SIST EN 1012-1:2010
Compressors and vacuum pumps - Safety requirements - Part 1: Air compressors
Compressors and vacuum pumps - Safety requirements - Part 1: Air compressors
This standard is applicable to all types of compressors. The standard lists the significant hazards associated with compressors and specifies safety requirements applicable to the design, installation, operation, maintenance and dismantling of compressors during their foreseeable lifetime and subsequent disposal. Compressors intended for use in special applications shall also comply with any specific standards relating to those applications. This standard specifies safety requirements for all compressors and additional requirements for the following specific types: Compressors for various types of gases - oil-lubricated air compressors - oil-flooded air compressors - oil-free air compressors - compressors for handling hazardous gases (gas compressors) - compressors for handling oxygen - compressors for handling acetylene Compressors for extreme temperature and pressures - high pressure compressors, over 40 bar - compressors for low inlet temperatures, below 0 oC. Other types of compressors - large compressors (over 1000 kW, input power) - portable and skid mounted air compressors - compressors exposed for potentially explosive atmospheres Exceptions The following compressors are excluded from the scope of this standard: - compressors having a shaft input power of less than 0,5 kW - compressors for gases other than acetylene, having a maximum allowable working pressure of less than 0,5 bar - refrigerant compressors used in refrigerating systems or heat pumps as defined in EN 378.
Kompressoren und Vakuumpumpen - Sicherheitsanforderungen - Teil 1: Kompressoren
Dieser Teil von EN 1012 gilt für Kompressoren und Kompressoranlagen, die einen Arbeitsdruck von mehr als
0,5 bar haben und so konstruiert wurden, dass sie Luft, Stickstoff oder inerte Gase verdichten können. Diese
Norm befasst sich mit allen wesentlichen Gefährdungen, Gefährdungssituationen und Vorkommnissen, die
sich auf die Konstruktion, das Aufstellen, den Betrieb, die Wartung, das Demontieren und die Entsorgung von
Kompressoren und Kompressoranlagen beziehen, wenn sie wie beabsichtigt verwendet werden sowie unter
Bedingungen einer unsachgemäßen Verwendung, die vom Hersteller vernünftigerweise vorhersehbar sind
(siehe Abschnitt 4).
Dieser Teil von EN 1012 enthält unter dem allgemeinen Begriff Kompressoranlagen Maschinen, die
Folgendes umfassen:
⎯ den Kompressor;
⎯ eine Antriebsmaschine;
⎯ jedes Bauteil oder Gerät, das für den Betrieb notwendig ist.
Dieser Teil deckt auch die allgemeinen Anforderungen für Prozessgaskompressoren ab; bei besonderen
Anforderungen gilt dann prEN 1012-3.
Dieser Teil von EN 1012 deckt alle kraftbetriebenen Kompressoren ab, einschließlich batteriegespeister
Kompressoren und in Kraftfahrzeugen befestigte oder mit Kraftfahrzeugen verwendete Kompressoren.
Dieser Teil von EN 1012 deckt keine Anforderungen an Kompressoren ab, die in explosionsgefährdeten
Bereichen eingesetzt werden.
Dieser Teil von EN 1012 gilt nicht für Kompressoren, die vor dem Zeitpunkt der Herausgabe dieses Dokumentes
durch CEN gefertigt worden sind.
Compresseurs et pompes a vide - Prescriptions de sécurité - Partie 1: Compresseurs d'air
La présente partie de l'EN 1012 est applicable aux compresseurs et aux unités de compression ayant une
pression de service supérieure à 0,5 bar et conçus pour utiliser de l'air, de l'azote ou des gaz inertes. Le
présent document traite tous les phénomènes dangereux, situations et événements dangereux significatifs
spécifiques à la conception, à l'installation, au fonctionnement, à la maintenance, au démontage et à la mise
au rebut des compresseurs et unités de compression, lorsqu'ils sont utilisés normalement et dans les
conditions prévues par le fabricant (voir Article 4).
La présente partie de l'EN 1012 englobe sous le terme général « unités de compression » les machines qui
comprennent :
- le compresseur ;
- un système d'entraînement ;
- tout composant ou dispositif nécessaire au fonctionnement.
La présente partie couvre les prescriptions générales relatives aux compresseurs pour gaz de procédé ; pour
les prescriptions spécifiques, voir le prEN 1012-3 qui s'applique.
La présente partie couvre les compresseurs entraînés par tout moyen de transmission de puissance, y
compris les compresseurs alimentés par batterie, qui sont intégrés ou utilisés avec des véhicules à moteur.
La présente partie de l'EN 1012 ne couvre pas les prescriptions relatives aux compresseurs utilisés dans les
atmosphères explosibles.
La présente partie de l'EN 1012 ne s'applique pas aux compresseurs qui ont été construits avant la date de
publication du présent document par le CEN.
Kompresorji in vakuumske črpalke - Varnostne zahteve - 1. del: Kompresorji za zrak
Ta del EN 1012 velja za kompresorje in kompresorske enote, ki imajo obratovalni tlak večji od 0,5 bara in so zasnovani za stiskanje zraka, dušika ali žlahtnih plinov. Ta dokument obravnava vse velike nevarnosti, nevarne situacije in primere, ki so pomembni pri načrtovanju, namestitvi, obratovanju, vzdrževanju, razstavljanju in odstranjevanju kompresorjev in kompresorskih enot, kadar se uporabljajo, kot je predvideno, in pod pogoji napačne uporabe, ki jih razumno predvidi proizvajalec (glej Klavzulo 4). Ta del EN 1012 pod splošnim izrazom kompresorske enote vključuje stroje, ki zajemajo: - kompresor; - pogonski sistem; - vsak sestavni del ali napravo, ki je potrebna za obratovanje. Ta del zajema tudi splošne zahteve, ki se nanašajo na procesne kompresorje plina; za natančne zahteve glej veljavni prEN 1012-3. Ta del zajema kompresorje, ki jih poganja kakršnokoli napajanje, vključno z baterijskim napajanjem, in ki so nameščeni v motornih vozilih ali se uporabljajo z njimi. Ta del EN 1012 ne zajema zahtev za kompresorje, ki se uporabljajo v potencialno eksplozivni atmosferi. Ta del EN 1012 ne velja za kompresorje, ki so bili izdelani pred datumom, ko je CEN objavil ta dokument.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.]UDNKompressoren und Vakuumpumpen - Sicherheitsanforderungen - Teil 1: KompressorenCompresseurs et pompes a vide - Prescriptions de sécurité - Partie 1: Compresseurs d'airCompressors and vacuum pumps - Safety requirements - Part 1: Air compressors23.160Vakumska tehnologijaVacuum technology23.140VWURMLCompressors and pneumatic machinesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1012-1:2010SIST EN 1012-1:2010en,fr01-december-2010SIST EN 1012-1:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1012-1:20001DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1012-1
September 2010 ICS 23.080; 23.140; 23.160 Supersedes EN 1012-1:1996English Version
Compressors and vacuum pumps - Safety requirements - Part 1: Air compressors
Compresseurs et pompes à vide - Prescriptions de sécurité - Partie 1 : Compresseurs d'air
Kompressoren und Vakuumpumpen - Sicherheitsanforderungen - Teil 1: Kompressoren This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 July 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1012-1:2010: ESIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .73.1General terms .73.2Specific terms .84List of significant hazards Hazard analysis and risk assessment .85Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 105.1General . 105.2Mechanical safety . 115.3Electrical safety. 135.4Control systems . 135.5Thermal safety . 155.6Noise . 155.7Materials and substances processed, used or exhausted . 155.8Fire and explosion . 165.9Ergonomic principles . 175.10Breaking down of machinery parts and other functional disorders . 185.11Pressure relief – fragmentation . 195.12Information and warning devices . 206Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures . 216.1Pressure testing . 216.2Noise . 216.3Stability of portable compressor units . 216.4Structure of verification . 227Information for use . 247.1General requirements . 247.2Accompanying documents (in particular, instruction handbook) . 257.3Specific types of compressors . 277.4Service instructions . 287.5Markings, signs and written warnings. 297.6Noise . 317.7Dismantling . 31Annex A (informative)
Labels, signs and tags . 32Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC Safety of machinery . 37Bibliography . 38 SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 1012-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 232 “Compressors, vacuum pumps and their systems”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1012-1:1996. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s). For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. The responsibility of CEN/TC 232 includes coordination of safety standards with CEN/TC 182, "Refrigerating systems, safety and environmental requirements", and CEN/TC 234, "Gas infrastructure". This document is in three parts: Part 1: Air compressors; Part 2: Vacuum pumps; Part 3: Process compressors. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 4 Introduction This document is a type C standard as stated in the introduction to EN ISO 12100-1. The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in the scope of this document. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A and B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. This standard when published in 1996 applied to all types of compressors. The standard has now been divided into three parts with this part addressing compressors for compressed air, nitrogen and inert gases, a second part addressing vacuum pumps and a third part addressing compressors for process gases. It was considered a practical move so that if there were provisions that were laid down for compressors covered by CEN/TC 12 or ISO/TC 67, then any revision or amendments could be done to the process compressor part without affecting the provisions laid down for air compressors covered by this part of EN 1012. Standards dealing with non-safety aspects of compressor units are: − EN 61000-6-4 and EN 61000-6-2 for stationary compressor units; − EN 13309 for skid-mounted and mobile compressor units on electromagnetic compatibility. SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope This part of EN 1012 is applicable to compressors and compressor units having an operating pressure greater than 0,5 bar and designed to compress air, nitrogen or inert gases. This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to the design, installation, operation, maintenance, dismantling and disposal of compressors and compressor units, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4). This part of EN 1012 includes under the general term compressor units those machines which comprise: the compressor; a drive system; any component or device which is necessary for operation. This part also covers the general requirements relating to process gas compressors; for specific requirements see prEN 1012-3 which applies. This part covers compressors driven by any power media, including battery powered and which are fitted in or used with motor vehicles. This part of EN 1012 does not cover requirements for compressors used in potentially explosive atmospheres. This part of EN 1012 is not applicable to compressors which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 547-1, Safety of machinery — Human body measurements — Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole body access into machinery EN 626-1:1994+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — Reduction of risks to health from hazardous substances emitted by machinery — Part 1: Principles and specifications for machinery manufacturers EN 837-2, Pressure gauges Part 2: Selection and installation recommendations for pressure gauges EN 953:1997+A1:2009, Safety of machinery — Guards — General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards EN 982:1996+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components — Hydraulics EN 983:1996+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components — Pneumatics EN 1005-2, Safety of machinery — Human physical performance — Part2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery EN 12021, Respiratory protective devices — Compressed air for breathing apparatus EN 13445-5:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing EN 13445-6, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 6 EN 60204-1:2006, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1:2005, modified) EN 60204-11, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 11: Requirements for HV equipment for voltages above 1000 V a.c. or 1500 V d.c. and not exceeding 36 kV (IEC 60204-11:2000) EN 61310-2:2008, Safety of machinery Indication, marking and actuation Requirements for marking (IEC 61310-2:2007) EN ISO 2151:2008, Acoustics — Noise test code for compressors and vacuum pumps — Engineering Method (Grade 2) (ISO 2151:2004) EN ISO 4126-1, Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure — Part 1: Safety valves
(ISO 4126-1:2004) EN ISO 11688-1, Acoustics Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment Part 1: Planning
(ISO/TR 11688-1:1995) EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003) EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2: Technical principles (ISO 12100-2:2003) EN ISO 13732-1, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces Part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1:2006) EN ISO 13732-3, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces Part 3: Cold surfaces (ISO 13732-3:2005) EN ISO 13849-1:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2006) EN ISO 13850:2008, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop — Principles for design (ISO 13850:2006) EN ISO 13857:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs (ISO 13857:2008) EN ISO 14121-1, Safety of machinery — Risk assessment — Part 1: Principles (ISO 14121-1:2007) EN ISO 14122-1, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 1: Choice of fixed means of access between two levels (ISO 14122-1:2001) EN ISO 14122-2, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 2: Working platforms and walkways (ISO 14122-2:2001) EN ISO 14122-3, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3:2001) EN ISO 14122-4, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 4: Fixed ladders (ISO 14122-4:2004) EN ISO 14163, Acoustics Guidelines for noise control by silencers (ISO 14163:1998) EN ISO 15667, Acoustics Guidelines for noise control by enclosures and cabins (ISO 15667:2000) ISO 3857-1:1977, Compressors, pneumatic tools and machines — Vocabulary — Part 1: General ISO 3857-2:1977, Compressors, pneumatic tools and machines — Vocabulary — Part 2: Compressors SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 7 ISO 8573-1, Compressed air — Part 1: Contaminants and purity classes ISO 8573-2, Compressed air — Part 2: Test methods for oil aerosol content ISO 8573-3, Compressed air — Part 3: Test methods for measurement of humidity ISO 8573-4, Compressed air — Part4: Test methods for solid particle content IEC 60417 (2002-10), Graphical symbols for use on equipment1) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100-1:2003 apply. Terms and definitions specifically needed for compressors are listed below and in ISO 3857-1:1977 and
ISO 3857-2:1977. 3.1 General terms 3.1.1 compressor part of a compressor unit that compresses a gas or vapour media to a pressure higher than that at the inlet 3.1.2 compressor unit unit that comprises the compressor, a drive system and any component or device which is necessary for operation 3.1.3 drive system system that consists of a prime mover and coupling mechanism NOTE 1 Prime mover may be an electric motor, steam engine (turbine), etc. NOTE 2 Coupling mechanism may be a drive belt, shaft, gears, etc. 3.1.4 inert gas chemically inactive gas which retains this characteristic even at elevated pressures 3.1.5 pressure pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, i.e. gauge pressure NOTE 1 In many cases, this is referred to as effective pressure. NOTE 2 The unit bar for pressure is used. 1 bar = 100 kPa. 3.1.6 liquid shock excessive force resulting from an attempt to compress incompressible media 3.1.7 maximum allowable pressure maximum pressure for which the compressor or compressor unit is designed, as specified by the manufacturer
1) IEC 60417 is available only as a database which can be accessed, if necessary, by subscription through the IEC Website (see http://www.graphical-symbols.info/graphical-symbols/equipment/db1.nsf/welcome?OpenPage); those symbols relevant to this standard can be found in Annex A. SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 8 NOTE This is also identified as maximum allowable working pressure. 3.1.8 normal operating conditions conditions considered to be when the compressor is properly maintained and operated within admissible limits in particular ambient temperature, as specified by the manufacturer when compressing the specified media 3.2 Specific terms 3.2.1 air compressor compressor intended for compression of air, nitrogen or inert gases 3.2.2 compressor assembly assembly of compressor units and ancillary equipment to provide a compression facility that functions as an integrated whole NOTE
The limits of the assembly are as defined by the manufacturer. 3.2.3
portable and skid mounted compressor
3.2.3.1 portable compressor unit compressor unit which is wheel-mounted and can be towed on- and off-site 3.2.3.2 skid-mounted compressor unit compressor unit which is mounted on skids and which can be towed short distances on-site or transported 3.2.3.3 gross mass maximum specified mass of a skid-mounted or portable compressor unit (including tools, equipment and fuel) NOTE Tools and equipment includes for example concrete breakers, picks and hoses likely to be carried for a typical working application. 3.2.4 process compressor compressor intended for compression of all gases other than air, nitrogen or inert gases 3.2.5 water-injected compressor compressor design in which the compressed media and the water are mixed 4 List of significant hazards Hazard analysis and risk assessment To provide the suitable level of safety taking into consideration the design, guarding and the provision of information, the appropriate risk assessment procedure shall be adopted in accordance with the principles identified in EN ISO 12100-1, EN ISO 12100-2 and EN ISO 14121-1. Hazards listed in Table 1 are related to all compressors/compressor units within the scope of this standard. SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 9 Table 1 — Hazard listing No. Hazard type Reference to safety requirement
By design or guarding Information for use1 Mechanical hazards due to:
1.1 Machine parts or work-pieces, e.g.:
a) shape;
5.10.1
b) mass and stability (potential energy of elements which maymove under the effect of gravity);
7.3.2 a) & d), 7.5.4.1
c) mass and velocity (kinetic energy of elements in controlled oruncontrolled motion);
7.3.2 a)
d) inadequacy of mechanical strength;
1) accumulation of energy inside the machinery 5.10.1
e) liquids and gases under pressure 5.10.1., 5.11.1, 5.11.2, 5.12 7.2.1.4 c), d) & g), 7.2.2 m) 1.2
Cutting or severing hazard friction or abrasion hazard 5.2.1.1 7.2.1.4 n), 7.2.2 a) 1.3 Drawing-in or trapping hazard
5.2.1.2 7.3.3 1.4 Impact hazard stabbing or puncture hazard
7.2.1.4 o) 1.5
High pressure fluid injection or ejection hazard
5.2.2 7.2.1.4 o) 2
Electrical hazards due to:
2.1
Contact of persons with live parts (direct contact)
7.2.1.3.2, 7.4.2 2.2
Contact of persons with parts which have become live under faultyconditions (indirect contact)
7.4.2 2.3 Lack of isolation of energy source
7.2.1.3.2 2.4
Electrostatic phenomena
5.8.1
3
Thermal hazards, resulting in:
3.1 Burns, scalds and other injuries by a possible contact of personswith objects or materials with an extreme high or low temperature,by flames or explosions and also by the radiation of heat sources 5.5 7.2.1.4 k). 7.2.2 d) 4 Hazards generated by noise, resulting in:
4.1 Hearing loss (deafness), other physiological disorders (e.g. loss ofbalance, loss of awareness) 5.6 7.2.2 a), 7.5.1, 7.6.2 5 Hazards generated by materials and substances (and theirconstituent elements) processed or used by the machinery
5.1
Hazards from contact with or inhalation of harmful fluids, gases,mists, fumes, and dusts 5.2.2, 5.7.2, 5.10.1 7.2.2 e), 7.3.2 e), f) 5.2
Fire or explosion hazard
5.8 7.2.1.4 j), m), 7.2.2 f) 5.3
Biological or microbiological (viral or bacterial) hazards 5.7.1 7.2.2 i) 6 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles inmachinery design as, e.g. hazards from:
SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 10 Table 1 (continued) No. Hazard type Reference to safety requirement
By design or guarding Information for use6.1
Inadequate design, location or identification of manual controls 5.9
7 Unexpected start-up, unexpected over-run/over-speed (or any similar malfunction) from:
7.1
Failure/disorder of the control system
7.2.2 b) 7.2
External influences on electrical equipment
5.4.5
8 Failure of the power supply
7.2.1.3.1 9 Failure of the control circuit
5.4 7.2.2 b) 10 Errors of fitting
11 Break-up during operation
5.10, 5.11.1 7.2.1.4 i) 12 Falling or ejected objects or fluids
7.3.2 b), h) 13 Loss of stability / overturning of machinery 5.2.3 7.2.2 l) 14 Slip, trip and fall of persons (related to machinery) 5.2.4 7.4.2 Additional hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events due to mobility
15 Linked to the work position (including driving station) on the machine
15.1
Exhaust gases/lack of oxygen at the work position
7.2.2 e) & h), 7.3.2, e) & f) 15.2
Noise at the operator's position
6.2.1, 7.6 16 From handling the machine (lack of stability) 5.9.2 b) & c) 7.3.2 d) 17 Due to the power source and to the transmission of power
17.1
Hazards from the engine and the batteries
5.3.2
17.2
Hazards from coupling and towing
5.9.2 b), 5.9.3 7.3.2 a), g) 18 From/to third persons
18.1
Lack or inadequacy of visual or acoustic warning means
7.5 19 Insufficient instructions for the driver/operator
7.3.2 20 Unhealthy postures or excessive effort
5.9.3
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures 5.1 General Machinery shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause. In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100 (all parts) for relevant but not significant hazards, which are not dealt with by this document. When choices are necessary for the application of type B standards referred to in this European Standard, i.e. listed in Clause 2, the manufacturer shall carry out an appropriate risk assessment for making these choices. The measures adopted to comply with the requirements of this clause shall take account of the state-of-the-art when more effective technical means become available. SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 11 5.2 Mechanical safety 5.2.1 Guards 5.2.1.1 General When fixed guards have to be removed for periodic maintenance or repair their fixing systems shall remain attached to the guard or machinery when the guards are removed. 5.2.1.2 Cutting and severing, friction and abrasion All moving parts shall be enclosed within the permanent compressor casing or compressor unit cover, enclosure or canopy. When this is not possible, separate guards shall be provided to prevent contact with all rotating and reciprocating parts to minimize the risk of cutting and severing, friction and abrasion to personnel in accordance with Clause 5 of EN 953:1997+A1:2009 and EN ISO 13857 for safety distances. 5.2.1.3 Bodily contact Guards shall be sufficiently rigid so as not to deflect excessively as a result of bodily contact. Such deflections shall not result in contact with moving parts, or that the deflection should not result in permanent deformation of the guard. The provisions for rigidity of guards shall be in accordance with 5.5.3 of EN 953:1997+A1:2009. 5.2.1.4 Ejection of parts Moving parts shall be designed and mounted in such a way that in all foreseeable modes of operation the risk of ejection of parts is minimised. Where the risk assessment identifies a remaining risk of ejection, e.g. a drive belt from a belt driven compressor, then the impact resistance for guarding shall be in accordance with 5.5.2 of EN 953:1997+A1:2009. 5.2.1.5 Entry to inlet ducts and enclosures Atmospheric inlets and inspection openings in inlets shall be provided with protective devices, so that persons cannot be drawn in or danger zones reached when the compressor is running. For this purpose, any openings shall comply with Table 4 of EN ISO 13857:2008 for upper limbs and Table 7 of EN ISO 13857:2008 for lower limbs, when applicable. Openings giving access to moving parts creating a risk of trapping or shearing shall be prevented by either: total enclosure with an interlocked means of access, e.g. door, cover, etc. such that the compressor is shut down when the access is opened and cannot be started until the access is closed; or total enclosure without interlock when access to moving parts, e.g. fan belts, barring gear, timing marks, etc., shall be prevented by local guarding; or without total enclosure when access to moving parts, e.g. fan belts, barring gear, timing marks, etc., shall be prevented by local guarding. Where service, maintenance or inspection activities require access within the enclosure doors whilst the compressor is still operational, consideration shall be given to the additional hazards created and the measures taken shall be in accordance with 5.2.4 of EN ISO 12100-2:2003. The provisions of 7.3.3 shall also be applied. Where whole body access is required to inlet ducts and enclosures for service, maintenance or inspection the provisions of EN 547-1 shall be followed when determining the minimum dimensions of openings for such whole body access. Where whole body access is required to inlet ducts for service, maintenance or inspection, a guard shall be fitted to prevent unauthorised access. The guard shall be: SIST EN 1012-1:2010
EN 1012-1:2010 (E) 12 interlocked such that when the guard is opened the compressor is shutdown and cannot be restarted until the guard is closed; and unintentional closure of the guard is prevented by the use of a trapped key interlock or a padlock where the only key for the trapped key or the padlock is retained by the person entering the inlet duct. Where it is foreseeable that the compressor will remain operational during whole body access to the inlet duct for service, maintenance or inspection, the design of the inlet duct shall be such that the air flow at the entrance to the inlet duct shall be ≤ 2,5m/s2 and in addition a protective grid shall be installed inside the duct to prevent personnel being drawn into the compressor.
A safe system of work shall also be identified in accordance with 7.4.1. 5.2.2 Fluid injection The risk of fluid (gas or liquid) injection into the human body shall be minimized by: designing and supporting integral pipework, hoses and auxiliaries to withstand vibration, thermal expansion and their own mass, foreseeable external forces, influence of contaminants and external chemical substances; ensuring that all piping which is in a position likely to be damaged is protected, robust and sufficiently supported, but shall be free to move with changing temperature; ensuring that the design of oil/coolant filler plugs does not allow the dangerous release of fluid, e.g. by means of preventing the removal of the filler plug under pressure or an effective warning system; the design and location of pressure vents and drains, shall take account of the velocity of air, gas, vapour or liquid likely to be discharged.
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 1012-1:2007
01-april-2007
.RPSUHVRUMLLQYDNXXPVNHþUSDONH9DUQRVWQH]DKWHYHGHO .RPSUHVRUML]D
]UDN
Compressors and vacuum pumps - Safety requirements - Part 1: Air compressors
Compresseurs et pompes a vide - Prescriptions de sécurité - Partie 1 : Compresseurs
d'air
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1012-1
ICS:
23.080 ýUSDONH Pumps
23.140 .RPSUHVRUMLLQSQHYPDWLþQL Compressors and pneumatic
VWURML machines
23.160 Vakumska tehnologija Vacuum technology
oSIST prEN 1012-1:2007 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 1012-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2006
ICS 23.080; 23.140; 23.160 Will supersede EN 1012-1:1996
English Version
Compressors and vacuum pumps - Safety requirements - Part 1:
Air compressors
Compresseurs et pompes à vide - Prescriptions de sécurité
- Partie 1 : Compresseurs d'air
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 232.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1012-1:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.4
Introduction .5
1 Scope.6
2 Normative references.6
3 Terms and definitions .8
3.1 General terms.8
3.2 Specific terms.9
4 Summary of safety requirements and measures .10
4.1 Hazard analysis and risk assessment .10
5 Safety requirements and measures.12
5.1 Mechanical safety.12
5.1.1 Cutting, severing, drawing in, trapping, entanglement, friction and abrasion .12
5.1.2 Fluid injection.12
5.1.3 Ejection of parts.13
5.1.4 Portable compressors.13
5.1.5 Loss of stability.13
5.1.6 Slip, trip and fall.13
5.2 Electrical safety.13
5.2.1 Electrical installation.13
5.2.2 Electrostatic phenomena.14
5.2.3 External influences on electrical equipment .14
5.3 Thermal safety.14
5.4 Noise.15
5.4.1 Generally applicable.15
5.4.2 Portable and skid mounted compressors intended for outdoor use.15
5.5 Materials and substances processed, used or exhausted.15
5.5.1 Liquid shock.15
5.5.2 Gases and substances processed.15
5.5.3 Fire and explosion.16
5.5.4 Micro-organisms, biological and microbiological substances.17
5.6 Ergonomic principles.18
5.6.1 Generally applicable.18
5.6.2 Portable and skid-mounted compressors.18
5.7 Failure of energy supply, breaking down of machinery parts and other functional
disorders.18
5.7.1 Failure of energy supply .18
5.7.2 Breaking down of machinery parts.19
5.7.3 Errors of fitting.20
5.8 Safety related measures and means.20
5.8.1 Safety systems to monitor and control the compressor.20
5.8.2 Guards.20
5.8.3 Pressure relief devices.20
5.8.4 Installation of pressure relief devices .21
5.8.5 Design specifications of pressure relief devices .22
5.8.6 Information and warning devices.22
5.8.7 Emergency stops.22
6 Markings, signs, written warnings.22
6.1 Generally applicable.22
2
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
6.2 Data plate.22
6.2.1 Generally applicable.22
6.2.2 Electrically driven.23
6.2.3 Portable and skid-mounted air compressors.23
6.3 Signs and warnings.23
6.3.1 Generally applicable.23
6.3.2 Compressor enclosures.23
6.3.3 Portable and skid-mounted air compressors.23
7 Instructions for use .24
7.1 Generally applicable.24
7.2 Instruction Manual.24
7.2.1 Data plate information.24
7.2.2 Drawings, diagrams, instructions and information on:.24
7.2.3 Information affecting the application .25
7.2.4 Information relating to operation.25
7.2.5 Decommissioning.26
7.2.6 Noise.26
7.2.7 Training.26
7.2.8 Instructions for specific types of compressors .26
7.3 Service Manual.27
8 Verification.28
Annex A (informative) Labels, signs and tags .29
Annex B (informative) Measure to ensure a safety function while testing a safety device (Example).34
B.1 Trip Override Switches .34
B.2 Monitoring.34
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 89/392/EEC Safety of machinery.35
Bibliography.36
3
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 1012-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 232 “Compressors -
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 1012-1:1996.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, B, C or D, which is an integral part of this
document.
The responsibility of CEN/TC 232 includes coordination of safety standards with CEN/TC 182, Refrigerating
systems, safety and environmental requirements, and CEN/TC 234, Gas supply.
Annexes A, B and ZA to this European Standard are informative.
The standard is divided in three parts:
- EN 1012-1 Air compressors and compressed air systems
- EN 1012-2 Vacuum pumps
- EN 1012-3 Process compressors
PN18 Process committee WG producing EN 1012-3 seek advice and ask for a period of overlap between the
replacement of the current EN 1012-1 and the revised version and the new part EN 1012-3.
This is to ensure that those compressor manufacturers using the current Part 1 as presumption of conformity
with the Machines Directive are able to convert to Part 3 and retain the presumption of conformity for the
Machines Directive during the changeover.
4
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
Introduction
This document is a type C standard as stated in EN 1070.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are
indicated in the scope of this document.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A and B standards,
the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards for
machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
This standard when published in 1996 applied to all types of compressors. It has now been decided to move
all aspects related to process compressors into a new part of the EN 1012 series. It was considered a
practical move so that if there were provisions that were laid down for compressors covered by CEN TC12 or
ISO TC67 then any revision or amendments could be done to the process compressor part without affecting
the provisions laid down for air compressors covered by this part of EN 1012.
5
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
1 Scope
RATIONALISE WITH DEFINITIONS FOR COMPRESSOR ETC
This Part of EN 1012 is applicable to compressors having an operating pressure greater than 0,5 bar and
designed to utilise air, nitrogen or inert gases. The standard lists the significant hazards associated with
compressors and specifies safety requirements applicable to the design, installation, operation, maintenance
and dismantling of compressors during their foreseeable lifetime and subsequent disposal.
This part of EN 1012 includes under the general term compressors those machines which comprise;
— the compressor itself including its pressure vessels, coolers etc;
— a prime mover;
— any component or device supplied which is necessary for safe operation of the compressor.
In addition it applies to partly completed compressors having a compressor in combination with some of these
components as well as compressor assemblies operating in combination.
This part covers the general requirements relating to process gas compressors and for specific requirements
then EN 1012-3 applies.
This part of EN 1012 is not applicable to compressors which are manufactured before the date of publication
of this document by CEN.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 294, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent danger zones to be reached by the upper limbs
EN 349, Minimum distances to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
EN 418, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop equipment — Functional aspects
EN 563, Temperatures of touchable surfaces — Ergonomic data to establish temperature limit values for hot
surfaces
EN 614-1, Safety of machinery. Ergonomic design principles. Terminology and general principles
EN 626, Safety of machinery — Principles for machinery manufacturers on the reduction of risk to health from
hazardous substances emitted by machinery
EN 837-1, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges —Dimensions, metrology, requirements
and testing
EN 953:1997, Safety of machinery — Guarding of machinery — Fixed and movable
6
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
EN 1127-1, Safety of machinery - Fires and explosions — Part 1: Explosion prevention and protection
EN ISO 2151, Compressors and Vacuum Noise test code – Engineering Method (Grade 2)
EN ISO 3457:2003, Earth~-moving machinery — Guards and shields — Definitions and specifications
EN ISO 4126-1, Safety valves — Part 1: General requirements
EN ISO 11201, Acoustics -- Noise emitted by machinery and equipment -- Measurement of emission sound
pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions -- Engineering method in an essentially free
field over a reflecting plane
EN 11203:1995, Acoustics -- Noise emitted by machinery and equipment. Determination of emission sound
pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions from the sound power level
EN ISO 11688-1:1998, Acoustics. Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and
equipment. Planning
EN ISO/TR 11688-2:2001, Acoustics. Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and
equipment. Introduction to the physics of low-noise design
EN 12021:1999, Respiratory protective devices. Compressed air for breathing apparatus
EN 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery. Basic concepts, general principles for design. Basic terminology,
methodology
EN 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery. Basic concepts, general principles for design. Technical principles
EN 13309:2000, Construction machinery. Electromagnetic compatibility of machines with internal electrical
power supply
EN 13861:2002, Safety of machinery. Guidance for the application of ergonomics standards in the design of
machinery
EN 15667:2000, Acoustics. Guidelines for noise control by enclosures and cabins
EN 61310-1:1995, Safety of machinery - Indication, marking and actuation - Part 1: Requirements for visual,
auditory and tactile signals
EN 61310-2:1995, Safety of machinery. Indication, marking and actuation. Requirements for marking
ISO 3857-Part 1:1977, Glossary of terms for compressors, pneumatic tools and machines. General
ISO 3857-Part 2:1977, Glossary of terms for compressors, pneumatic tools and machines. Compressors
ISO 14119:1998, Safety of machinery -- Interlocking devices associated with guards -- Principles for design
and selection
ISO 14163:1998, Acoustics -- Guidelines for noise control by silencers
EN 60417-2:1999, Graphical symbols for use on equipment. Symbol originals
EN 61000-6-4:2001, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission standard for industrial
environments
EN 61000-6-2:1999, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Immunity for industrial
environments
7
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the definitions given in EN ISO 12100-1 apply. Definitions specifically
needed for compressors are listed below and in the standard ISO 3857-1 and ISO 3857-2:
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
compressor
device which compresses air, gases or vapours to a pressure higher than the inlet.
3.1.2
compressor unit
comprises the compressor, drive system and ancillary equipment integrated for a specific application.
3.1.3
hazard
potential source of injury or damage to health
3.1.4
inert gases
chemically inactive gas which retains this characteristic even at elevated pressures.
3.1.5
pressure
pressure in this standard means effective (gauge) pressure unless otherwise stated.
NOTE The unit bar for pressure is used. 1 bar = 100 kPa.
3.1.6
liquid shock
the excessive force resulting from an attempt to compress incompressible media
3.1.7
maximum allowable working pressure
maximum pressure for which the compressor(s) or compressor assembly is designed, as specified by the
manufacturer.
3.1.8
maximum allowable working temperature
maximum operating temperature, as specified by the manufacturer.
3.1.9
nominal discharge pressure
pressure at the outlet of the compressor, as specified by the manufacturer.
3.1.10
normal operating conditions
considered to be when the compressor is properly maintained and operated within admissible limits in
particular ambient temperature, as specified by the manufacturer compressing the specified media.
3.1.11
tripping
automatic stopping of a compressor initiated by limiting device.
8
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
3.2 Specific terms
3.2.1
air compressor
compressor intended for compression of air, nitrogen or inert gases
3.2.2
compressor assembly
assembly of compressor unit(s) and ancillary equipment integrated for a specific application. The limits of the
assembly are as defined by the manufacturer.
3.2.3
oil-free air compressor
compressor design in which the compressed air does not come in contact with oil
3.2.4
oil-lubricated air compressor
compressor design in which the compressed air may come in contact with oil but excluding oil-flooded air
compressors
3.2.5
oil-flooded air compressor
compressor design in which the compressed air and the oil are mixed.
3.2.6
high pressure compressor
compressor for maximum allowable working pressures above 50 bar.
3.2.7 Portable compressor
3.2.7.1
portable compressor
compressor unit which is wheel mounted and can be towed
3.2.7.2
gross mass
maximum specified mass of the portable compressor including tools, equipment and fuel
3.2.8
skid-mounted compressor
compressor unit which is mounted on skids and which can be towed short distances or transported.
3.2.9
water-injected compressor
compressor design in which the compressed air and the water are mixed.
9
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
4 Summary of safety requirements and measures
4.1 Hazard analysis and risk assessment
To provide the suitable level of safety taking into consideration the design, guarding and the provision of
information the appropriate risk assessment procedure shall be adopted in accordance with the principles
identified in EN ISO 12100-1, EN ISO 12100-2 and EN 1050 (ISO 14121).
Hazards listed in Table 1 are related to all compressors within the scope of this standard. Indication of the
type of verification adopted to establish that the identified hazard has been reduced to the lowest acceptable
risk is given in the Table 1.
Table 1 — Hazard listing
Reference to clauses of
Safety Reference
this standard covering
Safety Visual Function
integration Measurement to other
safety integration
requirement check check
principle standards
Design Guard Warn
Safety Ergonomics 5.6 7.2.3, EN 614-1
X X
integration 7.2.4
EN 13861
Safety system 5.6, 5.8.2 5.6.1, EN 953
5.8.1 5.8.1.1,
EN 418
6.3.2,
th
7.3 8
IEC 60417-2
Controls
indent
Emergency stop 5.8.7 EN 418
X X
EN 61310-1
Cutting, severing, 5.1.1, 6.3.1, EN294
drawing in, 5.8.2 7.2.8.1
EN 349
trapping, b), c)
entanglement,
EN 953
x X x
friction and
EN ISO
abrasion
14119
Mechanical
hazards
Ejection of parts 5.1.3,
X X
8.1
Stability 5.1.4 7.2.8.1 EN ISO
X x
d) 12100-2
Guards X X 5.8.2 EN 953
continued
10
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
Fluid injection X X 5.1.2, 8.1 7.2.8.1 b), c)
Electrical safety 5.2 5.2.2 EN 60204-1
electrostatic
X x
ISO 3457
phenomena
External 5.2.3 EN 61000-6-4
influences on
EN 61000-6-2
electrical
equipment
EN 13309
Thermal safety x x 5.3 5.3 5.3 EN 563
Noise 5.4 7.2.4 g)
EN ISO 15667,
7.2.6 ISO 14163, ISO
11688-1
Other x
ISO/TR11668-2
hazards
EN ISO 2151
EN ISO 11203
Gases and 5.5.2 7.2.4 i), j) EN 12021
substances x
processed
Fire and 5.5.3 7.2.3
x
explosion
Biological and 5.5.4 5.5.4.3
microbiological X
substances
Energy supply x X 5.7.1 7.2.3
Errors of fitting x X 5.7.3 5.7.3
5.7.2, 5.7.2.3
5.7.2.3 c),
nd
Breaking down x X a) 2 indent,
7.2.8.1
5.7.2.3 b
Liquid shock x X 5.5.1 5.5.1 5.5.1
Pressure relief 5.8.3 5.8.3, 5.8.3.1 EN ISO 4126-
devices x X x 5.8.4, 1
5.8.5
5.8.5
Maintenance Slip, trip, fall 5.1.5 7.2.8.2 EN ISO
x
12100-2
Indicators Warning device, 5.8.6, 6.3 EN 837-1
safety signs and x X
tags
11
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prEN 1012-1:2006 (E)
5 Safety requirements and measures
5.1 Mechanical safety
5.1.1 Cutting, severing, drawing in, trapping, entanglement, friction and abrasion
Guards to protect against contact with moving parts shall be installed, to minimize the hazards of cutting and
severing, friction and abrasion. For specification of guards see EN953 (ISO 14120) and EN 294.
Atmospheric inlets and inspection openings on inlets shall be provided with protective devices, so that
persons or foreign matter cannot be drawn in. See EN294, EN349 and EN953.
For fans and enclosure doors, consideration should be given to maintenance activities which may create
additional hazards where guarding is not possible then instructions should be given either on the machine or
in the instruction book. For further information see clause 5.2.3 of EN 953:1997.
Openings, in air compression inlet ducts, intended for internal inspection and maintenance by people
completely inside the ducts shall be provided with interlocking devices or systems to prevent starting whilst
openings are not fully and properly closed. The doors shall be lockable in the open position unless a fire
extinguishing system is installed. (See ISO 14119)
5.1.2 Fluid injection
The hazard of fluid injection into the human body shall be minimized by;
designing all auxiliaries which come within the scope of pressure equipment codes, e.g. coolers, hoses,
pipes, separators, silencers and traps in accordance with the applicable codes;
components and assemblies should be designed for adequate strength taking into consideration the
maximum allowable working pressure, cyclic load and temperature;
fluid containment aspects shall be verified in accordance with clause 8;
designing and supporting integral pipework, hoses and auxiliaries to withstand vibration, thermal
expansion and their own mass, foreseeable external forces, influence of contaminants and external
chemical substances;
ensuring that all piping which is in a position likely to be damaged is protected, robust and sufficiently
supported;
taking measures to prevent damage from freezing during off-load or non-operational periods. Providing
drainage facilities to ensure that liquid can be removed from piping and accessories such as water jackets,
coolers, pulsation dampers and air recei
...
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