SIST-TS CEN/TS 15406:2010

Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of bulk material

This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.

Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung von Schüttgut

Diese Technische Spezifikation legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung von festen Sekundärbrennstoffen unter Verwendung einer Standard-Messeinrichtung fest. Das Verfahren gilt für alle festen Sekundärbrennstoffe mit Partikelmaßen von höchstens 100 mm.

Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de détermination des propriétés de formation de voûte dans les matériaux en vrac

Trdna alternativna goriva - Določevanje premostitvenih lastnosti razsutega materiala

Ta tehnična specifikacija določa metodo določevanja premostitvenih lastnosti trdnih alternativnih goriv z uporabo standardne merilne opreme. Ta metoda velja za vsa trdna alternativna goriva z največjimi dimenzijami delca 100 mm.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Oct-2010
• ICS: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels
• Technical Committee: AGO - Refuse derived fuel
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 29-Sep-2010
• Due Date: 04-Dec-2010
• Completion Date: 07-Oct-2010
• Mandate: M/325 - Mandate to CEN on Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)
• Ref Project: CEN/TS 15406:2010 - Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of bulk material

Relations

• Replaces: SIST-TS CEN/TS 15406:2007 - Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of bridging properties of bulk material
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2010

Overview

CEN/TS 15406:2010 describes standardized test procedures for determining the bridging (arching) properties of solid recovered fuels (SRF). The specification covers two methods: a bridging-slot apparatus for non‑coalescing bulk SRF and a shear tester for coalescing (consolidating) materials. It applies to SRF with maximum particle dimension up to 100 mm and requires reporting of particle size and moisture content to interpret flowability results.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope: Method for evaluating tendency of SRF to form stable bridges/arches that obstruct flow in bins, hoppers and feeders.
• Non‑coalescing method (bridging apparatus):
  • Container with effective area ≈ (1.1 × 2) m and height ≈ 0.75 m; bottom formed by two rubber mats and rolling steel coils that create an expanding slot.
  • Minimum test portion (documented): 1,1 m (loose volume) for each test.
  • Procedure: fill container to 0.5 m layer, open slot until arch collapses, measure coil separation; 10 repetitions, report arithmetic mean.
  • Metric rule, shovel and standard handling required; automatic systems permitted if validated.
• Coalescing method (shear tester):
  • Test chamber: circular section ~150 mm diameter by ~100 mm height; bottom hole 110 mm; cover plate 90 mm connected to force gauge.
  • Prepare consolidated sample, apply consolidation pressure (example 5 000 Pa), remove bottom plug and increase shear/load until failure; calculate shear strength (N/m²).
  • 5 determinations, report mean shear strength and extruded plug details.
• Precision: repeatability limit 15% (same lab/operator), reproducibility limit 25% (different laboratories).
• Reporting: include lab ID, date, sample ID, reference to CEN/TS 15406, test results (bridging value or shear strength), moisture content, particle size, deviations and observed anomalies.

Applications and practical value

• Use to assess and compare flowability, arching risk and handling behaviour of SRF during product development, quality control and plant commissioning.
• Helps avoid costly blockages in hoppers, silos, feeders, conveyors and during storage or transport of recovered fuels.
• Valuable for SRF producers, testing laboratories, waste‑to‑energy plants, fuel suppliers and equipment designers to select appropriate handling systems or to reject problematic batches.

Who should use this standard

• Testing laboratories performing SRF characterisation
• SRF producers and quality managers
• Engineers designing storage and feeding systems for recovered fuels
• Operators of waste‑to‑energy and biomass combustion facilities

Related standards

• prEN 15357 (SRF terminology), prEN 15442 (sampling), prEN 15443 (sample preparation)
• CEN/TS 15414‑1/2 (moisture determination), CEN/TS 15415 (particle size)
• ISO 5725‑1 / ISO 5725‑5 (precision terminology) and CEN Guide 13 (method validation)

Keywords: CEN/TS 15406:2010, solid recovered fuels, SRF, bridging properties, arching, shear tester, bridging apparatus, flowability, hoppers, particle size, moisture content.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2010
1DGRPHãþD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15406:2007
7UGQDDOWHUQDWLYQDJRULYD'RORþHYDQMHSUHPRVWLWYHQLKODVWQRVWLUD]VXWHJD
PDWHULDOD
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of bulk material
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Neigung zur Brückenbildung von
Schüttgut
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de détermination des propriétés de
formation de voûte dans les matériaux en vrac
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15406:2010
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 15406
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
September 2010
ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15406:2006
English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of bridging properties of
bulk material
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Neigung zur
détermination des propriétés de formation de voûte dans Brückenbildung von Schüttgut
les matériaux en vrac
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 12 June 2010 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15406:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents
Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Determination of bridging properties for non-coalescing materials .5
5 Determination of bridging properties for coalescing materials .9
6 Precision . 11
7 Test report . 12
Bibliography . 13

Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 15406:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid
recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 15406:2006.
CEN/TS 15406:2006 is not be converted into a European Standard as the test method specified in this
document was not validated (see [1], [2]).
This document differs from CEN/TS 15406:2006 mainly as follows:
a) Figures 1 and 2 replaced by new examples of figures for a bridging apparatus;
b) dimensions of the shear tester changed;
c) automatic equipment allowed;
d) repeatability limit specified;
e) whole document editorially revised.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This Technical Specification describes the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered fuels (SRF),
which is conveyable in a continuous material flow. Bridging or arching is a complex parameter describing the
situation when particles form a stable bridge over an opening that can be several times the length of the single
particles. Bridging is dependent on several influencing factors, e.g. the conveying or transport system, particle
size and shape, moisture content, bulk density, bed depth.
The behaviour of SRF in bins, hoppers, feeders, and other handling equipment depends on bridging
properties [3]. Knowing these properties, already in phase of product development, is essential for avoiding
flow problems.
Bridging properties are also important for quality control. By checking the relative bridging properties of a
given bulk solid before it is placed into a system, unsatisfactory batches can be rejected or recycled, thereby
preventing costly handling problems downstream.
Bridging is not an absolute value and therefore there is a need for standardising the conditions for the
determination of bridging tendency in order to gain comparative measuring results.
Bridging of solid recovered fuels is subject to variation due to several impacts such as filling layer, particle
shape, and storage time in silos. Measured bridging values can therefore deviate from real conditions in silos
and conveyer systems.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of bridging properties of solid recovered
fuels using standard measuring equipment. The method is applicable to all solid recovered fuels with
maximum dimensions of the particle of 100 mm.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Specification. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
prEN 15357:2008, Solid recovered fuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
prEN 15442, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling
prEN 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample
CEN/TS 15414-1, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method
CEN/TS 15414-2, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 2: Determination of total moisture by a simplified method
CEN/TS 15415, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of particle size and particle size distribution by screen
method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15357:2008 apply.
4 Determination of bridging properties for non-coalescing materials
4.1 Principle
A sample is subjected to bridging by placing it over an expandable slot opening in an equipment of
standardised dimensions. By increasing the slot opening, the building of a bridge is facilitated which ultimately
will collapse; the size of the slot opening at this time represents the bridging value of the fuel tested.
4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 Bridging apparatus, consisting of a container with an effective area of [(1,1 ± 0,01) × (2 ± 0,01)] m
and a minimum height of (0,75 ± 0,01) m, the sides of the container manufactured of oriented strand board
(OSB) plates. (See Figure 1 and Figure 2.)
Dimensions in millimetres
a) Front view b) Side view
Key
1 rubber mat
2 piston
3 spring
4 steel coil
Figure 1 — Example for an assembling of a bridging apparatus in front and side view
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