical conditions in the area of radio spectrum use for short-
range devices.
[i.10] ERC Recommendation 70-03 (June 2019): "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.11] ETSI EG 203 336 (V1.2.1): "Guide for the selection of technical parameters for the production of
Harmonised Standards covering article 3.1(b) and article 3.2 of Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.12] ETSI TS 103 361 (V1.1.1): "Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology
(UWB); Receiver technical requirements, parameters and measurement procedures to fulfil the
requirements of the Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.13] ETSI TS 103 567 (V1.1.1): "Requirements on signal interferer handling".
[i.14] Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a
common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services.
[i.15] Directive 2009/140/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009
amending Directives 2002/21/EC on a common regulatory framework for electronic
communications networks and services, 2002/19/EC on access to, and interconnection of,
electronic communications networks and associated facilities, and 2002/20/EC on the authorisation
of electronic communications networks and services.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
avalanche beacons: portable radio systems used for locating avalanche victims, for the purpose of direct rescue (i.e. for
rescue by comrades not buried by the avalanche)
NOTE: An avalanche beacon has two operating modes: transmit and receive.
E-field: electric component of the field measured as voltage per unit length
environmental profile: range of environmental conditions under which equipment within the scope of the present
document is required to comply with the provisions of the present document
H-field: magnetic component of the field measured as current per unit length
H-field test antenna: electrically screened loop or equivalent antenna, with which the magnetic component of the field
can be measured
ETSI
10 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
integral antenna: antenna designed as an indispensable part of the equipment, with or without the use of an antenna
connector
measuring receiver: selective voltmeter or a spectrum analyser
NOTE: See clause 5.4.
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
receive mode: operating mode of the avalanche beacon where it receives, or is ready to receive, the signal(s) of other
avalanche beacon(s) (also called: SEARCH mode)
transmit mode: operating mode of the avalanche beacon where it radiates a magnetic field with carrier frequency and
on/off keying as defined in the present document (also called: SEND mode)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
E Electrical field strength
Eo Reference electrical field strength
f Frequency
H Magnetic field strength
Ho Reference magnetic field strength
N Newton
P Power
R Distance
Ro Reference distance
t Time
Z Wave impedance
l Wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
CEPT Conférence des administrations Européennes des Postes et Telecommunications
CISPR Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques
DSP Digital Signal Processor
EC European Commission
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EFTA European Free Trade Association
ERC European Radio communications Committee
EU European Union
EUT Equipment Under Test
OATS Open Area Test Site
RF Radio Frequency
UWB Ultra Wideband
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
ETSI
11 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 Environmental profile
The technical requirements of the present document apply under the environmental profile for operation of the
equipment, which shall be in accordance with its intended use, but as a minimum, shall be that specified in the test
conditions contained in the present document (see clause 5.1). The equipment shall comply with all the technical
requirements of the present document at all times when operating within the boundary limits of the operational
environmental profile defined by its intended use.
4.2 Conformance requirements for transmitters
4.2.1 Modulation and carrier keying
4.2.1.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.1.2 Description
The modulation used for avalanche beacons is carrier keying. The carrier keying defines the on and off times for a
non-continuous carrier.
4.2.1.3 Limits
The carrier keying shall be as shown in figure 1:
• on time: 70 ms minimum;
• off time: 400 ms minimum;
• period: 1 000 ms ± 300 ms (on time plus off time).
1 000 ± 300 ms
status
≥ 70 ms
≥ 400 ms
on
time
off
Figure 1
ETSI
12 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4.2.1.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for transmitter modulation and carrier keying shall be as defined in clause 5.3.1 of the present
document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.2.2 Frequency error
4.2.2.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.2.2 Description
The frequency error of the transmitter system is the difference between the measured carrier frequency and the nominal
carrier frequency.
4.2.2.3 Limits
The frequency error shall not exceed ±80 Hz at 457 kHz.
4.2.2.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for transmitter frequency error shall be as defined in clause 5.3.2 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.2.3 Output field strength (H-field)
4.2.3.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.3.2 Description
The H-field is measured in the direction of maximum field strength under specified conditions of measurement.
4.2.3.3 Limits
The minimum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not be lower than -6 dBμA/m (0,5 μA/m) at a distance of
10 m.
The maximum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not exceed 7 dBμA/m (2,23 μA/m) at a distance of 10 m.
4.2.3.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Transmitter output field strength (H-field) shall be as defined in clause 5.3.3 of the present
document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
ETSI
13 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4.2.4 Transmitter spurious emissions
4.2.4.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.4.2 Description
Spurious emissions are emissions at frequencies other than those of the carrier and sidebands associated with its
modulation. The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power or
field strength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.
4.2.4.3 Limits
Radiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 1.
Table 1
State Frequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz
Except 457 kHz ± 0,1 kHz
Transmit
27 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct -3,5 dBμA/m
A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.
The power of any radiated emission shall not exceed the values given in table 2.
Table 2
State 47 MHz to 74 MHz Other frequencies between
87,5 MHz to 118 MHz 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
174 MHz to 230 MHz
470 MHz to 862 MHz
Operating 4 nW 250 nW
4.2.4.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Transmitter spurious emissions shall be as defined in clause 5.3.4 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3 Conformance requirements for receiver parameters
4.3.1 Receiver sensitivity
4.3.1.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.1.2 Description
The maximum usable sensitivity of the receiver is the minimum level of the wanted signal (H-field strength which,
when applied to the receiver input, produces an optical and/or acoustic indication of a received beacon).
ETSI
14 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4.3.1.3 Limits
The receiver sensitivity limit is 80 nA/m (-22 dBµA/m) at a frequency of 457 kHz.
4.3.1.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver sensitivity shall be as defined in clause 5.3.5 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3.2 Receiver blocking
4.3.2.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.2.2 Description
Receiver blocking is a measure of the ability of the equipment to receive a wanted signal on its operating frequency
without exceeding a given degradation in the presence of an unwanted signal (blocking signal) on frequencies other
than the operating frequency.
4.3.2.3 Limits
The interference field strength at the EUT shall be 25 dBµA/m at 450 kHz.
The maximum level of the wanted signal (H-field strength) which, when applied to the receiver input, produces an
optical and/or acoustic indication of a received beacon, shall be 113 nA/m (-19 dBµA/m which is 3 dB above the test
level for receiver sensitivity).
NOTE: Testing frequency and level were derived from the requirements specified in ECC Report 284 [i.8].
4.3.2.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver blocking shall be as defined in clause 5.3.6 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3.3 Receiver spurious emissions
4.3.3.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.3.2 Description
The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power or field
strength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.
4.3.3.3 Limits
Radiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 3.
ETSI
15 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Table 3
State Frequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz
Receive 6 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct -24,5 dBμA/m
A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.
The power of any radiated emission at or above 30 MHz shall not exceed the values given in table 4.
Table 4
State 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
Operating 2 nW
4.3.3.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver sensitivity shall be as defined in clause 5.3.7 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements
5.1 Environmental conditions for testing
5.1.1 General
Tests defined in the present document shall be carried out at representative points within the boundary limits of the
operational environmental profile defined by its intended use, which, as a minimum, shall be that specified in the test
conditions contained in the present document (see below).
Where technical performance varies subject to environmental conditions, tests shall be carried out under a sufficient
variety of environmental conditions as specified in the present document to give confidence of compliance for the
affected technical requirements.
Testing shall be made under normal test conditions, and also, where stated, under extreme test conditions.
The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in clauses 5.1.2 to 5.1.4.
5.1.2 External test power source
During the tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable of
producing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in clauses 5.1.3.2 and 5.1.4.2. The internal impedance of the
external test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of the
tests, the voltage of the external test power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment.
The non-grounded terminal of the batteries shall be disconnected, but batteries shall be left in place. The external test
power source shall be suitably de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. The
power leads shall be as short as practicable and properly dressed. For radiated measurements fully charged internal
batteries should be used. The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the manufacturer.
During tests the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.
ETSI
16 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
5.1.3 Normal test conditions
5.1.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and
humidity within the following ranges:
• temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C;
• relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect, stating the ambient temperature
and relative humidity during the tests, shall be added to the test report.
5.1.3.2 Normal test voltage
The normal test voltage shall be the nominal voltage of the device. The value shall be stated in the test report.
NOTE: The nominal voltage of the device depends on type and number of batteries, as specified in the user
manual.
5.1.3.3 Normal test modulation
The normal test modulation shall be carrier-keying with 100 ms on-time and 900 ms off-time.
5.1.4 Extreme test conditions
5.1.4.1 Extreme temperatures
The equipment shall be able to operate correctly in the temperature range from -20 °C to +45 °C and shall be stored
without damage in the temperature range from -25 °C to +70 °C.
Before measurements are made the equipment shall have reached thermal balance in the test chamber.
The equipment shall be switched off during the temperature stabilizing period.
In the case of equipment co
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2021
Lavinske žolne, ki delujejo v območju 457 kHz - Oddajno-sprejemni sistemi - 1. del:
Harmonizirani standard za dostop do radijskega spektra
Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz - Transmitter-receiver systems - Part 1:
Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
ICS:
13.200 Preprečevanje nesreč in Accident and disaster control
katastrof
33.060.20 Sprejemna in oddajna Receiving and transmitting
oprema equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD
Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz;
Transmitter-receiver systems;
Part 1: Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum
2 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Reference
REN/ERM-TG28-559
Keywords
harmonised standard, radio, testing
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - APE 7112B
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° w061004871
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx
Notice of disclaimer & limitation of liability
The information provided in the present deliverable is directed solely to professionals who have the appropriate degree of
experience to understand and interpret its content in accordance with generally accepted engineering or
other professional standard and applicable regulations.
No recommendation as to products and services or vendors is made or should be implied.
In no event shall ETSI be held liable for loss of profits or any other incidental or consequential damages.
Any software contained in this deliverable is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, express or implied, including but not
limited to, the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement of intellectual property
rights and ETSI shall not be held liable in any event for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages
for loss of profits, business interruption, loss of information, or any other pecuniary loss) arising out of or related to the use
of or inability to use the software.
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© ETSI 2021.
All rights reserved.
ETSI
3 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Modal verbs terminology . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Technical requirements specifications . 11
4.1 Environmental profile . 11
4.2 Conformance requirements for transmitters . 11
4.2.1 Modulation and carrier keying . 11
4.2.1.1 Applicability. 11
4.2.1.2 Description . 11
4.2.1.3 Limits . 11
4.2.1.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.2 Frequency error . 12
4.2.2.1 Applicability. 12
4.2.2.2 Description . 12
4.2.2.3 Limits . 12
4.2.2.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.3 Output field strength (H-field) . 12
4.2.3.1 Applicability. 12
4.2.3.2 Description . 12
4.2.3.3 Limits . 12
4.2.3.4 Conformance . 12
4.2.4 Transmitter spurious emissions . 13
4.2.4.1 Applicability. 13
4.2.4.2 Description . 13
4.2.4.3 Limits . 13
4.2.4.4 Conformance . 13
4.3 Conformance requirements for receiver parameters . 13
4.3.1 Receiver sensitivity . 13
4.3.1.1 Applicability. 13
4.3.1.2 Description . 13
4.3.1.3 Limits . 14
4.3.1.4 Conformance . 14
4.3.2 Receiver blocking . 14
4.3.2.1 Applicability. 14
4.3.2.2 Description . 14
4.3.2.3 Limits . 14
4.3.2.4 Conformance . 14
4.3.3 Receiver spurious emissions . 14
4.3.3.1 Applicability. 14
4.3.3.2 Description . 14
4.3.3.3 Limits . 14
4.3.3.4 Conformance . 15
5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements . 15
5.1 Environmental conditions for testing . 15
5.1.1 General . 15
5.1.2 External test power source . 15
ETSI
4 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
5.1.3 Normal test conditions . 16
5.1.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity . 16
5.1.3.2 Normal test voltage . 16
5.1.3.3 Normal test modulation . 16
5.1.4 Extreme test conditions . 16
5.1.4.1 Extreme temperatures . 16
5.1.4.2 Extreme test voltages . 16
5.2 Interpretation of test results . 16
5.3 Compliance test procedures . 17
5.3.1 Modulation and carrier keying . 17
5.3.2 Frequency error . 17
5.3.3 Output field strength (H-field) . 17
5.3.4 Transmitter spurious emissions . 17
5.3.4.1 Method of measurement Radiated H-field (< 30 MHz) . 17
5.3.4.2 Method of measurement Effective radiated power (≥ 30 MHz). 18
5.3.5 Receiver sensitivity . 18
5.3.6 Receiver blocking . 19
5.3.7 Receiver spurious emissions . 19
5.3.7.1 Method of measurement Radiated H-Field (< 30 MHz) . 19
5.3.7.2 Method of measurement Effective radiated power (≥ 30 MHz). 19
5.4 Measuring receiver . 20
Annex A (informative): Relationship between the present document and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU . 21
Annex B (normative): Radiated measurement . 22
B.0 General . 22
B.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 22
B.1.0 Test sites . 22
B.1.1 Anechoic chamber . 22
B.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane . 23
B.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) . 25
B.1.3.0 General for OATS . 25
B.1.3.1 Measurements below 30 MHz . 25
B.1.3.2 Measurements above 30 MHz . 25
B.1.4 Test antenna . 26
B.1.5 Substitution antenna . 27
B.1.6 Measuring antenna . 27
B.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 27
B.2.0 General . 27
B.2.1 Verification of the test site . 27
B.2.2 Preparation of the EUT . 27
B.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT . 28
B.2.4 Range length . 28
B.2.4.1 Far-field length above 30 MHz . 28
B.2.4.2 Near-field and Far-field length below 30 MHz . 29
B.2.5 Site preparation . 29
B.3 Coupling of signals . 29
B.3.1 General . 29
B.3.2 Data signals . 29
B.4 Standard test position . 29
Annex C (normative): Spurious limits, radiated H-field at 10 m distances . 30
Annex D (informative): E-fields in the near field at low frequencies . 31
Annex E (informative): Justification of receiver requirements . 34
E.1 Introduction . 34
ETSI
5 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
E.2 Justification of receiver requirements chosen in the present document . 34
Annex F (informative): Maximum Measurement uncertainty . 37
Annex G (informative): Determination and use of the measurement bandwidth . 38
Annex H (informative): Change history . 39
History . 40
ETSI
6 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not
referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,
essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its
Members. 3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP
Organizational Partners. oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the ®
oneM2M Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
Foreword
This Harmonised European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document has been prepared under the Commission's standardisation request C(2015) 5376 final [i.2] to
provide one voluntary means of conforming to the essential requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisation
of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment and repealing
Directive 1999/5/EC [i.1].
Once the present document is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance with
the normative clauses of the present document given in table A.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of the present
document, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements of that Directive and associated
EFTA regulations.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering avalanche beacons operating at 457 kHz transmitter-
receiver systems, as identified below:
Part 1: "Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum";
Part 2: "Harmonised Standard for features for emergency services";
Part 3: "Harmonized EN covering essential requirements of article 3.3e of the R&TTE Directive".
NOTE: This part 3 is obsolete and has been replaced with ETSI EN 300 718-2 [2].
ETSI
7 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
National transposition dates
Date of adoption of this EN: 24 May 2021
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 August 2021
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 28 February 2022
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 28 February 2023
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
8 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
1 Scope
The present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for avalanche beacon
transmitter-receiver systems operating from 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz. The frequency range 456,9 kHz to 457,1 kHz is
EU wide harmonised for emergency detections of buried victims and valuable items devices according to Commission
Implementing decision (EU) 2019/1345 [i.9].
An avalanche beacon comprises in one unit at least a transmitter/receiver including antenna and battery.
NOTE: The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive
2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in annex A.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CISPR 16-1-4 (2019): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites
for radiated disturbance measurements".
[2] ETSI EN 300 718-2 (V2.1.1) (01-2018): "Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz; Transmitter-
receiver systems; Part 2: Harmonised Standard for features for emergency services".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Directive 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on the
harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of
radio equipment and repealing Directive 1999/5/EC.
[i.2] Commission Implementing Decision C(2015) 5376 final of 4.8.2015 on a standardisation request
to the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation and to the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute as regards radio equipment in support of Directive
2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council.
[i.3] ANSI C63.5: "American National Standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility-Radiated Emission
Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control-Calibration of Antennas (9 kHz to
40 GHz)".
ETSI
9 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
[i.4] ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[i.5] ETSI TR 102 273-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 2: Anechoic chamber".
[i.6] ETSI TR 102 273-3: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 3: Anechoic chamber with a ground plane".
[i.7] ETSI TR 102 273-4: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the
corresponding measurement uncertainties; Part 4: Open area test site".
[i.8] ECC Report 284 (September 2018): "Feasibility studies of Person detection and collision
avoidance applications in the 442.2-457.1 kHz range".
[i.9] Commission Implementing decision (EU) 2019/1345 of 2 August 2019 amending Decision
2006/771/EC updating harmonised technical conditions in the area of radio spectrum use for short-
range devices.
[i.10] ERC Recommendation 70-03 (June 2019): "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.11] ETSI EG 203 336 (V1.2.1): "Guide for the selection of technical parameters for the production of
Harmonised Standards covering article 3.1(b) and article 3.2 of Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.12] ETSI TS 103 361 (V1.1.1): "Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology
(UWB); Receiver technical requirements, parameters and measurement procedures to fulfil the
requirements of the Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.13] ETSI TS 103 567 (V1.1.1): "Requirements on signal interferer handling".
[i.14] Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a
common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services.
[i.15] Directive 2009/140/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009
amending Directives 2002/21/EC on a common regulatory framework for electronic
communications networks and services, 2002/19/EC on access to, and interconnection of,
electronic communications networks and associated facilities, and 2002/20/EC on the authorisation
of electronic communications networks and services.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
avalanche beacons: portable radio systems used for locating avalanche victims, for the purpose of direct rescue (i.e. for
rescue by comrades not buried by the avalanche)
NOTE: An avalanche beacon has two operating modes: transmit and receive.
E-field: electric component of the field measured as voltage per unit length
environmental profile: range of environmental conditions under which equipment within the scope of the present
document is required to comply with the provisions of the present document
H-field: magnetic component of the field measured as current per unit length
H-field test antenna: electrically screened loop or equivalent antenna, with which the magnetic component of the field
can be measured
ETSI
10 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
integral antenna: antenna designed as an indispensable part of the equipment, with or without the use of an antenna
connector
measuring receiver: selective voltmeter or a spectrum analyser
NOTE: See clause 5.4.
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field
receive mode: operating mode of the avalanche beacon where it receives, or is ready to receive, the signal(s) of other
avalanche beacon(s) (also called: SEARCH mode)
transmit mode: operating mode of the avalanche beacon where it radiates a magnetic field with carrier frequency and
on/off keying as defined in the present document (also called: SEND mode)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
E Electrical field strength
Eo Reference electrical field strength
f Frequency
H Magnetic field strength
Ho Reference magnetic field strength
N Newton
P Power
R Distance
Ro Reference distance
t Time
Z Wave impedance
l Wavelength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
CEPT Conférence des administrations Européennes des Postes et Telecommunications
CISPR Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques
DSP Digital Signal Processor
EC European Commission
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EFTA European Free Trade Association
ERC European Radio communications Committee
EU European Union
EUT Equipment Under Test
OATS Open Area Test Site
RF Radio Frequency
UWB Ultra Wideband
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
ETSI
11 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4 Technical requirements specifications
4.1 Environmental profile
The technical requirements of the present document apply under the environmental profile for operation of the
equipment, which shall be in accordance with its intended use, but as a minimum, shall be that specified in the test
conditions contained in the present document (see clause 5.1). The equipment shall comply with all the technical
requirements of the present document at all times when operating within the boundary limits of the operational
environmental profile defined by its intended use.
4.2 Conformance requirements for transmitters
4.2.1 Modulation and carrier keying
4.2.1.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.1.2 Description
The modulation used for avalanche beacons is carrier keying. The carrier keying defines the on and off times for a
non-continuous carrier.
4.2.1.3 Limits
The carrier keying shall be as shown in figure 1:
• on time: 70 ms minimum;
• off time: 400 ms minimum;
• period: 1 000 ms ± 300 ms (on time plus off time).
1 000 ± 300 ms
status
≥ 70 ms
≥ 400 ms
on
time
off
Figure 1
ETSI
12 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4.2.1.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for transmitter modulation and carrier keying shall be as defined in clause 5.3.1 of the present
document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.2.2 Frequency error
4.2.2.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.2.2 Description
The frequency error of the transmitter system is the difference between the measured carrier frequency and the nominal
carrier frequency.
4.2.2.3 Limits
The frequency error shall not exceed ±80 Hz at 457 kHz.
4.2.2.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for transmitter frequency error shall be as defined in clause 5.3.2 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.2.3 Output field strength (H-field)
4.2.3.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.3.2 Description
The H-field is measured in the direction of maximum field strength under specified conditions of measurement.
4.2.3.3 Limits
The minimum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not be lower than -6 dBμA/m (0,5 μA/m) at a distance of
10 m.
The maximum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not exceed 7 dBμA/m (2,23 μA/m) at a distance of 10 m.
4.2.3.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Transmitter output field strength (H-field) shall be as defined in clause 5.3.3 of the present
document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
ETSI
13 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4.2.4 Transmitter spurious emissions
4.2.4.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.2.4.2 Description
Spurious emissions are emissions at frequencies other than those of the carrier and sidebands associated with its
modulation. The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power or
field strength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.
4.2.4.3 Limits
Radiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 1.
Table 1
State Frequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz
Except 457 kHz ± 0,1 kHz
Transmit
27 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct -3,5 dBμA/m
A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.
The power of any radiated emission shall not exceed the values given in table 2.
Table 2
State 47 MHz to 74 MHz Other frequencies between
87,5 MHz to 118 MHz 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
174 MHz to 230 MHz
470 MHz to 862 MHz
Operating 4 nW 250 nW
4.2.4.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Transmitter spurious emissions shall be as defined in clause 5.3.4 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3 Conformance requirements for receiver parameters
4.3.1 Receiver sensitivity
4.3.1.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.1.2 Description
The maximum usable sensitivity of the receiver is the minimum level of the wanted signal (H-field strength which,
when applied to the receiver input, produces an optical and/or acoustic indication of a received beacon).
ETSI
14 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
4.3.1.3 Limits
The receiver sensitivity limit is 80 nA/m (-22 dBµA/m) at a frequency of 457 kHz.
4.3.1.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver sensitivity shall be as defined in clause 5.3.5 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal as well as under extreme test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3.2 Receiver blocking
4.3.2.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.2.2 Description
Receiver blocking is a measure of the ability of the equipment to receive a wanted signal on its operating frequency
without exceeding a given degradation in the presence of an unwanted signal (blocking signal) on frequencies other
than the operating frequency.
4.3.2.3 Limits
The interference field strength at the EUT shall be 25 dBµA/m at 450 kHz.
The maximum level of the wanted signal (H-field strength) which, when applied to the receiver input, produces an
optical and/or acoustic indication of a received beacon, shall be 113 nA/m (-19 dBµA/m which is 3 dB above the test
level for receiver sensitivity).
NOTE: Testing frequency and level were derived from the requirements specified in ECC Report 284 [i.8].
4.3.2.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver blocking shall be as defined in clause 5.3.6 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
4.3.3 Receiver spurious emissions
4.3.3.1 Applicability
This requirement applies to all avalanche beacons.
4.3.3.2 Description
The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power or field
strength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.
4.3.3.3 Limits
Radiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 3.
ETSI
15 ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.2.1 (2021-06)
Table 3
State Frequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz
Receive 6 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct -24,5 dBμA/m
A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.
The power of any radiated emission at or above 30 MHz shall not exceed the values given in table 4.
Table 4
State 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
Operating 2 nW
4.3.3.4 Conformance
The conformance tests for Receiver sensitivity shall be as defined in clause 5.3.7 of the present document.
Conformance shall be established under normal test conditions according to clause 5.1.
The interpretation of the results for the measurements uncertainty shall be as given in clause 5.2.
5 Testing for compliance with technical requirements
5.1 Environmental conditions for testing
5.1.1 General
Tests defined in the present document shall be carried out at representative points within the boundary limits of the
operational environmental profile defined by its intended use, which, as a minimum, shall be that specified in the test
conditions contained in the present document (see below).
Where technical performance varies subject to environmental conditions, tests shall be carried out under a sufficient
variety of environmental conditions as specified in the present document to give confidence of compliance for the
affected technical requirements.
Testing shall be made under normal test conditions, and also, where stated, under extreme test conditions.
The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in clauses 5.1.2 to 5.1.4.
5.1.2 External test power source
During the tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable of
producing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in clauses 5.1.3.2 and 5.1.4.2. The internal impedance of the
external test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of the
tests, the voltage of the external test power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment.
The non-grounded terminal of the batteries shall be disconnected, but batteries shall be left in place. The external test
power source shall be suitably de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. The
power leads shall be as short as practicable and properly dressed. For radiated measurements fully charged internal
batteries should be used. The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the manufacturer.
During tests the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.
ETSI
SIST EN 300 718-1 V2.2
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...