SIST-TS CEN/TS 14383-2:2023
(Main)Crime prevention through building design, urban planning and city maintenance - Part 2: Principles and process
Crime prevention through building design, urban planning and city maintenance - Part 2: Principles and process
This document establishes general principles and specifies the framework for a process of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED).
It specifies the assessment of risk of crime problems (crime and/or feelings of insecurity) and the framework, process, measures and procedures aimed at reducing these risks in a specific new to build or existing environment. The crimes covered by this document are often of an opportunistic nature and are crimes against property (e.g. burglary, theft, vandalism, pickpocketing, arson), violent crimes (e.g. assaults, robbery, terrorism, harassment, sexual violence) as well as other criminal behaviour (see Annex A). The exact choice of which types of crime will be included in an approach has to be taken locally and is part of the processes and procedures described in this document. Annex A gives an overview of all foreseeable types of crime in all European languages. Feelings of insecurity are also defined as a ‘crime problem’ in this document.
This document provides guidelines and strategies for a CPTED-process in specific types of environments to prevent or reduce the risks of potential or identified crime problems. Guidelines for a step-by-step process are given to involve all stakeholders engaged in urban planning and environmental crime reduction. It also allows for all other stakeholders to be engaged – mainly local and regional authorities and residents/businesses/institutes – in the multi-disciplinary action needed to minimize the risks of crime problems (crime and feelings of insecurity).
This document introduces a process that is applicable to the planning process of new, as well as existing, urban areas. Such an area can be the neighbourhood or environment ranging from just one building to a few buildings or streets to a whole district. This document also introduces a higher-level framework that is often city wide – or regional or sometimes even national – and democratically legitimised for regular implementing CPTED in specific areas and for specific (new/existing) urban planning, design and management projects.
This document provides all relevant actors with guidelines aimed at reducing or managing the risk of crime problems in a specific defined environment.
Kriminalprävention im öffentlichen Raum, in Gebäuden und in Anlagen durch Gebäudeplanung, Städtebau und Instandhaltung - Teil 2: Grundsätze und Verfahren
In diesem Dokument werden allgemeine Grundsätze und das Rahmenwerk für einen Prozess der Kriminalprävention durch Umweltgestaltung [en: Crime Prevention Through Enviornmental Design, CPTED] festgelegt.
Es legt die Abschätzung des Risikos von Kriminalitätsproblemen (Kriminalität und/oder Gefühle der Unsicherheit) und das Rahmenwerk, den Prozess, die Maßnahmen und die Verfahren, die das Ziel haben, diese Risiken in einer bestimmten neu zu errichtenden oder bestehenden Umgebung zu verringern, fest. Die in diesem Dokument behandelten Straftaten sind häufig opportunistischer Natur und umfassen Eigentumsdelikte (z. B. Einbruch, Diebstahl, Vandalismus, Taschendiebstahl, Brandstiftung), Gewaltdelikte (z. B. tätlicher Übergriff, Raub, Terrorismus, Belästigung, sexuelle Gewalt) sowie andere kriminelle Verhaltensweisen (siehe Anhang A). Die Entscheidung darüber, welche Arten von Straftaten in einen Ansatz einbezogen werden, muss auf lokaler Ebene getroffen werden und ist Teil der in diesem Dokument beschriebenen Prozesse und Verfahren. In Anhang A findet sich eine Übersicht über alle vorhersehbaren Arten von Straftaten in allen europäischen Sprachen. Gefühle der Unsicherheit sind in diesem Dokument ebenfalls als „Kriminalitätsproblem“ definiert.
Dieses Dokument enthält Leitlinien und Strategien für einen CPTED-Prozess in bestimmten Arten von Umgebungen mit dem Ziel, die Risiken potenzieller oder festgestellter Kriminalitätsprobleme zu eliminieren oder zu verringern. Es werden Leitlinien für einen schrittweisen Prozess zur Verfügung gestellt, mit dessen Hilfe alle an der Stadtplanung und an der Verringerung von raumbezogener Kriminalität beteiligten Stakeholder einzubeziehen sind. Darüber hinaus können auch alle anderen Stakeholder – vor allem lokale und regionale Behörden und Ortsansässige/Unternehmen/Institute – in die interdisziplinären Maßnahmen einbezogen werden, die zur Verringerung der Risiken von Kriminalitätsproblemen (Straftaten und Gefühle der Unsicherheit) auf ein Mindestmaß notwendig sind.
In diesem Dokument wird ein Prozess vorgestellt, der auf den Prozess der Planung sowohl neuer als auch bestehender städtischer Gebiete anwendbar ist. Bei einem solchen Gebiet kann es sich um ein Viertel oder eine Umgebung handeln, das bzw. die von einem einzelnen Gebäude über eine gewisse Anzahl an Gebäuden oder Straßen bis hin zu einem ganzen Stadtbezirk reicht. In diesem Dokument wird auch ein übergeordnetes Rahmenwerk vorgestellt, das häufig stadtweit — oder regional oder manchmal sogar national — und demokratisch für die regelmäßige Umsetzung von CPTED in bestimmten Gebieten und für bestimmte (neue/bestehende) Stadtplanungs-, gestaltungs- und verwaltungsprojekte legitimiert ist.
Dieses Dokument stellt allen maßgebenden Stakeholdern Leitlinien zur Verfügung, die darauf abzielen, das Risiko von Kriminalitätsproblemen in einer bestimmten festgelegten Umgebung zu verringern oder zu bewältigen.
Preprečevanje kriminala z načrtovanjem stavb, urbanističnim načrtovanjem in vzdrževanjem mesta - 2. del: Načela in postopek
Ta tehnična specifikacija vsebuje smernice o metodah za ocenjevanje in zmanjševanje tveganja kaznivih dejanj in/ali strahu pred kaznivimi dejanji/občutkov negotovosti ter ukrepe, postopke in procese za zmanjšanje teh tveganj. Dandanes so med kazniva dejanja vključeni tudi terorizem (npr. napadi na mehke cilje na javnih mestih) in druge nove vrste kaznivih dejanj (ali načini delovanja). Na voljo so tudi nove metode ocenjevanja (pristopi, ki temeljijo na obveščevalnih podatkih, napovedovalno policijsko delo), nenazadnje pa so na voljo tudi novi pristopi
pri snovanju (načrtovalno razmišljanje, pristopi sistemskega inženirstva itd.).
Ta tehnična specifikacija bo z uporabo družboslovnih metod in inovacijskih orodij iz sveta oblikovanja in načrtovanja temeljila na inoviranju praktičnih, na dokazih temelječih orodij, ki zadovoljujejo potrebe končnih uporabnikov, ki so snovalci, načrtovalci, vzdrževalci, pa tudi policija, organi pregona in uporabniki z varnostne industrije, pri njihovem operativnem delovanju.
Smernice za načrtovanje so podane za posebne vrste okolij z namenom preprečevanja in odpravljanja različnih težav s kriminaliteto v skladu z dokumenti za načrtovanje stavb, urbanistično načrtovanje in vzdrževanje mest. Poleg tega so predstavljene smernice za postopen proces, ki vključuje vse deležnike, vključene v urbanistično načrtovanje in zmanjševanje kriminalitete v okolju, ter vse druge deležnike, predvsem lokalne in regionalne organe ter prebivalce, v snovanje večstranskih ukrepov, potrebnih za zmanjšanje tveganj kaznivih dejanj
in strahu pred kaznivimi dejanji. Omenjen bo hitro spreminjajoči se in po vsem svetu razširjeni pristop preprečevanja kaznivih dejanj prek načrtovanja okolja (CPTED).
Ta tehnična specifikacija zagotavlja načela in postopke za načrtovanje stavb, urbanistično načrtovanje in vzdrževanje mest. Te smernice se lahko uporabljajo za stavbe, sosesko ali okolje, ki se razteza od nekaj hiš ali ulic do celotnega mesta s poudarkom na javnih prostorih.
General Information
Relations
Overview
CEN/TS 14383-2:2022 is a CEN Technical Specification that defines the principles and process for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). It establishes a structured, risk-based framework to assess and reduce crime problems - including both recorded crimes and feelings of insecurity - in new-build and existing urban environments. The document is applicable at multiple scales, from a single building or street to entire neighbourhoods, districts or city‑wide frameworks, and supports multi‑stakeholder, democratically legitimised implementation across Europe.
Key topics and requirements
This Technical Specification sets out practical steps and organisational elements for CPTED, including:
- Risk-based approach: assessment of crime risks (identification, analysis, ex‑ante evaluation) for opportunistic property crimes, violent crimes and other criminal behaviour, and for feelings of insecurity.
- Framework and governance: designation of a Responsible Body (RB) to provide leadership, policy commitment, improvement and evaluation.
- Project process: creation of a Working Group (integrated or specialised) and a Specific Crime Prevention Statement (SCPS) to define scope, objectives and criteria.
- Measures and strategies: guidance on urban planning, urban design and management strategies (territoriality, visibility, accessibility, maintenance, surveillance, target hardening).
- Monitoring & evaluation: ongoing monitoring during implementation and ex‑post evaluation to learn and improve.
- Recording & reporting: documentation of risk assessments, decisions and outcomes.
- Supportive annexes: crime classification (Annex A), assessment factors for new and existing environments, intervention levels, feelings of insecurity, and a security framework for urban projects.
The specification emphasises stakeholder engagement (local authorities, residents, businesses, planners, police and property managers) and provides step‑by‑step guidance without prescribing technical products or specific crime countermeasures.
Applications and users
CEN/TS 14383-2:2022 is intended for professionals and organisations involved in urban safety and built environment decision‑making:
- Urban planners and designers
- Architects and landscape architects
- Local and regional authorities / city managers
- Police, community safety and crime prevention officers
- Property developers, facility and estate managers
- Civil society and resident associations
Use cases include masterplanning, regeneration projects, new neighbourhood design, retrofit security audits, public realm maintenance strategies, and the creation of city‑wide CPTED policies.
Related standards and context
- Part of the CEN series on crime prevention by urban planning and building design (supersedes CEN/TR 14383-2:2007).
- References broader EU, Council of Europe and UN policy frameworks cited in the annexes (e.g., urban charters, internal security strategies).
Keywords: CPTED, crime prevention through environmental design, crime risk assessment, urban planning, building design, city maintenance, feelings of insecurity, Responsible Body, Specific Crime Prevention Statement.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST-TP CEN/TR 14383-2:2008
Preprečevanje kriminala z načrtovanjem stavb, urbanističnim načrtovanjem in
vzdrževanjem mesta - 2. del: Načela in postopek
Crime prevention through building design, urban planning and city maintenance - Part 2:
Principles and process
Kriminalprävention im öffentlichen Raum, in Gebäuden und in Anlagen durch
Gebäudeplanung, Städtebau und Instandhaltung - Teil 2: Grundsätze und Verfahren
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14383-2:2022
ICS:
13.310 Varstvo pred kriminalom Protection against crime
91.020 Prostorsko planiranje. Physical planning. Town
Urbanizem planning
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN/TS 14383-2
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
December 2022
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 13.310; 91.020; 91.120.99 Supersedes CEN/TR 14383-2:2007
English Version
Crime prevention through building design, urban planning
and city maintenance - Part 2: Principles and process
Kriminalprävention im öffentlichen Raum, in Gebäuden
und in Anlagen durch Gebäudeplanung, Städtebau und
Instandhaltung - Teil 2: Grundsätze und Verfahren
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 14 November 2022 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14383-2:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 General approach . 8
4.1 CPTED as risk management for the prevention/reduction of crime problems . 8
4.2 Assumptions of this document . 9
4.3 Content and process . 10
4.4 Focus on urban environments . 10
5 Principles of CPTED. 11
5.1 General. 11
5.2 CPTED: how to implement it and what to do. 11
5.2.1 General. 11
5.2.2 General principles on how to implement CPTED . 11
5.2.3 Principles on what to do to tackle and reduce crime problems [2] . 14
6 Framework (Responsible Body: leadership and commitment) . 15
6.1 General. 15
6.2 Responsible Body (RB) . 15
6.2.1 General. 15
6.2.2 Policy commitment . 15
6.2.3 Improvement . 15
6.2.4 Evaluation . 16
6.3 Making specific CPTED processes possible . 16
7 Specific CPTED process in one project/environment . 18
7.1 General. 18
7.2 Working Group . 20
7.2.1 General. 20
7.2.2 Two approaches: integrated or specialized . 20
7.2.3 Document identifying the Working Group programme . 20
7.3 Communication and consultation Responsible Body <-> Working Group . 21
7.3.1 General. 21
7.3.2 Working Group responsibilities . 21
7.3.3 Responsible Body decides . 21
7.4 Scope, context and criteria . 22
7.4.1 Specific Crime Prevention Statement (SCPS) . 22
7.4.2 Objectives/requirements. 22
7.5 Crime risk assessment and review . 22
7.5.1 General. 22
7.5.2 Crime risk identification . 23
7.5.3 Three categories of crime problems . 23
7.5.4 Crime risk analysis: where, what and who . 24
7.5.5 Crime risk evaluation (ex ante) . 27
7.6 Monitoring (during) and evaluating (afterwards) . 27
7.6.1 General . 27
7.6.2 Ex post evaluation to learn . 28
7.7 Recording and reporting . 29
8 Examples for the application of risk management of crime problems . 29
8.1 Levels at which action can be taken . 29
Annex A (informative) Crime classification and further information . 34
A.1 Crime: how to classify 11 specific types in 24 languages . 34
A.1.1 Crime? . 34
A.1.2 International Classification of Crime. 34
A.1.3 European Classification of Crime . 35
A.1.4 How to use this information for your own practical purposes? . 37
A.1.5 Further information on data and mapping . 37
Annex B (informative) Crime Assessment (new environment) – Examples of elements to take
into account . 40
B.1 Introduction . 40
B.2 Risk assessment: three general aspects . 40
B.3 Specific risk assessment factors for types of crime and for feelings of insecurity . 41
Annex C (informative) Crime review – Problem identification in existing environments . 45
Annex D (informative) Level of intervention and CPTED strategies . 47
D.1 Strategies . 47
D.1.1 General . 47
D.1.2 Urban planning strategies . 47
D.1.3 Urban design strategies . 48
D.1.4 Management strategies . 48
D.1.5 How to choose appropriate strategies . 49
Annex E (informative) Feelings of insecurity . 50
E.1 Introduction . 50
E.2 Factors which characterize an “unsafe location”: . 50
E.2.1 Fear generating activities . 50
E.2.2 Vandalism and poor maintenance . 50
E.3 Problematic urban design . 51
E.3.1 General . 51
E.3.2 Lack of control . 51
E.3.3 Isolation – lack of visibility by others . 51
E.3.4 Lack of orientation and alternative routes . 51
Annex F (informative) Security framework of an urban project [2] . 52
F.1 The basic principles . 52
F.2 Urban planning strategies . 53
F.2.1 Taking into account the existing social and physical structures . 53
F.2.2 Guaranteeing accessibility and avoiding enclaves . 53
F.2.3 Creating vitality (blending functions and attractive layout) . 53
F.2.4 Providing mixed status (blending socio-economic groups, avoiding isolation and
segregation) . 54
F.2.5 Creating adequate urban density to allow vitality and informal surveillance . 54
F.2.6 Avoiding physical barriers (due to infrastructures, etc.) and waste land. 54
F.3 Urban design strategies . 54
F.3.1 Layout (continuity of urban fabric and pedestrian and bicycle routes) . 54
F.3.2 Specific location of activities . 55
F.3.3 Time schedules coordination to guarantee continuous informal surveillance . 55
F.3.4 Visibility (overview, sight lines between e.g. dwellings and public space, lighting, etc.)
................................................................................................................................................................... 55
F.3.5 Accessibility (orientation, space to move, alternatives routes, limiting access for non-
authorized people) . 55
F.3.6 Territoriality (human scale, clear public/private zoning, compartmentalization) . 56
F.3.7 Attractiveness (colour, material, lighting, noise, smell, street furniture) . 56
F.3.8 Robustness (materials e.g. street furniture, fences) . 56
F.4 Management strategies. 57
F.4.1 Target hardening/removal . 57
F.4.2 Maintenance . 57
F.4.3 Surveillance (patrolling, camera monitoring) . 57
F.4.4 Rules (for conduct of the public in public spaces) . 58
F.4.5 Providing infrastructures for particular groups . 58
Annex G (informative) Wider perspectives and foundations of CPTED in: EU, Council of
Europe (COE) and UN . 59
G.1 General. 59
G.2 The European Urban Charter of the Council of Europe (COE, 1992) . 59
G.3 The COE Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE, 1997) . 59
G.4 The EU Justice and Home Affairs council (2001) . 60
G.5 The EU Internal Security Strategy (ISS, 2010) . 60
G.6 The UN Sustainable Development Goals (2015) . 60
G.7 Urban Agenda for the EU (2017) . 61
G.8 The New Leipzig Urban Charter (2020) . 61
Bibliography . 62
European foreword
This document (CEN/TS 14383-2:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 325
“Prevention of crime by urban planning and building design”, the secretariat of which is held by ÚNMZ.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TR 14383-2:2007.
CEN/TR 14383-2:2007:
— the revised document is supported from guidance given in ISO 31000:2018 and ISO 22341:2021;
— the content of CEN/TR 14383-2:2007 has been structured and edited accordingly;
— informative annexes have been added.
This Technical Specification belongs to the EN 14383 series, published under the general title “Prevention
of crime — Urban planning and building design”, which consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Definition of specific terms;
— Part 2: Principles and process;
— Part 3: Dwellings;
— Part 4: Shops and offices;
— Part 5: Petrol stations;
— Part 6: Schools and educational institutions;
— Part 7: Design and management of public transport facilities;
— Part 8: Protection of buildings and sites against criminal attacks with vehicles.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Introduction
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED; pronounced “Sep-Ted”) is a multi-disciplinary
approach to crime prevention that uses urban planning, architectural design and the urban maintenance
and management of specific environments to influence human behaviour to reduce the risk of crime and
the feelings of insecurity (see Annex E). Property crimes like theft, burglary and vandalism and violent
crimes like assaults, robberies, terrorism (see Annex A for an overview) as well as feelings of insecurity
have a significant negative impact on citizens’ quality of life, community cohesion and the security in the
urban environment. Those living in deprived neighbourhoods and vulnerable groups are often the most
seriously affected.
In this Technical Specification CPTED is defined as:
— an approach to prevent and/or reduce crime problems: crimes (specific types of crime including
terrorism; see Annex A and B for further specifications) and feelings of insecurity (see Annex E);
NOTE 1 In this Technical Specification the word ‘crime problem’ is used for prevalence of one or more types
of crime in a specific environment and/or the prevalence of feelings of insecurity; hence, crime problem = crime
and/or feelings of insecurity.
NOTE 2 Prevalence is the proportion of a population who – in a specific environment – have a specific
characteristic – becoming a crime victim and/or being fearful of crime – in a given time period.
— following a rational risk management approach (complying with ISO 31000:2018);
— through al multi-disciplinary, multi-agency or partnership process [5];
— by design, planning, economic/social/psychological approaches and management/maintenance in a
particular physical, social and governance/organisational environment (city, town, neighbourhood,
community or a specific place).
The process of applying CPTED is summarized in Figure 1. In this process the stakeholders choose
strategies and measures to reduce identified crime risks. To help stakeholders make this choice they may
use the strategies and measures as presented in Clause 5, Annex C.
Hence by adopting this Technical Specification the process described in Clause 6 is adopted while the
definitive choice of strategies and measures (see Clause 5, Annex C) is left to the stakeholders in a specific
project/environment and in the end to a Responsible Body (most often local and regional authorities
issuing rules for urban planning, building/planning codes, regulations and permits, management and
maintenance routines) involved in a concrete plan for building, reconstruction or the management of an
area.
This Technical Specification is an addition to the regular planning / management processes that already
exists in all member states of the EU, and these are not to be described here (e.g. planning and building
laws, levels of government and their responsibilities, etc.). Those regular planning/management process
are already firmly established and have not been, nor will be in the future, subject to this Technical
Specification. The only additional new feature resulting from the adoption of this Technical Specification
will be incorporation of measures to prevent and reduce crime problems.
Persons/groups that experience or perceive a higher risk for crime problems; e.g. minority groups, migrants,
elderly persons, handicapped people but also tourists
1 Scope
This document establishes general principles and specifies the framework for a process of Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED).
It specifies the assessment of risk of crime problems (crime and/or feelings of insecurity) and the
framework, process, measures and procedures aimed at reducing these risks in a specific new to build or
existing environment. The crimes covered by this document are often of an opportunistic nature and are
crimes against property (e.g. burglary, theft, vandalism, pickpocketing, arson), violent crimes (e.g.
assaults, robbery, terrorism, harassment, sexual violence) as well as other criminal behaviour (see
Annex A). The exact choice of which types of crime will be included in an approach has to be taken locally
and is part of the processes and procedures described in this document. Annex A gives an overview of all
foreseeable types of crime in all European languages. Feelings of insecurity are also defined as a ‘crime
problem’ in this document.
This document provides guidelines and strategies for a CPTED-process in specific types of environments
to prevent or reduce the risks of potential or identified crime problems. Guidelines for a step-by-step
process are given to involve all stakeholders engaged in urban planning and environmental crime
reduction. It also allows for all other stakeholders to be engaged – mainly local and regional authorities
and residents/businesses/institutes – in the multi-disciplinary action needed to minimize the risks of
crime problems (crime and feelings of insecurity).
This document introduces a process that is applicable to the planning process of new, as well as existing,
urban areas. Such an area can be the neighbourhood or environment ranging from just one building to a
few buildings or streets to a whole district. This document also introduces a higher-level framework that
is often city wide – or regional or sometimes even national – and democratically legitimised for regular
implementing CPTED in specific areas and for specific (new/existing) urban planning, design and
management projects.
This document provides all relevant actors with guidelines aimed at reducing or managing the risk of
crime problems in a specific defined environment.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14383-1:2006 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
crime prevention through environmental design
CPTED
multi-disciplinary approach to crime prevention that uses urban planning, architectural design, urban
maintenance and management of specific environments to influence human behaviour to reduce the risk
of crime and feelings of insecurity
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviation CPTED is pronounced “Sep-Ted”.
Note 2 to entry: CPTED is a used worldwide as a crime management process (see also ISO 22341:2021).
3.2
Responsible Body
RB
council, parliament or organisation that is responsible for implementing and managing the higher-level
framework principles and processes as specified in this Technical Specification
Note1 to entry: The Responsible Body is the higher political level of a municipality or region (sometimes even a
nation): the local/regional authorities, the local/regional government; a democratically legitimised organization.
See the circle ‘Framework’ in Figure 1 and Figure 4.
3.3
crime problem
any crime as defined in the UN document ICCS (The International Classification of Crime for Statistical
Purposes, UN 2015 and EU 2017; see Annex A) as well as feelings of insecurity
Note 1 to entry: The exact demarcation and definition(s) of the crime problem(s) should be made in the relevant
Responsible Body.
3.4
Working Group
WG
group of persons – often multi-disciplinary – representing the stakeholders of a CPTED project
implementing the CPTED principles and process in plans, designs and the regular city management and
maintenance
Note 1 to entry: The group implementing CPTED in a project in a specific environment. See the circle CPTED
process in Figure 1 and Figure 5.
4 General approach
4.1 CPTED as risk management for the prevention/reduction of crime problems
This document introduces a risk management approach for crime problems based on the principles,
framework and process outlined in this document, as illustrated in Figure 1. These components might
already exist in full or in part within a local or regional setting like a municipality or region, however,
they might need to be adapted or improved so that risk management of crime problems is efficient,
effective and consistent using CPTED principles, processes and experts as tools.
In this document two levels are distinguished:
— the higher political level of a municipality or region (sometimes even a nation): the local authorities,
the local government. A democratically legitimised organization which is called ‘the Responsible
Body or RB’. See the circle ‘Framework’ in Figure 1 and Figure 4;
— the – often multi-disciplinary – Working Group implementing the CPTED principles and process in
plans, designs and the regular city management and maintenance; implementing CPTED in a project
in a specific environment. See the circle process of CPTED in Figure 1 and Figure 5.
Both levels are guided by general CPTED-principles for the reduction of crime problems (= crime and
feelings of insecurity) to ensure and enhance the quality of life.
Figure 1 — Principles (How to do CPTED and What to do by CPTED), framework and specific
CPTED process for managing crime risks
4.2 Assumptions of this document
The main assumptions of this document based on available international literature, research, project
reviews and policy evaluations can be summarized as follows:
a) any environment and hence (Crime Prevention through) Environmental Design has an impact on the
different crime problems by influencing the behaviour, conduct, attitudes, choices and feelings of
individuals like offenders, victims, residents, police; Crime and feelings of insecurity are referred to
in this document as ‘crime problems’;
b) crime is subdivided in specific types, following the European Eurostat version of the UN International
Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS, 2015/2017; see Annex A);
c) crime and feelings of insecurity are different phenomena, though crime usually strongly influences
feelings of insecurity (see Annex F);
d) feelings of insecurity as described in Annex E they generally are about how people feel about their
living space and quality of life;
e) feelings of insecurity as described in Annex E may be subjective but are real because they may guide
human behaviour; through these feelings people may choose for example to avoid places, or to stay
at home, or not engage in community activities – their quality of life is seriously influenced;
f) a more secure city or neighbourhood is the result of a community security policy effectively applied
to the physical and social environment;
g) policy makers and practitioners should never focus on planning and design only. Every renovated or
newly built neighbourhood, public space or building needs ongoing planned maintenance.
Planning/design and management/maintenance are ‘two sides of the same coin’ but a better
planning/design might save a lot of costs in the management/maintenance phase.
4.3 Content and process
This document combines 'contents' and 'process'.
— Contents refers to the question: which strategies (how to implement CPTED) and measures (what to
do) may be used to prevent and reduce crime problems (crime and feelings of insecurity) in a given
environment. See in Figure 1 the principles and see Clause 4 and 7, Annex C and F.
NOTE The word 'may' (and not shall or should) is used deliberately here because the actual choice for certain
strategies and measures can only be made by the stakeholders in a specific project/environment, and in a more
general sense by the body responsible for that environment in question.
— Process refers to the question: how to follow an effective and efficient procedure in which
stakeholders should choose the most effective and feasible strategies and measures to prevent and
reduce the crime problems as defined by the stakeholders and residents/users (the end users).
4.4 Focus on urban environments
The key findings from the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) show crime to be a serious urban
problem.
The ICVS is the most far-reaching programme of fully standardized sample surveys looking at
householders' experience of crime in different countries. The first ICVS took place in 1989, the second in
1992, the third in 1996 and the fourth in 2000. The last sweep in Europe was done in 2010. Surveys have
been carried out in over 50 countries since 1989, including a large number of city surveys in developing
countries and countries in transition. [17]
The ICVS shows that, net of other effect, urbanisation was and still is an influential risk factor. Risks of
property crime, for instance, were 60 % higher in the most urban areas compared to the less urbanised
ones.
The ICVS states that for crime – ‘urbanisation’ is indeed a very strong factor explaining risks across
different countries with crime increasing with the proportion living in larger cities.
The ICVS outcomes also show that the main capital city of every country had a higher victimization risk
compared to the rest of the country.
Though the ICVS is still the largest, most far-reaching and comprehensive international crime survey it
had its last sweep in 2010. The results of a more recent European victimization survey [7] are not quite
as large for the urban/rural differences but still mention that every two in three people (66 %) who live
in big cities also use avoidance as a strategy, compared with 53 % of people who live in a rural area
(country village or countryside). This may reflect differences in the actual risk of experiencing violence
or harassment.
5 Principles of CPTED
5.1 General
The purpose of risk management of crime problems is the process of identifying, assessing and
controlling threats to something of value (a person or a property). It improves performance, encourages
innovation and supports the achievement of objectives like the quality of life in general.
The principles outlined in this clause provide guidance on the characteristics of effective and efficient risk
management of crime problems, communicating its value and explaining its intention and purpose. The
principles are the foundation for risk management of crime problems and should be considered when
establishing the risk management framework and processes in a municipality, region and/or in specific
projects/environments.
CPTED prevents and reduces crime and feelings of insecurity through the application of evidence-based
design and planning strategies within proposals for new buildings and environments and through urban
maintenance and management strategies in existing neighbourhoods, estates and areas.
This approach is known worldwide as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED; see
www.CPTED.net and see ISO 22341:2021) but several other names and abbreviations are also used,
including Crime Prevention through Urban Design, Planning and Management (CP-UDP),, Situational
Approach, Secured by Design, Defensible Space, Designing out Crime, Urban Planning, Design and
Management for Urban Security (UPDM-US), Design against Crime, Safe by Design and Security by Design
(SbD).
5.2 CPTED: how to implement it and what to do
5.2.1 General
This document is based on the main principles of CPTED as summarized below (see Figure 2 and 3 and
see also Annex F). There are two sets of principles:
1) The ‘how to do’ principles: More general principles on how to implement CPTED.
2) The ‘what to do’ principles: Principles on what to do, what advice to tackle and reduce crime
problems: the CPTED toolbox allows users to pick the most appropriate solutions for their particular
context knowing that these solutions are always site-specific.
5.2.2 General principles on how to implement CPTED
a) Pro-social:
CPTED seeks to encourage pro-social behaviour and embeds protective physical features through
the design, planning and management of an environment. By changing how an environment is used
and perceived in a positive manner both by residents and visitors.
b) Changing behaviour:
CPTED seeks to change the behaviour of potential offenders, victims and others (guardians) and thus
reduces crime as well as feelings of insecurity.
c) Contributing to liveable cities:
CPTED should always contribute to an interdependent urban development and not generate areas of
social inequality or isolated areas (gated communities either for poor or rich). CPTED is about
liveability: the art of transforming locations and buildings into places where people live, rather than
just work or sleep. Rather than just putting up buildings CPTED should ensure that parks, streets and
neighbourhoods provide lively and attractive environments for people to interact, rather than empty
spaces to hurry through to get somewhere else – or worse, to be avoided. Hence, CPTED shall never
exclude people, groups or environments. It shall also be ethically sound, non-discriminatory and
focussed on equality.
d) Inclusive:
CPTED is integrated and of multi-disciplinary nature. Authorities and law enforcement specialists, as
well as environmental specialists, CPTED-experts, city maintenance and management personnel,
retailers and other businesses, social workers, teachers and, last but not least, residents, visitors,
users and citizens in general are all stakeholders/actors in this process.
e) Scientific:
CPTED draws on a robust body of established scientific knowledge about urban environments,
(social) psychology, sociology, criminology, systems design/engineering, urban planning, design and
city-management/maintenance. This existing body of knowledge should always be updated by new
scientific evidence.
f) Evidence-based learning:
CPTED understands that good, evidence-based, human-centred design, planning and management
can make the urban environment fit for the future. Evidence-based – or evidence-informed – working
implies a thorough assessment after CPTED interventions are included in the planning, design and
management and are implemented. Such an assessment – or ex-post evaluation of output, outcome
and impact – is necessary to learn what works and what does not. Some [6] call this process
‘SPATIAL’: Scan, Prioritize, Analysis, Task, Intervene, Assess, Learn. See also g)
g) Process oriented:
CPTED is a sophisticated process that requires effective partnership working. CPTED involves careful
analysis, decision-making, action and evaluation by practitioners in urban design, planning, place and
city management but also by social work practitioners, police, residents and users. From each project
(see Figure 5 on a specific CPTED process) evidence-based lessons on what works and what did not
work should be learned to be used by the Responsible Body to fine tune the Framework, Principles
and Specific CPTED Processes: learning by doing.
Figure 2 — Principles of CPTED (how to do it)
Urban environments all over the world are facing crime problems: urban violence and other forms
of crime like theft, burglary arson, terrorism and feelings of insecurity. These threats to the quality
of life in urban environment are also obvious in most European cities, see [7], [8], [9] Local and
regional authorities used to react to these crime problems by more law enforcement input (police,
private security services). Hence, taking reactive not proactive or preventive action.
The orchestration of the stakeholders able to act, as well as the type of actions needed in different
urban environments (city centre, retail neighbourhoods, residential areas, transportation system,
etc.) and or different building types (dwellings, shops and offices, petrol stations, public transport
facilities; schools, etc. see the CEN 14383 series) present a challenging mix to plan and manage.
There are several models for the delivery of CPTED. These range from partnership schemes where a
formal lead party is required, to police-controlled schemes and others based in the local authority.
Wherever urban planning, building design and major management decisions are involved there
should always be a democratically elected body governing the planning, building or
city/neighbourhood management process – directly or indirectly. In Clause 6 this body will be called
'the Responsible Body'. This Responsible Body is in charge and responsible for each Specific CPTED
process in one project (see Clause 7 and see Figure 5) and sets the agenda for the Framework and
Principles (Clauses 5 and 6). The Responsible Body may be a local council, a group of
planners/designers/owners mandated by local, regional or even national authorities, or a regional
or national elected parliament. Main feature of a Responsible Body is that they are democratically
legitimised. Note that the Responsible Body may also decentralize the direct operational
responsibilities to others but in the end the responsibility always stays with a Responsible Body.
5.2.3 Principles on what to do to tackle and reduce crime problems [2]
In Europe– though using an array of different names and abbreviations – CPTED has always been a mix
of social, physical and organisational/governance measures to reduce and tackle crime problems since it
was built on the founding theories of the Chicago school of Sociology (social urban/neighbourhood
approach), Jane Jacobs (social cohesion/control, visibility/eyes on the street and participation), Oscar
Newman (architecture, surveillability and territoriality/ownership), C Ray Jeffery (environmental
psychology, perception/brain and behaviour), Ronald Clarke/Pat Mayhew (practical crime-specific
situational measures) and Clara Cardia (feelings of urban security and quality). After the term CPTED was
coined in 1971, contrary to European CPTED, in North America it was narrowed down more and more to
only be straightforward security (surveillance/CCTV, access control, target hardening) until in 1998 the
distinction was made between first and second generation CPTED [20]. Often presented as a distinction
between:
— physical measures (1st generation) like informal surveillance, territorial reinforcement, informal
access control, maintenance, activity support and site/target hardening;
— softer social measures (2nd generation) like community participati
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Frequently Asked Questions
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14383-2:2023 is a technical specification published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Crime prevention through building design, urban planning and city maintenance - Part 2: Principles and process". This standard covers: This document establishes general principles and specifies the framework for a process of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). It specifies the assessment of risk of crime problems (crime and/or feelings of insecurity) and the framework, process, measures and procedures aimed at reducing these risks in a specific new to build or existing environment. The crimes covered by this document are often of an opportunistic nature and are crimes against property (e.g. burglary, theft, vandalism, pickpocketing, arson), violent crimes (e.g. assaults, robbery, terrorism, harassment, sexual violence) as well as other criminal behaviour (see Annex A). The exact choice of which types of crime will be included in an approach has to be taken locally and is part of the processes and procedures described in this document. Annex A gives an overview of all foreseeable types of crime in all European languages. Feelings of insecurity are also defined as a ‘crime problem’ in this document. This document provides guidelines and strategies for a CPTED-process in specific types of environments to prevent or reduce the risks of potential or identified crime problems. Guidelines for a step-by-step process are given to involve all stakeholders engaged in urban planning and environmental crime reduction. It also allows for all other stakeholders to be engaged – mainly local and regional authorities and residents/businesses/institutes – in the multi-disciplinary action needed to minimize the risks of crime problems (crime and feelings of insecurity). This document introduces a process that is applicable to the planning process of new, as well as existing, urban areas. Such an area can be the neighbourhood or environment ranging from just one building to a few buildings or streets to a whole district. This document also introduces a higher-level framework that is often city wide – or regional or sometimes even national – and democratically legitimised for regular implementing CPTED in specific areas and for specific (new/existing) urban planning, design and management projects. This document provides all relevant actors with guidelines aimed at reducing or managing the risk of crime problems in a specific defined environment.
This document establishes general principles and specifies the framework for a process of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). It specifies the assessment of risk of crime problems (crime and/or feelings of insecurity) and the framework, process, measures and procedures aimed at reducing these risks in a specific new to build or existing environment. The crimes covered by this document are often of an opportunistic nature and are crimes against property (e.g. burglary, theft, vandalism, pickpocketing, arson), violent crimes (e.g. assaults, robbery, terrorism, harassment, sexual violence) as well as other criminal behaviour (see Annex A). The exact choice of which types of crime will be included in an approach has to be taken locally and is part of the processes and procedures described in this document. Annex A gives an overview of all foreseeable types of crime in all European languages. Feelings of insecurity are also defined as a ‘crime problem’ in this document. This document provides guidelines and strategies for a CPTED-process in specific types of environments to prevent or reduce the risks of potential or identified crime problems. Guidelines for a step-by-step process are given to involve all stakeholders engaged in urban planning and environmental crime reduction. It also allows for all other stakeholders to be engaged – mainly local and regional authorities and residents/businesses/institutes – in the multi-disciplinary action needed to minimize the risks of crime problems (crime and feelings of insecurity). This document introduces a process that is applicable to the planning process of new, as well as existing, urban areas. Such an area can be the neighbourhood or environment ranging from just one building to a few buildings or streets to a whole district. This document also introduces a higher-level framework that is often city wide – or regional or sometimes even national – and democratically legitimised for regular implementing CPTED in specific areas and for specific (new/existing) urban planning, design and management projects. This document provides all relevant actors with guidelines aimed at reducing or managing the risk of crime problems in a specific defined environment.
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14383-2:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.310 - Protection against crime; 91.020 - Physical planning. Town planning; 91.120.99 - Other standards related to protection of and in buildings. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14383-2:2023 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST-TP CEN/TR 14383-2:2008. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase SIST-TS CEN/TS 14383-2:2023 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
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