SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
(Main)Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Electroplated coatings of cadmium with supplementary treatments on iron or steel (ISO 2082:2008)
Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Electroplated coatings of cadmium with supplementary treatments on iron or steel (ISO 2082:2008)
This International Standard specifies the requirements of electroplated coatings of cadmium with supplementary treatments on iron and steel. It includes information that is to be supplied by the purchaser to the electroplater, and describes coating requirements, including those for heat treatment before and after electroplating. It is not applicable to coatings applied
- to sheet, strip or wire in the non-fabricated form,
- to close-coiled springs, or
- for purposes other than protective, intrinsic lubricity, ductility, electrical conductivity and low contact resistance use. This International Standard does not specify requirements for the surface condition of the basis metal prior to electrodeposition with cadmium. The coating thickness that can be applied to threaded components can be limited by dimensional requirements, including class or fit.
Metallische Überzüge - Galvanische Cadmiumüberzüge auf Eisenwerkstoffen mit zusätzlicher Behandlung (ISO 2082:2008)
Diese Internationale Norm legt Anforderungen an galvanisch abgeschiedene Cadmiumüberzüge auf
Eisenwerkstoffen mit zusätzlicher Behandlung fest. Sie enthält Informationen, die der Auftraggeber dem
galvanischen Betrieb geben muss, und sie beschreibt Anforderungen an den Überzug sowie Anforderungen
an die Wärmebehandlung vor und nach der galvanischen Metallabscheidung.
Sie gilt nicht für Überzüge
⎯ auf Blechen, Bändern oder Draht in unbearbeiteter Form,
⎯ auf engspiraligen Federn oder
⎯ für andere Zwecke als zum Korrosionsschutz und für Anwendungen, die eine hohe Schmierfähigkeit,
Duktilität, elektrische Leitfähigkeit und einen geringen Kontaktwiderstand erfordern.
Diese Internationale Norm legt keine Anforderungen an die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit des Grundmetalls vor
der galvanischen Cadmiumabscheidung fest.
Die auf Verbindungselemente mit Gewinde aufzubringende Schichtdicke kann durch Abmessungsanforderungen,
wie Klasse oder Passung, begrenzt sein.
Revêtements métalliques et autres revêtements inorganiques - Dépôts électrolytiques de cadmium avec traitements supplémentaires sur fer ou acier (ISO 2082:2008)
L'ISO 2082:2008 spécifie les exigences relatives aux dépôts électrolytiques de cadmium accompagnés de traitements supplémentaires sur fer et acier. Elle inclut les informations à fournir par l'acheteur à l'électroplaste ainsi que les exigences relatives au traitement thermique avant et après dépôt électrolytique.
Elle n'est pas applicable aux revêtements appliqués
sur tôles, feuillards ou fils à l'état non façonné,
sur des ressorts à spirales serrées, ou
à des fins autres que la protection, l'aptitude intrinsèque à la lubrification, la ductilité, la conductivité électrique et la faible résistance de contact.
L'ISO 2082:2008 ne spécifie pas d'exigences portant sur l'état de surface du métal de base avant dépôt électrolytique au cadmium.
L'épaisseur du revêtement susceptible d'être appliqué sur les pièces filetées peut être limitée par des exigences dimensionnelles, y compris la classe ou l'ajustement.
Kovinske in druge anorganske prevleke - Galvanske prevleke kadmija z dodatno obdelavo na železu in jeklu (ISO 2082:2008)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
01-april-2009
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 12330:2000
Kovinske in druge anorganske prevleke - Galvanske prevleke kadmija z dodatno
obdelavo na železu in jeklu (ISO 2082:2008)
Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Electroplated coatings of cadmium with
supplementary treatments on iron or steel (ISO 2082:2008)
Metallische Überzüge - Galvanische Cadmiumüberzüge auf Eisenwerkstoffen mit
zusätzlicher Behandlung (ISO 2082:2008)
Revêtements métalliques et autres revêtements inorganiques - Dépôts électrolytiques de
cadmium avec traitements supplémentaires sur fer ou acier (ISO 2082:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 2082:2008
ICS:
25.220.40 Kovinske prevleke Metallic coatings
SIST EN ISO 2082:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 2082
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2008
ICS 25.220.40 Supersedes EN 12330:2000
English Version
Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Electroplated coatings of
cadmium with supplementary treatments on iron or steel (ISO
2082:2008)
Revêtements métalliques et autres revêtements Metallische Überzüge - Galvanische Cadmiumüberzüge auf
inorganiques - Dépôts électrolytiques de cadmium avec Eisenwerkstoffen mit zusätzlicher Behandlung (ISO
traitements supplémentaires sur fer ou acier (ISO 2082:2008)
2082:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 December 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 2082:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
EN ISO 2082:2008 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Annex ZA (informative) A–deviations.4
2
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
EN ISO 2082:2008 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 2082:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107 "Metallic and
other inorganic coatings" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 "Metallic and other inorganic
coatings", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by June 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 12330:2000.
WARNING — Because of regulations, the alteration of which is for the time being outside the
competence of the CEN members, this European Standard contains an A-deviation as detailed in
Annex ZA (informative).
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 2082:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 2082:2008 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
EN ISO 2082:2008 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
A–deviations
A-deviation: National deviation due to regulations, the alteration of which is for the time being outside the
competence of the CEN/ CENELEC member.
This European Standard does not fall under any Directive of the EU. In the relevant CEN/CENELEC countries
these A-deviations are valid instead of the provisions of the European Standard until they have been removed.
Clause Deviation
General Germany (Gefahrstoffverordnung; Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung)
In Germany, the Gefahrstoffverordnung and the Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung are
applicable and cadmium electroplating is permitted only for special purposes, for which
special standards exist.
4
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2082
Third edition
2008-12-15
Metallic and other inorganic coatings —
Electroplated coatings of cadmium with
supplementary treatments on iron or
steel
Revêtements métalliques et autres revêtements inorganiques — Dépôts
électrolytiques de cadmium avec traitements supplémentaires sur fer ou
acier
Reference number
ISO 2082:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols. 3
3.1 Terms and definitions. 3
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
3.3 Symbols . 3
4 Information to be supplied by the purchaser to the electroplater. 3
4.1 Essential information . 3
4.2 Additional information. 4
5 Designation . 4
5.1 General. 4
5.2 Designation specification . 4
5.3 Designation of heat treatment requirements . 5
5.4 Examples . 5
6 Requirements . 5
6.1 Appearance . 5
6.2 Thickness . 6
6.3 Conversion coatings and other supplementary treatments. 6
6.4 Adhesion of cadmium and chromate coatings. 6
6.5 Accelerated corrosion testing . 7
6.6 Stress relief heat treatment before cleaning and metal deposition . 8
6.7 Hydrogen-embrittlement-relief heat treatment after electroplating. 8
7 Sampling. 9
Annex A (normative) Designation of chromate conversion coatings
and other supplementary treatments . 10
Annex B (normative) Measurement of average thickness of coating on small articles . 12
Annex C (informative) Additional information on corrosion resistance, rinsing and drying,
processing parts in bulk and dyeing of chromate conversion coatings . 13
Bibliography . 15
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2082 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings,
Subcommittee SC 3, Electrodeposited coatings and related finishes.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 2082:1986), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
Introduction
Electrodeposits of cadmium are used to protect iron and steel from corrosion. Cadmium is anodic and
corrodes sacrificially, thus protecting ferrous basis metals even when exposed through pores or pits in the
cadmium. Electrodeposited cadmium coatings have traditionally been applied to iron or steel from alkaline
cyanide solutions, but in recent years, environmental concerns and regulations have led to increased use of
acid sulphate, neutral chloride and acid fluoborate cadmium solutions.
Because the appearance and serviceability of electroplated cadmium coatings are influenced by the surface
condition of the basis metal, agreement should be reached between the interested parties that the surface of
the basis metal is satisfactory for electroplating.
Cadmium is highly toxic and health, safety and environmental concerns are eliminating its non-essential uses.
There remain, nevertheless, critical applications, often aerospace-related, where the unique properties of
electrodeposited cadmium coatings, for example, their corrosion resistance, intrinsic lubricity, ductility,
electrical conductivity and low contact resistance, make continued use of cadmium coatings necessary.
The corrosion resistance of electroplated cadmium coatings and their tendency to tarnish when handled can
be improved by applying chromate conversion and other supplementary coatings.
Chemical conversion coatings that do not contain hexavalent chromium are commercially available and their
use is becoming more and more popular. The appearance of these substitutes may be different from those
produced with hexavalent chromium. Other conversion coatings that are chromium-free are also available.
Substitutes are required to satisfy the corrosion requirements given in this International Standard.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2082:2008(E)
Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Electroplated coatings
of cadmium with supplementary treatments on iron or steel
DANGER — Cadmium vapour is highly toxic by inhalation. During heat treatment, all precautions
should be taken to ensure that no person is exposed to it. Attention is also drawn to the danger
arising from welding, soldering or heating and other operations, in which the possibility that cadmium
will be vaporised exists. Because of its toxicity, cadmium should not be employed as a coating for any
article that will come in contact with food or beverages or containers in contact with these items or
any household goods.
WARNING — This International Standard may not be compliant with some countries’ health, safety
and environmental legislations and calls for the use of substances and/or procedures that may be
injurious to health if adequate safety measures are not taken. This International Standard does not
address any health hazards, safety or environmental matters and legislations associated with its use.
It is the responsibility of the producers, purchasers and/or user of this International Standard to
establish appropriate health, safety and environmentally acceptable practices and take appropriate
actions to comply with any national, regional and/or international rules and regulations. Compliance
with this International Standard does not, of itself, confer immunity from legal obligations.
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements of electroplated coatings of cadmium with
supplementary treatments on iron and steel. It includes information that is to be supplied by the purchaser to
the electroplater, and describes coating requirements, including those for heat treatment before and after
electroplating.
It is not applicable to coatings applied
⎯ to sheet, strip or wire in the non-fabricated form,
⎯ to close-coiled springs, or
⎯ for purposes other than protective, intrinsic lubricity, ductility, electrical conductivity and low contact
resistance use.
This International Standard does not specify requirements for the surface condition of the basis metal prior to
electrodeposition with cadmium.
The coating thickness that can be applied to threaded components can be limited by dimensional
requirements, including class or fit.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1463, Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Microscopical method
ISO 2064, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Definitions and conventions concerning the measurement
of thickness
ISO 2080, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Surface treatment, metallic and other inorganic coatings —
Vocabulary
ISO 2177, Metallic coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Coulometric method by anodic
dissolution
ISO 2178, Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates — Measurement of coating thickness — Magnetic
method
ISO 2819, Metallic coatings on metallic substrates — Electrodeposited and chemically deposited coatings —
Review of methods available for testing adhesion
ISO 3497, Metallic coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — X-ray spectrometric methods
ISO 3543, Metallic and non-metallic coatings — Measurement of thickness — Beta backscatter method
ISO 3613, Chromate conversion coatings on zinc, cadmium, aluminium-zinc alloys and zinc-aluminium
alloys — Test methods
ISO 3892, Conversion coatings on metallic materials — Determination of coating mass per unit area —
Gravimetric methods
ISO 4518, Metallic coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Profilometric method
ISO 4519, Electrodeposited metallic coatings and related finishes — Sampling procedures for inspection by
attributes
ISO 9587, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Pretreatment of iron or steel to reduce the risk of hydrogen
embrittlement
ISO 9588, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Post-coating treatments of iron or steel to reduce the risk
of hydrogen embrittlement
ISO 10289, Methods for corrosion testing of metallic and other inorganic coatings on metallic substrates —
Rating of test specimens and manufactured articles subjected to corrosion tests
ISO 10587, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Test for residual embrittlement in both metallic-coated
and uncoated externally-threaded articles and rods — Inclined wedge method
ISO 15724, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Electrochemical measurement of diffusible hydrogen in
steels — Barnacle electrode method
ASTM B117, Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2064 and ISO 2080 apply.
3.2 Abbreviated terms
C iridescent conversion coating
D opaque chromate conversion coating
ER hydrogen-embrittlement-relief heat treatment
NM non-metallic materials
PL plateable plastics materials
SR stress relief heat treatment
T2 organic sealant
3.3 Symbols
Cd chemical symbol for cadmium
Fe chemical symbol for iron
4 Information to be supplied by the purchaser to the electroplater
4.1 Essential information
The following information shall be supplied to the electroplater in writing, for example, in the contract or
purchase order or on engineering drawings:
a) the reference to this International Standard, ISO 2082, and the designation (see Clause 5);
b) the significant surface indicated, for example, by drawings or by the provision of suitably marked samples;
c) the nature, condition and finish of the basis metal if they are likely to affect the serviceability and/or the
appearance of the coating (see Clause 1);
d) the position on the surface for unavoidable defects, such as rack marks (see 6.1);
e) the finish required, for example, bright, dull or other finish, preferably accompanied by approved samples
of the finish (see 6.1);
f) the type of chromate conversion coating or supplementary treatment (see 6.3 and Annex A); chromate
conversion coatings shall only be omitted, and alternative conversion coatings and/or other
supplementary treatments (see Table A.2) or conformal coatings, such as lacquers, applied over the
chromate coating, at the specific request of the purchaser;
g) the requirements for thickness, adhesion and accelerated corrosion test requirements (see 6.2, 6.4, 6.5
and Annex B);
h) the tensile strength of parts and the requirements for heat treatment before and/or after electrodeposition
(see 6.6 and 6.7);
i) sampling methods, acceptance levels or any other inspection requirements if inspection is different from
that given in ISO 4519 (see Clause 7).
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
4.2 Additional information
The following additional information shall also be supplied to the electroplater:
a) any special requirements for, or restrictions on, preparation of the article to be coated (see Bibliography);
b) any other requirements, such as for articles of complex shape, an area for testing and rating.
5 Designation
5.1 General
The designation shall appear on engineering drawings, in the purchase order, in the contract or in the detailed
product specification. The designation specifies, in the following order, the basis metal, stress relief
requirements, the type and thickness of undercoats, if present, the thickness of the cadmium coating, heat
treatment requirements after electroplating, and the type of conversion coating and/or supplementary
treatment (see Bibliography).
5.2 Designation specification
The designation shall comprise the following:
a) the term “Electrodeposited coating”;
b) the reference to this International Standard, ISO 2082;
c) a hyphen;
d) the chemical symbol of the basis material, Fe, (iron or steel) followed by its standard designation;
e) a solidus (/);
f) the SR designation, if necessary, followed by a solidus;
g) the chemical symbol for cadmium, “Cd”;
h) a number indicating the minimum local thickness, in micrometres, of the cadmium coating followed by a
solidus;
i) the ER designation, if necessary, followed by a solidus;
j) if appropriate, codes indicating the type of chromate conversion coating (see Annex A), followed by a
solidus;
k) if appropriate, codes designating any supplementary treatments (see Annex A).
Solidi (/) shall be used to separate data fields in the designation corresponding to the different sequential
processing steps. Double separators or solidi indicate that a step in the process is either not required or has
been omitted (see ISO 27830).
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
If other supplementary treatments other than or in addition to chromate conversion coating are used, the
designation for a coating thickness of 25 µm of cadmium shall be
Fe/Cd25/X/Y
where
X represents one of the chromate conversion coating codes given in Table A.1;
Y represents one of the codes for other supplementary coatings given in Table A.2.
5.3 Designation of heat treatment requirements
The heat treatment requirements shall be designated as follows:
⎯ the letters SR for stress relief heat treatment prior to electroplating, and/or the letters ER for hydrogen-
embrittlement-relief heat treatment after electroplating;
⎯ in parentheses, the minimum temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius (°C);
⎯ the duration, expressed in hours (h), of the heat treatment.
For example, SR(210)1 designates stress relief heat treatment at 210 °C for 1 h.
5.4 Examples
The following are examples of coating designations.
EXAMPLE 1 Designation of an electrodeposited coating of 12 µm cadmium (Cd12) on iron or steel (Fe) which has had
an iridescent conversion coating (C) applied:
Electrodeposited coating ISO 2082 – Fe/Cd12/C
EXAMPLE 2 Designation of an electrodeposited coating of 25 µm cadmium (Cd25) on iron or steel (Fe) which is to be
heat-treated after electroplating for hydrogen embrittlement relief for 8 h at 190 °C, designated as ER(190)8, and has been
given a supplementary opaque chromate conversion coating (D) followed by a sealing treatment consisting of the
application of an organic sealant (T2):
Electrodeposited coating ISO 2082 – Fe/Cd25/ER(190)8/D/T2
EXAMPLE 3 Same as Example 2, but in addition the articles are heat-treated prior to electroplating for stress relief
purposes at 200 °C for a minimum of 3 h, designated as SR(200)3:
Electrodeposited coating ISO 2082 – Fe/SR(200)3/Cd25/ER(190)8/D/T2
6 Requirements
6.1 Appearance
Although this International Standard does not specify the condition, finish or surface roughness of the basis
material prior to electroplating, the appearance of electroplated coatings depends on the condition of the basis
material (see the Bibliography for surface preparation). The electroplated article on its significant surface shall
be free from clearly visible plating defects such as blisters, pits, roughness, cracks or non-plated areas other
than those arising from defects in the basis metal. On articles where a contact mark is unavoidable, its
position shall be the subject of agreement between the interested parties (see 4.1). The articles shall be clean
and free from damage.
Unless the purchaser specifies otherwise, the cadmium coating shall be bright. If necessary, a sample
showing the required finish shall be supplied or approved by the purchaser [see 4.1 e)].
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SIST EN ISO 2082:2009
ISO 2082:2008(E)
6.2 Thickness
The thickness of the cadmium coating specified in the designation shall be the minimum local thickness. The
minimum local thickness of the coating shall be measured at any point on the significant surface that can be
touched by a ball 20 mm in diameter, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser (see 4.1 and 4.2).
Methods for the measurement of the thickness of cadmium coatings on steel are specified in ISO 1463,
ISO 2177, ISO 2178, ISO 3497, ISO 3543 and ISO 4518.
In case of dispute, the method specified in ISO 2177 shall be used for articles having a significant surface
2 2
area greater than 100 mm . In the case of articles having a significant surface area less than 100 mm , the
minimum local thickness shall be deemed to be the minimum value of the average thickness determined by
the method specified in Annex B.
Prior to the use of the method specified in ISO 2177, it is necessary to remove the chromate or other
conversion coating using a very mild abrasive, for example, a paste of levigated alumina. In the case of heavy
conversion coatings, the results will, therefore, be slightly lower.
If the coatings are rough or matte, the microscopical (ISO 1463) and profilometric (ISO 4518) methods may
give unreliable results, and magnetic methods may give measurements which are somewhat greater than
those obtained on smooth coatings of the same mass per unit area.
Table 1 provides thickness require
...
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