SIST EN 16737:2016
(Main)Structural timber - Visual strength grading of tropical hardwood
Structural timber - Visual strength grading of tropical hardwood
This document specifies a method of strength grading tropical harwood visually for structural use. This method is only suitable for pieces of timber with rectangular cross'section that is constant along their length.
Bauholz für tragende Zwecke - Visuelle Sortierung von Tropenholz nach der Festigkeit
Diese Europäische Norm legt ein Verfahren zur visuellen Festigkeitssortierung von Tropenholz für tragende Zwecke fest. Die visuelle Festigkeitssortierung erfolgt durch sachkundige Personen oder durch Mitarbeiter eines Unternehmens, die unter strenger Aufsicht sachkundiger Personen arbeiten.
Die für eine visuelle Festigkeitsklasse zulässigen Grenzwerte der Eigenschaften werden festgelegt und als Sortierklasse „Tropenholz für tragende Zwecke“ („Structural Tropical Hardwood“ (STH)) bezeichnet.
Das Verfahren ist ausschließlich für Holzstücke mit einem über die gesamte Länge gleichbleibendem rechtwinkligen Querschnitt geeignet.
Die vorliegende Norm erfüllt die Anforderungen der EN 14081 1 an eine Norm zur visuellen Festigkeitssortierung.
Bois de structure - Classement virtuel des bois feuillus tropicaux de structure
La présente Norme européenne spécifie une méthode permettant de classer visuellement les bois feuillus tropicaux selon leur résistance en vue d'un usage structurel. Le classement visuel de structure est effectué soit par des personnes compétentes, soit par des personnes supervisées par des personnes compétentes au sein d'une entreprise.
Les limites admissibles des critères sont spécifiées pour une classe visuelle unique de résistance de bois feuillus tropicaux de structure appelée STH « Structural Tropical Hardwood »).
La méthode spécifiée n'est applicable qu'aux pièces de bois de section rectangulaire constante sur toute la longueur.
La présente norme satisfait aux exigences de l'EN 14081-1 concernant les normes de classement visuel de structure.
Konstrukcijski les - Vizualno razvrščanje tropskega lesa po trdnosti
Ta dokument določa metodo vizualnega razvrščanja tropskega lesa po trdnosti za uporabo pri konstrukcijah. Ta metoda je primerna samo za kose lesa s pravokotnim prečnim prerezom, ki je stalen po njihovi dolžini.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.VWLBauholz für tragende Zwecke - Visuelle Sortierung von Tropenholz nach der FestigkeitBois de structure - Classement virtuel des bois feuillus tropicaux de structureStructural timber - Visual strength grading of tropical hardwood79.040Les, hlodovina in žagan lesWood, sawlogs and sawn timberICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16737:2016SIST EN 16737:2016en,fr,de01-julij-2016SIST EN 16737:2016SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 16737:2016
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16737
May
t r s x ICS
y {ä r v r English Version
Structural timber æ Visual strength grading of tropical hardwood Bois de structure æ Classement visuel des bois feuillus tropicaux de structure
Bauholz für tragende Zwecke æ Visuelle Sortierung von Tropenholz nach der Festigkeit This European Standard was approved by CEN on
s { March
t r s xä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels
9
t r s x CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s x y u yã t r s x ESIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page
European foreword . 3 1 Scope . 4 2 Normative references . 4 3 Terms and definitions . 4 4 Strength graded timber. 6 4.1 Supervision of strength grading operations. 6 4.2 Sizes . 6 4.3 Processing of visually graded timber. 6 4.4 Moisture content . 6 5 Measurement of strength-reducing characteristics . 7 5.1 Knots . 7 5.1.1 General . 7 5.1.2 Knot size: requisite comparisons . 7 5.1.3 Pin knots . 10 5.2 Slope of grain . 10 5.3 Density . 11 5.4 Fissures . 11 5.5 Wane . 11 5.6 Distortion . 11 5.6.1 Bow and spring . 11 5.6.2 Twist . 11 5.7 Biological characteristics . 11 5.7.1 Fungal biodegradation . 11 5.7.2 Insect attack . 12 5.7.3 Marine borers . 12 5.8 Other defects and characteristics . 12 6 Limiting values of characteristics for STH grade . 13 7 Marking . 13 Annex A (informative)
Tropical hardwood species and their densities . 14
SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16737:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 124 “Timber structures”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This standard gives grading methods, definitions and criteria as required in EN 14081-1 for a visual strength grading standard. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method of strength grading tropical hardwood visually for structural use. The permissible limits of characteristics for a single visual strength grade of timber are specified, designated “Structural Tropical Hardwood” (STH) grade. The method is only suitable for pieces of timber with a rectangular cross-section that is constant along their lengths. Characteristics related to durability are not covered in this standard. For some end uses, additional requirements may be specified at the time of grading, e.g. sapwood exclusion. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 336, Structural timber - Sizes, permitted deviations EN 338, Structural timber - Strength classes EN 350-2, Durability of wood and wood-based products - Natural durability of solid wood - Part 2: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe EN 384, Structural timber - Determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density EN 844-3, Round and sawn timber - Terminology - Part 3: General terms relating to sawn timber EN 844-9, Round and sawn timber - Terminology - Part 9: Terms relating to features of sawn timber EN 844-10, Round and sawn timber - Terminology - Part 10: Terms relating to stain and fungal attack EN 844-12, Round and sawn timber - Terminology - Part 12: Additional terms and general index EN 1310:1997, Round and sawn timber - Method of measurement of features EN 1912, Structural Timber - Strength classes - Assignment of visual grades and species EN 13556, Round and sawn timber - Nomenclature of timbers used in Europe EN 14081-1, Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 1: General requirements 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 336, EN 844-3, EN 844-9, EN 844-10, EN 844-12 and EN 14081-1 and the nomenclature in EN 13556 and the following apply. 3.1 bark pocket bark that is partly or wholly enclosed in the wood SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 5 3.2 bore hole hole or tunnel in timber caused by insects 3.3 boxed heart pith that is present and not visible on any face or edge 3.4 brittleheart wood characterized by abnormal brittleness, mostly located in the heart 3.5 compression creases buckling of fibres across the grain as a consequence of excessive internal growth stresses or external forces 3.6 interlocked grain grain in which cells in succeeding growth periods incline alternately in opposite directions that are different from that of the axis of the tree 3.7 fissure longitudinal separation of the fibres 3.8 pinhole bore hole usually not more than 2 mm in diameter 3.9 pin knot round or oval knot, sound, intergrown or partially intergrown, with a maximum size of 5 mm 3.10 resin pocket lens-shaped cavity in timber containing, or that has contained, resin 3.11 resin canal longitudinal separation of the fibres containing resin appearing on a face or edge of the piece of timber 3.12 slope of grain divergence of the direction of the fibres from the longitudinal axis of the piece of timber 3.13 thickness lesser dimension perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the piece of timber Note 1 to entry: This is the size of the edge. SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 6 3.14 tropical hardwood wood of angiosperm trees of the botanical group dicotyledons whose natural distribution lies substantially South of the Tropic of Cancer and north of the Tropic of Capricorn Note 1 to entry: Unlike temperate hardwood, tropical hardwood is typically free of gross anatomical features that indicate the rate of growth, such as annual growth increments. 3.15 width greater dimension perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the piece of timber Note 1 to entry: This is the size of the face. 4 Strength graded timber 4.1 Supervision of strength grading operations As specified in EN 14081-1, visual strength grading operations shall be carried out by a competent person, or people working within a company under the close supervision of competent persons. 4.2 Sizes Timber graded to this standard shall conform to EN 336 with respect to its permissible deviations with the following exceptions: — the minimum thickness at the time of grading shall be 22 mm; — the minimum cross-sectional area at the time of grading shall be 2 200 mm2. 4.3 Processing of visually graded timber Visually graded timber shall no longer conform to this standard if its cross-section is reduced in size through subsequent processing by more than: a) 5 mm for dimensions 22
to 100 mm, or; b) 10 mm for dimensions > 100 mm. Where graded timber is reduced in cross section beyond the above limits, it shall be re-graded if it is to conform to this standard. Where graded timber is reduced in length, or a piece of graded timber is cross-cut into two or more pieces, each resulting piece may be assumed to conform to the permissible limits of characteristics in Table 1 of this standard. 4.4 Moisture content Dry graded timber shall have at the time it is graded for fissures and distortion a mean moisture content of 20 % or less with no individual measurement exceeding 24 %. NOTE The end use determines whether timber needs to be dry graded or not. If timber is not dry graded, it may be needed to check fissures and distortion also at the time of end use. SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 7 5 Measurement of strength-reducing characteristics 5.1 Knots 5.1.1 General The size of the knot shall be related to the width or thickness on the basis of linear values. Methods of measurements of knots are given in EN 1310. The “alternative method” shall be used, whereby the size of the knot is measured in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the piece of timber (Figure 1). Knots are accumulative if longitudinal separation between the edges of the knots is either less than twice the width or 300mm (whichever is the lesser), or when the grain has not fully recovered. 1
a)
b)
c) 2
d)
e)
f) Figure 1 — Measuring knot sizes 1 on faces and 2 on edges 5.1.2 Knot size: requisite comparisons For knots that are contained entirely within a single face or edge, the size of the knot shall be compared to the full size of the face or edge in which it appears (Figure 2). SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 8
X is related to the thickness t and Y is compared to the width w. Figure 2 — Measuring knot sizes For arris knots that are not elongated, the size of the knot on both the face and the edge shall be measured. The larger of the two sizes shall be compared to the thickness of the piece (Figure 3).
The greater of X and Y is compared to the thickness. Figure 3 — Measuring knot sizes For arris knots that appear on both faces and occupy the full size of an edge, or are elongated across at least 75 % of an edge, the size of the knot on both faces shall be measured. The larger of the two sizes shall be compared to the width of the piece (Figure 4). SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 9
Y is measured on both faces and the larger value is compared to the width. Figure 4 — Measuring knot sizes
For splay knots or branch knots that are elongated across a face, the size of the knot shall be measured on the edge and compared to the thickness of the piece (Figure 5).
X is compared to the thickness. Figure 5 — Measuring knot sizes For knot clusters, where no grain recovery is evident between adjacent knots, the knot size shall be measured on the surface on which the cluster is transversely cut. The size of the knot shall be the overall width of the knot cluster d, or the sum of the individual knot widths d1 d2 d3…dn, whichever is the lesser (Figure 6). SIST EN 16737:2016
EN 16737:2016 (E) 10
a) b) The size of the knot shall be lesser of d and d1+d2+d3.dn. Figure 6 — Measuring the size of a knot cluster
5.1.3 Pin knots Single pin knots may be ignored. Tightly grouped pin knots shall be treated as a single knot. 5.2 Slope of grain The method of measurement of slope of grain by use of a cranked scribe is given in EN 1310:1997, 4.4.1. The slope of grain shall be expressed as the number of units of length over which unit deviation occurs. The slope of grain s
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