SIST-TP CEN/TR 15310-3:2007
(Main)Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 3: Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field
Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 3: Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field
This Technical Report describes procedures for reducing the overall size of the waste materials in the field to aid practical transportation of a sample to the laboratory.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 3: Verfahren zur Teilprobenahme im Gelände
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélevement des déchets - Partie 3: Guide relatif aux procédures de sous-échantillonnage sur le terrain
Le présent Rapport Technique décrit des procédures visant a réduire la taille globale des déchets sur le terrain, afin de faciliter le transport de l’échantillon au laboratoire.
NOTE 1 Le présent Rapport Technique fournit plusieurs exemples de techniques d’échantillonnage qui peuvent etre utilisées dans de nombreuses situations d’échantillonnage. A chaque situation correspond l’une des procédures présentées.
NOTE 2 Les procédures décrites dans le présent Rapport Technique correspondent aux bonnes pratiques actuelles, mais elles ne sont pas exhaustives et d’autres procédures peuvent etre tout aussi appropriées.
Karakterizacija odpadkov - Vzorčenje odpadkov - 3. del: Navodilo o postopkih za zmanjšanje količine vzorca na terenu
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15310-3:2007
01-april-2007
.DUDNWHUL]DFLMDRGSDGNRY9]RUþHQMHRGSDGNRYGHO 1DYRGLORRSRVWRSNLK]D
]PDQMãDQMHNROLþLQHY]RUFDQDWHUHQX
Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 3: Guidance on
procedures for sub-sampling in the field
Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 3: Verfahren zur Teilprobenahme im
Gelände
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélevement des déchets - Partie 3: Guide relatif aux
procédures de sous-échantillonnage sur le terrain
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15310-3:2006
ICS:
13.030.10 Trdni odpadki Solid wastes
13.030.20 7HNRþLRGSDGNL%ODWR Liquid wastes. Sludge
SIST-TP CEN/TR 15310-3:2007 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15310-3
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
November 2006
ICS 13.030.10
English Version
Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 3:
Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélèvement des déchets - Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 3:
Partie 3: Guide relatif aux procédures de sous- Verfahren zur Teilprobenahme im Gelände
échantillonnage sur le terrain
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 21 February 2006. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 292.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15310-3:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction.4
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Principles of sub-sampling in the field.8
5 Apparatus .9
6 Sample preparation .9
6.1 Preparation for granular materials.9
6.2 Preparation for liquids, sludges and paste like substances.10
7 Preparing a mixed sample .10
7.1 Mixing granular materials .10
7.2 Mixing of liquid and sludges .10
7.3 Mixing of paste like materials.11
8 Generic sub-sampling of mobile and viscous liquids .11
8.1 General.11
8.2 Single sample method.11
8.3 Multiple sample method.11
9 Generic sub-sampling of liquid and solids rendered mobile by heat .12
9.1 General.12
9.2 Single sample method.12
9.3 Multiple sample method.12
10 Generic sub-sampling of sludges.12
10.1 Liquids .12
10.2 Cakes .12
10.3 Gelatinous sludges.12
11 Generic sub-sampling of paste like substances .13
11.1 General.13
11.2 Single sample method.13
11.3 Multiple sample method.13
12 Generic sub-sampling of powders, granules and small crystals .13
12.1 General.13
12.2 Aggregate reduction.14
12.3 Manual and mechanical sub-sampling procedures .14
13 Sub-sampling coarse solids and large pieces .17
14 Incorporation in the Sampling Plan .18
15 Undertake field sub-sampling procedures.18
Annex A Examples of equipment for sub-sampling .19
A.1 Riffle box.19
A.2 Rotary sample divider .19
A.3 Tyler divider .21
A.4 Sheet metal cross .21
Bibliography.22
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
Foreword
This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15310-3:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292
“Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This Technical Report has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association.
This Technical Report is one of a series of five, dealing with sampling techniques and procedures, which
provide essential information for the application of the EN-Standard:
EN 14899 Characterisation of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and
application of a Sampling Plan
The principal component of the EN Standard is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan. This
EN 14899 standard can be used to:
produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of
daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation;
design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis.
The Technical Reports display a range of potential approaches and tools to enable the project manager to
tailor his sampling plan to a specific testing scenario (i.e. a ‘shop shelf’ approach to sampling plan
development for waste testing). This approach allows flexibility in the selection of the sampling approach,
sampling point, method of sampling and equipment used.
This Technical Report describes procedures for reducing the overall size of the sample in the field, to aid
practical transportation of a sample to the laboratory. It does not deal with sub-sampling in the laboratory to
provide a test portion or the pre-treatment of samples prior to analysis.
This report does not attempt to provide a definitive procedure for each and every situation that may arise from
sampling a given waste type or specific analytical requirement, rather it aims to expose the factors that
influence the selection of these practical field activities to ensure the most appropriate procedure is selected
for any given sampling scenario. The most appropriate approach, tools, and methodology, in the absence of
an existing recognised Sampling Plan, should be chosen on a scenario-specific basis. However, this does not
present a barrier to technical innovation, and there is no reason why methodologies other than those detailed
in this Technical Report cannot be substituted.
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
Introduction
Wastes are materials, which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard, and which may be sent
for final disposal, reuse or recovery. Such materials are generally heterogeneous and it will be necessary
therefore to specify in the testing programme the amount of material for which the characteristics of interest
need to be defined. The testing of wastes allows informed decisions to be made on how they should be
treated (or not), recovered or disposed. In order to undertake valid tests, some sampling of the waste is
required.
The principal component of the standard EN 14899 is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan,
within the framework of an overall testing programme as illustrated in Figure 1 of EN 14899:2005. This
standard can be used to:
produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of
daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation;
design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis.
The development of a Sampling Plan within this framework involves the progression through three steps or
activities.
1) Define the Sampling Plan;
2) Take a field sample in accordance with the Sampling Plan;
3) Transport the laboratory sample to the laboratory.
This Technical Report provides information to support Key Step 2 of the Sampling Plan process map and
elaborates on the range of potential approaches that can be used to reduce the size of a sample in the field to
facilitate the appropriate storage and preservation of the sample and ultimately its transportation to the
designated analytical facility.
This Technical report describes procedures for reducing the overall size of the sample in the field, to aid
practical transportation of a sample to the laboratory. It does not deal with sub-sampling in the laboratory to
provide a test portion, or the pre-treatment of samples prior to analysis. Samples dispatched to the laboratory
may require additional sub-sampling and/or pre-treatment steps prior to analysis. Some samples may be
analysed without additional treatment. Field sub-sampling should be carried out in such a way as to obtain, at
all stages, a sample that is representative of the field sample. Specifically this Technical Report supports
4.2.8.2 (Procedures for sub-sampling in the field) of the Framework Standard.
This Technical Report should be read in conjunction with the Framework Standard for the preparation and
application of a Sampling Plan as well as the other Technical Reports that contain essential information to
support the Framework Standard. The full series comprises:
EN 14899, Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and
application of a Sampling Plan.
CEN/TR 15310-1, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials - Part 1: Guidance on selection
and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions.
CEN/TR 15310 -2, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials - Part 2 - Guidance on sampling
techniques.
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
CEN/TR 15310 -3, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 3: Guidance on procedures
for sub-sampling in the field.
CEN/TR 15310 -4, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 4: Guidance on
procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation, transport and delivery.
CEN/TR 15310 -5, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 5: Guidance on the
process of defining the Sampling Plan.
The Technical Reports contain procedural options (as detailed in Figure 2 of EN 14899:2005) that can be
selected to match the sampling requirements of any testing programme.
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes procedures for reducing the overall size of the waste materials
in the field to aid practical transportation of a sample to the laboratory.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be
selected to meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented
procedures may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not
exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 13965-1:2004, Characterization of waste - Terminology - Part 1: Material related terms and definitions
EN 13965-2:2004, Characterization of waste - Terminology - Part 2: Management related terms and
definitions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Report the terms and definitions given in EN 13965-1:2004 and
EN 13965-2:2004 and the following apply
3.1
aliquot
known amount of a homogeneous material, assumed to be taken with negligible sampling error
[ISO 11074-2]
NOTE This term is usually applied to a liquid.
3.2
composite sample
two or more increments/sub-samples mixed together in appropriate proportions, either discretely
or continuously (blended composite sample), from which the average value of a desired
characteristic may be obtained
[ISO 11074-2]
3.3
increment
individual portion of material collected by a single operation of a sampling device which will not be analysed /
investigated as a single entity, but will be mixed with other increments in a composite sample
NOTE 1 Whenever the portion of material collected by a single operation of a sampling device is analysed individually,
the obtained material is called a sample. In such a situation it is essential that the quantity of material fulfils both the
criteria for the size of an increment as well as for a sample.
NOTE 2 In some languages the term 'increment' is used without the condition that an increment will never be analysed
on its own. For this Technical Report this is however an essential condition in the definition of the term ‘increment’.
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
3.4
field sample
quantity (mass or volume) of material obtained through sampling without any sub-sampling
3.5
laboratory sample
sample(s) or sub-sample(s) sent to or received by the laboratory.
[IUPAC, definition 2.5.5]
NOTE 1 When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by combinations
of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is required, the laboratory
sample is the test sample.
NOTE 2 The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial sample
from the point of view of the laboratory.
3.6
mixing
combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state
[ISO 11074]
3.7
particle size reduction
crushing or cutting the sample in order to reduce the particle size of the whole (sub-)sample
without reducing the sample size (mass)
3.8
portion
wach of the discrete, identifiable portions of a material suitable for removal from a population as a
sample or as a portion of a sample, and which can be individually considered, examined, tested
or combined
[ISO 11074]
3.9
representative sample
sample in which the characteristic(s) of interest is (are) present with a reliability appropriate for the purposes
of the testing programme
3.10
riffling
separation of a free-flowing sample into (usually) equal parts by means of a mechanical device
composed of diverter chutes
[ISO 11074]
3.11
sample
portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material
[ISO 11074]
NOTE 1 The manner of selection of the sample should be described in a sampling plan.
NOTE 2 The use of the term ‘sample’ should be supported with a preface as far as possible as it does not indicate to
which step of the total sampling procedure it is related when used alone e.g. field sample, laboratory sample.
3.12
Sampling Plan
all the information pertinent to a particular sampling activity
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
NOTE Predetermined procedure for the selection, withdrawal, preservation, transportation and
preparation of the portions to be removed from a population as a sample. (ISO 11074:2005)
3.13
sample division
process of selecting one or more sub-samples from a sample of population
[ISO 11074]
3.14
stratum/ Strata
strata are mutually exclusive and exhaustive parts of a population. They are identified either, because they are
believed to be different from each other or for the purposes of sampling
3.15
sub-sample
quantity (mass or volume) of material obtained by procedures in which the characteristics of
interest are randomly distributed in parts of equal or unequal size
NOTE 1 A sub-sample may be:
a) a portion of the sample obtained by selection or division; or
b) an individual unit of the stratum taken as part of the sample; or
c) the final unit of multi-stage sampling.
NOTE 2 The term ‘sub-sample’ is used either in the sense of a ‘sample of a sample’ or as a synonym for ‘unit’. In
practice, the meaning is usually apparent from the context or is defined.
3.16
sub-sampling
process of selecting one or more sub-samples from a sample of a population
[ISO 11074:2005]
4 Principles of sub-sampling in the field
A method of sub-sampling should be selected that minimises possible change in the physical and chemical
composition of the sample. The ultimate selection of a procedure will depend on the stated objectives of the
sampling programme, detailed in the Sampling Plan, and the tests to be carried out on the sample.
Sub-sampling should be carried out in the field only if it is necessary to reduce the sample size for
transportation and where the integrity of a sample and sub-samples can be assured, that is in an environment
that protects the loss of moisture and volatile components due to evaporation, or cross contamination of
samples. Sub-sampling activities should ideally be carried out in an appropriately equipped mobile or field
laboratory to safeguard sample integrity.
Sub-sampling can be achieved with or without particle size reduction. Particle size reduction consists of
crushing or grinding the sample in order to reduce the particle size of the whole or sub-sample without
reducing the sample size (mass). Such reduction procedures are particularly susceptible to the loss of fine
particles due to air entrainment in a field environment and such procedures should only be undertaken at the
analytical facility. The procedures in this Technical Report are restricted to methods that exclude particle size
reduction by grinding.
If a heterogeneous bulk sample cannot be adequately mixed in the field or field laboratory to produce a
homogeneous sample it should be returned to the laboratory for sub-sampling.
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When two or more laboratory samples are required from a bulk sample, the sub-sampling process should be
defined in such a way that two or more sub-samples of equal size and expected equal composition are
generated. In most cases, multiple equal laboratory samples are obtained from the last sub-sampling stage (if
the sub-sampling process consists of more than one stage) to ensure that multiple laboratory samples are as
comparable as possible
5 Apparatus
Examples of sub-sampling apparatus are given in Annex A.
Suitable apparatus may include:
large heavy-duty plastic sheeting;
scoop;
spade;
sledge hammer;
mechanical shovel;
sheet metal cross;
balance;
riffle box;
Tyler divider;
mechanised turntable / Rotating dividers .
NOTE In all cases, alternative designs may be used as long as the devices can be used to fulfil the sub-sampling
procedures described in Clauses 7 to 12.
6 Sample preparation
6.1 Preparation for granular materials
The following procedure should be followed, where possible, prior to all sample pre-treatment
activities.
identify an area within the a covered area or of hard standing sheltered from the effects of wind and rain,
preferably flat and large enough to allow ease of access around the whole sample when spread on the
surface;
place a clean protective floor covering, preferable heavy-duty plastic sheeting, on the floor of the
laboratory or on the ground to protect the sample from contamination by the floor surface;
all apparatus and tools should be clean in order to reduce the risk of cross-contamination.
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6.2 Preparation for liquids, sludges and paste like substances
The following procedure should be followed, where possible, prior to all sample pre-treatment
activities.
identify an area within the a covered area or of hard standing sheltered from the effects of wind and rain,
preferably flat and large enough to allow ease of access around the whole sample container(s);
all apparatus and tools should be clean in order to reduce the risk of cross-contamination.
7 Preparing a mixed sample
7.1 Mixing granular materials
7.1.1 General
Mixing of homogenous samples and small volumes of heterogeneous material may be
undertaken in the field. If a heterogeneous sample cannot be mixed in the field to produce a
homogeneous sample the sample(s) should be returned to the laboratory for mechanical mixing.
prepare a mixed sample containing equivalent quantities (m/m or v/v) of the individual increments;
determine the quantities of the increments to be mixed together by dry weight:
NOTE It is possible for the moisture content of multiple sample increments from a single volume or mass of waste to
vary considerably. In this situation mixing of the waste increments by equal weight or volume would result in a bulk sample
that is biased due to under or over sampling of the individual increments. Mixing of increments with variable moisture
content should therefore, where possible, be carried out in the laboratory following determination of the dry matter content
of each increment. In most cases where increments are taken from the same stratum, the moisture content of individual
increments should be approximately the same and increments can be mixed in the field on an equal volume or weight
basis.
7.1.2 Methodology
undertake preparations for sample pre-treatment (see 6.1);
mix the material by forming a conical heap. Take a spade or scoopful of the material and put it on the top
of the preceding one. The size of the scoop or spade should be of such size that this action should be
repeated on at least 20 occasions in order to transfer the full amount of material;
The Project Manager should document the selected mixing method in the Sampling Plan.
7.2 Mixing of liquid and sludges
7.2.1 General
All samples should be returned to the laboratory without field mixing if they cannot be adequately
mixed in the field to produce a homogeneous sample. Mixing of stratified samples, where the
stratification must be maintained, should be undertaken in the laboratory.
7.2.2 Methodology
If mixing of liquids and sludges is required:
undertake preparations for sample pre-treatment (see 6.2);
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
the receptacle into which all samples are placed for mixing should be large enough so that there is no
loss of sample during mixing;
determine the quantities of the increments to be mixed together by volume, place in the mixing container
and mix by rolling, shaking or stirring.
NOTE Mixing in containers open to the air is not appropriate for material with volatile or semi-volatile components. It
is advisable that materials with such constituents are returned to the laboratory for mixing.
The Project Manager should document the selected mixing method in the Sampling Plan.
7.3 Mixing of paste like materials
7.3.1 General
Mixing of homogenous samples and small volumes of heterogeneous material may be
undertaken in the field. If a heterogeneous sample cannot be mixed in the field to produce a
homogeneous sample the sample(s) should be returned to the laboratory for mechanical mixing.
7.3.2 Methodology
If mixing of paste like materials is required:
undertake preparations for sample pre-treatment (see 6.2);
the receptacle into which all samples are placed for mixing should be large enough so that there is no
loss of sample during mixing;
determine the quantities of the increments to be mixed together by volume, place in the mixing container
and mix by stirring.
NOTE Mixing in containers open to the air is not appropriate for material with volatile or semi-volatile components. It
is advisable that materials with such constituents are returned to the laboratory for mixing.
8 Generic sub-sampling of mobile and viscous liquids
8.1 General
All samples should be returned to the laboratory without field sub-sampling if they cannot be
adequately mixed in the field to produce a homogeneous sample. Sub-sampling of stratified
samples, where the stratification must be maintained, should be undertaken in the laboratory.
8.2 Single sample method
mix the primary sample thoroughly (by shaking, stirring or rolling);
transfer the required quantity or quantities to a smaller container by pouring, taking care to minimise the
loss of volatile components.
The Project Manager should document the selected sub-sampling method in the Sampling Plan.
8.3 Multiple sample method
mix each sample thoroughly (see 7.2);
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CEN/TR 15310-3:2006 (E)
pour a volume from each sample, as specified in the sampling plan, into a separate sample container,
taking care to minimise loss of volatile components;
mix the combined portions thoroughly by shaking, stirring or rolling (see 7.2).
The Project Manager should document the selected sub-sampling procedure in the Sampling Plan.
9 Generic sub-sampling of liquid and solids rendered mobile by heat
9.1 General
All samples should be returned to the laboratory without field sub-sampling if they cannot be
adequate
...
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