SIST-TP ISO/TR 18532:2010
Guidance on the application of statistical methods to quality and to industrial standardization
Guidance on the application of statistical methods to quality and to industrial standardization
ISO/TR 18532:2009 describes a broad range of statistical methods applicable to the management, control and improvement of processes.
Lignes directrices pour l'application des méthodes statistiques à la qualité et à la normalisation industrielle
Napotek za uporabo statističnih metod na področju kakovosti in industrijske standardizacije
To tehnično poročilo opisuje širok razpon statističnih metod, ki se uporabljajo pri obvladovanju, kontroli in izboljšavi procesov.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2010
1DSRWHN]DXSRUDERVWDWLVWLþQLKPHWRGQDSRGURþMXNDNRYRVWLLQLQGXVWULMVNH
VWDQGDUGL]DFLMH
Guidance on the application of statistical methods to quality and to industrial
standardization
Lignes directrices pour l'application des méthodes statistiques à la qualité et à la
normalisation industrielle
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TR 18532:2009
ICS:
03.120.30 8SRUDEDVWDWLVWLþQLKPHWRG Application of statistical
methods
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 18532
First edition
2009-04-15
Guidance on the application of statistical
methods to quality and to industrial
standardization
Lignes directrices pour l'application des méthodes statistiques à la
qualité et à la normalisation industrielle
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .ix
Introduction.x
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Illustration of value and role of statistical method through examples .1
4.1 Statistical method.1
4.2 Example 1: Strength of wire .2
4.2.1 General.2
4.2.2 Overall test results and lower specification limit.2
4.2.3 Initial analysis.3
4.2.4 Preliminary investigation.3
4.2.5 General discussion on findings.6
4.2.6 Explanation of statistical terms and tools used in this example.6
4.3 Example 2: Mass of fabric .7
4.3.1 General.7
4.3.2 Test results and specification limits .7
4.3.3 Discussion of specific results.10
4.3.4 Discussion on general findings .11
4.4 Example 3: Mass fraction of ash (in %) in a cargo of coal .11
4.4.1 General.11
4.4.2 Test results (reference ISO 11648-1: Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials).12
4.4.3 Initial graphical analysis of specific results .12
4.4.4 Benefits of a statistically sound sampling plan .14
4.4.5 General conclusions .16
5 Introduction to basic statistical tools.16
5.1 General.16
5.2 Basic statistical terms and measures .16
5.3 Presentation of data .19
5.3.1 Dot or line plot .19
5.3.2 Tally chart.19
5.3.3 Stem and leaf plot.19
5.3.4 Box plot.20
5.3.5 Multi-vari chart.22
5.3.6 Position-Dimension (P-D) diagram .23
5.3.7 Graphical portrayal of frequency distributions.25
5.3.8 The normal distribution .31
5.3.9 The Weibull distribution.35
5.3.10 Graphs.41
5.3.11 Scatter diagram and regression.41
5.3.12 Pareto (or Lorenz) diagram.43
5.3.13 Cause and effect diagram.44
6 Variation and sampling considerations .45
6.1 Statistical control and process capability .45
6.1.1 Statistical control .45
6.1.2 Erratic variation.47
6.1.3 Systematic variation.47
6.1.4 Systematic changes with time .48
6.1.5 Statistical indeterminacy.49
6.1.6 Non-normal variation. 49
6.1.7 Quality level and process capability. 49
6.2 Sampling considerations . 50
7 Methods of conformity assessment . 54
7.1 The statistical concept of a population . 54
7.2 The basis of securing conformity to specification. 55
7.2.1 The two principal methods . 55
7.2.2 Considerations of importance to the customer. 56
7.2.3 Considerations of importance to the supplier. 56
8 The statistical relationship between sample and population. 57
8.1 The variation of the mean and the standard deviation in samples . 57
8.1.1 General. 57
8.1.2 Variation of means. 58
8.1.3 Variation of standard deviations . 60
8.2 The reliability of a mean estimated from stratified and duplicate sampling . 64
8.2.1 Stratified sampling. 64
8.2.2 Duplicate sampling . 66
8.3 Illustration of the use of the mean mass, and the lowest mass, in a sample of prescribed
size of specimens of fabric. 67
8.4 Tests and confidence intervals for means and standard deviations . 69
8.4.1 Confidence intervals for means and standard deviations. 69
8.4.2 Tests for means and standard deviations. 71
8.4.3 Equivalence of methods of testing hypotheses .77
8.5 Simultaneous variation in the sample mean and in the sample standard deviation. 77
8.6 Tests and confidence intervals for proportions .80
8.6.1 Attributes. 80
8.6.2 Estimating a proportion . 80
8.6.3 Confidence intervals for a proportion . 81
8.6.4 Comparison of a proportion with a given value . 82
8.6.5 Comparison of two proportions . 82
8.6.6 Sample size determination. 83
8.7 Prediction intervals. 84
8.7.1 One-sided prediction interval for the next m observations . 84
8.7.2 Two-sided prediction interval for the next m observations .
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 18532
First edition
2009-04-15
Guidance on the application of statistical
methods to quality and to industrial
standardization
Lignes directrices pour l'application des méthodes statistiques à la
qualité et à la normalisation industrielle
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .ix
Introduction.x
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Illustration of value and role of statistical method through examples .1
4.1 Statistical method.1
4.2 Example 1: Strength of wire .2
4.2.1 General.2
4.2.2 Overall test results and lower specification limit.2
4.2.3 Initial analysis.3
4.2.4 Preliminary investigation.3
4.2.5 General discussion on findings.6
4.2.6 Explanation of statistical terms and tools used in this example.6
4.3 Example 2: Mass of fabric .7
4.3.1 General.7
4.3.2 Test results and specification limits .7
4.3.3 Discussion of specific results.10
4.3.4 Discussion on general findings .11
4.4 Example 3: Mass fraction of ash (in %) in a cargo of coal .11
4.4.1 General.11
4.4.2 Test results (reference ISO 11648-1: Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials).12
4.4.3 Initial graphical analysis of specific results .12
4.4.4 Benefits of a statistically sound sampling plan .14
4.4.5 General conclusions .16
5 Introduction to basic statistical tools.16
5.1 General.16
5.2 Basic statistical terms and measures .16
5.3 Presentation of data .19
5.3.1 Dot or line plot .19
5.3.2 Tally chart.19
5.3.3 Stem and leaf plot.19
5.3.4 Box plot.20
5.3.5 Multi-vari chart.22
5.3.6 Position-Dimension (P-D) diagram .23
5.3.7 Graphical portrayal of frequency distributions.25
5.3.8 The normal distribution .31
5.3.9 The Weibull distribution.35
5.3.10 Graphs.41
5.3.11 Scatter diagram and regression.41
5.3.12 Pareto (or Lorenz) diagram.43
5.3.13 Cause and effect diagram.44
6 Variation and sampling considerations .45
6.1 Statistical control and process capability .45
6.1.1 Statistical control .45
6.1.2 Erratic variation.47
6.1.3 Systematic variation.47
6.1.4 Systematic changes with time .48
6.1.5 Statistical indeterminacy.49
6.1.6 Non-normal variation. 49
6.1.7 Quality level and process capability. 49
6.2 Sampling considerations . 50
7 Methods of conformity assessment . 54
7.1 The statistical concept of a population . 54
7.2 The basis of securing conformity to specification. 55
7.2.1 The two principal methods . 55
7.2.2 Considerations of importance to the customer. 56
7.2.3 Considerations of importance to the supplier. 56
8 The statistical relationship between sample and population. 57
8.1 The variation of the mean and the standard deviation in samples . 57
8.1.1 General. 57
8.1.2 Variation of means. 58
8.1.3 Variation of standard deviations . 60
8.2 The reliability of a mean estimated from stratified and duplicate sampling . 64
8.2.1 Stratified sampling. 64
8.2.2 Duplicate sampling . 66
8.3 Illustration of the use of the mean mass, and the lowest mass, in a sample of prescribed
size of specimens of fabric. 67
8.4 Tests and confidence intervals for means and standard deviations . 69
8.4.1 Confidence intervals for means and standard deviations. 69
8.4.2 Tests for means and standard deviations. 71
8.4.3 Equivalence of methods of testing hypotheses .77
8.5 Simultaneous variation in the sample mean and in the sample standard deviation. 77
8.6 Tests and confidence intervals for proportions .80
8.6.1 Attributes. 80
8.6.2 Estimating a proportion . 80
8.6.3 Confidence intervals for a proportion . 81
8.6.4 Comparison of a proportion with a given value . 82
8.6.5 Comparison of two proportions . 82
8.6.6 Sample size determination. 83
8.7 Prediction intervals. 84
8.7.1 One-sided prediction interval for the next m observations . 84
8.7.2 Two-sided prediction interval for the next m observations . 85
8.7.3 One and two-sided prediction intervals for the mean of the next m observations . 85
8.8 Statistical tolerance intervals . 86
8.8.1 Statistical tolerance intervals for normal populations.86
8.8.2 Statistical tolerance intervals for populations of an unknown distributional type. 87
8.8.3 Tables for statistical tolerance intervals . 87
8.9 Estimation and confidence intervals for the Weibull distribution . 87
8.9.1 The Weibull distribution.
...
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