SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
(Main)Geographic information - Temporal schema (ISO 19108:2002)
Geographic information - Temporal schema (ISO 19108:2002)
ISO 19108:2002 defines concepts for describing temporal characteristics of geographic information. It depends upon existing information technology standards for the interchange of temporal information. It provides a basis for defining temporal feature attributes, feature operations, and feature associations, and for defining the temporal aspects of metadata about geographic information. Since this International Standard is concerned with the temporal characteristics of geographic information as they are abstracted from the real world, it emphasizes valid time rather than transaction time.
Geoinformation - Zeitliches Schema (ISO 19108:2002)
Information géographique - Schéma temporel (ISO 19108:2002)
Geografske informacije - Časovna shema (ISO 19108:2002)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
01-april-2005
*HRJUDIVNHLQIRUPDFLMHýDVRYQDVKHPD ,62
Geographic information - Temporal schema (ISO 19108:2002)
Geoinformation - Zeitliches Schema (ISO 19108:2002)
Information géographique - Schéma temporel (ISO 19108:2002)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19108:2005
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST EN ISO 19108:2005 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 19108
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
January 2005
ICS 35.240.70
English version
Geographic information - Temporal schema (ISO 19108:2002)
Information géographique - Schéma temporel (ISO Geoinformation - Zeitliches Schema (ISO 19108:2002)
19108:2002)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 December 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19108:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
EN ISO 19108:2005 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 19108:2002 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211
"Geographic information/Geomatics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
and has been taken over as EN ISO 19108:2005 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 287
"Geographic Information", the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2005, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2005.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19108:2002 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19108:2005 without any
modifications.
2
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19108
First edition
2002-09-01
Geographic information — Temporal
schema
Information géographique — Schéma temporel
Reference number
ISO 19108:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
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ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction. vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Conformance. 1
2.1 Conformance classes and requirements. 1
2.2 Application schemas for data transfer. 1
2.3 Application schemas for data with operations . 1
2.4 Feature catalogues. 1
2.5 Metadata element specifications . 1
2.6 Metadata for data sets . 1
3 Normative references. 1
4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms. 2
4.1 Terms and definitions. 2
4.2 Abbreviated terms. 6
5 Conceptual schema for temporal aspects of geographic information. 6
5.1 Structure of the schema . 6
5.2 Geometry of time. 7
5.2.1 Time as a dimension. 7
5.2.2 Temporal objects. 7
5.2.3 Temporal geometric primitives. 8
5.2.4 Temporal topological objects . 13
5.3 Temporal reference systems . 16
5.3.1 Types of temporal reference systems. 16
5.3.2 Calendars and clocks. 17
5.3.3 Temporal coordinate systems. 19
5.3.4 Ordinal temporal reference systems. 20
5.4 Temporal position. 21
5.4.1 Introduction. 21
5.4.2 TM_Position. 21
5.4.3 TM_TemporalPosition. 21
5.4.4 Position referenced to calendar and clock. 23
5.4.5 Position referenced to a temporal coordinate system. 23
5.4.6 Position referenced to an ordinal temporal reference system.24
5.5 Time and components of geographic information . 24
5.5.1 Temporal aspects of geographic information components . 24
5.5.2 Temporal feature attributes. 25
5.5.3 Temporal feature operations. 26
5.5.4 Time and feature associations. 27
5.5.5 Temporal metadata elements. 29
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite . 31
A.1 Application schemas for data transfer. 31
A.2 Application schemas for data with operations . 31
A.3 Feature catalogues. 31
A.4 Metadata element specifications . 32
A.5 Metadata for data sets . 32
Annex B (informative) Use of time in application schemas . 33
B.1 Temporal feature attributes. 33
B.1.1 TM_GeometricPrimitive as a data type . 33
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
B.1.2 TM_GeometricPrimitive as a temporal attribute . 33
B.1.3 TM_TopologicalComplex as an attribute . 34
B.1.4 Recurring attribute values. 34
B.2 Temporal feature associations. 35
B.2.1 Simple temporal associations. 35
B.2.2 Feature succession. 36
B.3 Feature associations with temporal characteristics. 37
Annex C (normative) Describing temporal reference systems in metadata. 38
C.1 Metadata for temporal reference systems . 38
Annex D (informative) Description of calendars. 41
D.1 Internal structure of calendars. 41
D.2 Describing a calendar. 42
D.3 Examples. 43
D.3.1 Julian calendar. 43
D.3.2 Modern Japanese calendar . 44
D.3.3 Ancient Babylonian calendar . 45
D.3.4 Global Positioning System calendar. 47
Bibliography. 48
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19108 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
Annexes A and C form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B and D are for information only.
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
Introduction
This International Standard defines the standard concepts needed to describe the temporal characteristics of
geographic information as they are abstracted from the real world. Temporal characteristics of geographic
information include feature attributes, feature operations, feature associations, and metadata elements that take a
value in the temporal domain.
The widespread application of computers and geographic information systems has led to the increased analysis of
geospatial data within multiple disciplines. Geographic information is not confined to a three-dimensional spatial
domain. Many geographic information systems require data with temporal characteristics. A standardized
conceptual schema for temporal characteristics will increase the ability of geographic information to be used for
certain types of applications such as simulations and predictive modelling.
As a fundamental physical reality, time is of interest to the whole range of scientific and technical disciplines. Many
of the concepts described in this International Standard are applicable outside of the field of geographic
information. ISO/TC 211 does not intend to develop independent standards for the description of time, but the
technical committee believes that it is necessary to standardize the way to describe the temporal characteristics of
geographic data sets and features. Geographic information system and software developers and users of
geographic information will use this schema to provide consistently understandable temporal data structures.
Historically, temporal characteristics of features have been treated as thematic feature attributes. For example, a
feature "Building" may have an attribute "date of construction". However, there is increasing interest in describing
the behaviour of features as a function of time. This can be supported to a limited extent when time is treated
independently of space. For example, the path followed by a moving object can be represented as a set of features
called "way point", each of which is represented as a point and has an attribute that provides the time at which the
object was at that spatial position. Behaviour in time may be described more easily if the temporal dimension is
combined with the spatial dimensions, so that a feature can be represented as a spatiotemporal object. For
example, the path of a moving object could be represented as a curve described by coordinates in x, y and t. This
International Standard has been prepared in order to standardize the use of time in feature attributes. Although it
does not describe feature geometry in terms of a combination of spatial and temporal coordinates, it has been
written to establish a basis for doing so in a future standard within the ISO 19100 series.
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19108:2002(E)
Geographic information — Temporal schema
1 Scope
This International Standard defines concepts for describing temporal characteristics of geographic information. It
depends upon existing information technology standards for the interchange of temporal information. It provides a
basis for defining temporal feature attributes, feature operations, and feature associations, and for defining the
temporal aspects of metadata about geographic information. Since this International Standard is concerned with
the temporal characteristics of geographic information as they are abstracted from the real world, it emphasizes
valid time rather than transaction time.
2 Conformance
2.1 Conformance classes and requirements
This International Standard defines five conformance classes, which depend upon the nature of the test item.
2.2 Application schemas for data transfer
To conform to this International Standard, an application schema for data transfer shall satisfy the requirements of
A.1 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A.
2.3 Application schemas for data with operations
To conform to this International Standard, an application schema that supports operations on data shall satisfy the
requirements of A.2 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A.
2.4 Feature catalogues
To conform to this International Standard, a feature catalogue shall satisfy the requirements of A.3 of the Abstract
Test Suite in annex A.
2.5 Metadata element specifications
To conform to this International Standard, a metadata specification shall satisfy the requirements of A.4 of the
Abstract Test Suite in annex A.
2.6 Metadata for data sets
To conform to this International Standard, metadata for a data set shall satisfy the requirements of A.5 of the
Abstract Test Suite in annex A.
3 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
© ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 31-1:1992, Quantities and units — Part 1: Space and time
ISO 1000:1992, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units
ISO 8601:2000, Data elements and interchange formats ― Information interchange ― Representation of dates and
times
ISO/IEC 11404:1996, Information technology ― Programming languages, their environments and system software
interfaces ― Language-independent data types
1)
ISO/TS 19103: , Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
1)
ISO 19107: , Geographic information — Spatial schema
1)
ISO 19109: , Geographic information — Rules for application schema
1)
ISO 19110: , Geographic information — Methodology for feature cataloguing
1)
ISO 19111: , Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
1)
ISO 19115: , Geographic information — Metadata
4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
4.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1.1
calendar
discrete temporal reference system that provides a basis for defining temporal position to a resolution of one
day
4.1.2
calendar era
sequence of periods of one of the types used in a calendar, counted from a specified event
4.1.3
UTC
Coordinated Universal Time
time scale maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and
Measures) and the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) that forms the basis of a coordinated dissemination
of standard frequencies and time signals [ITU-R Rec.TF.686-1 (1997)]
4.1.4
day
period having a duration nominally equivalent to the periodic time of the Earth's rotation around its axis
1) To be published.
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
4.1.5
edge
one-dimensional topological primitive [ISO 19107]
NOTE The geometric realization of an edge is a curve. The boundary of an edge is the set of one or two nodes associated
to the edge within a topological complex.
4.1.6
event
action which occurs at an instant
4.1.7
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena [ISO 19101]
NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or feature instance should be used when only one is
meant.
4.1.8
feature association
relationship between features [ISO 19109]
NOTE 1 A feature association may occur as a type or an instance. Feature association type or feature association instance
is used when only one is meant.
NOTE 2 Feature associations include aggregation of features.
4.1.9
feature attribute
characteristic of a feature [Adapted from ISO 19110]
NOTE A feature attribute has a name, a data type, and a value domain associated to it.
4.1.10
feature division
feature succession in which a previously existing feature is replaced by two or more distinct feature instances of
the same feature type
EXAMPLE An instance of the feature type “land parcel” is replaced by two instances of the same type when the parcel is
legally subdivided.
4.1.11
feature fusion
feature succession in which two or more previously existing instances of a feature type are replaced by a single
instance of the same feature type
EXAMPLE Two instances of the feature type “pasture” are replaced by a single instance when the fence between the
pastures is removed.
4.1.12
feature operation
operation that every instance of a feature type may perform [ISO 19110]
EXAMPLE An operation upon a “dam” is to raise the dam. The results of this operation are to raise the height of the “dam”
and the level of water in a “reservoir”.
NOTE Feature operations provide a basis for feature type definition.
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
4.1.13
feature substitution
feature succession in which one feature instance is replaced by another feature instance of the same or different
feature type
EXAMPLE An instance of feature type “building” is razed and replaced by an instance of feature type “parking lot”.
4.1.14
feature succession
replacement of one or more feature instances by other feature instances, such that the first feature instances
cease to exist
4.1.15
geometric primitive
object representing a single, connected, homogeneous element of space [ISO 19107]
NOTE Geometric primitives are non-decomposed objects that present information about geometric configuration. They
include points, curves, surfaces, and solids.
4.1.16
Gregorian calendar
calendar in general use; first introduced in 1582 to define a year that more closely approximated the tropical year
than the Julian calendar [adapted from ISO 8601:2000]
NOTE 1 The introduction of the Gregorian calendar included the cancellation of the accumulated inaccuracies of the Julian
year. In the Gregorian calendar, a calendar year is either a common year or a leap year; each year is divided into 12 sequential
months.
4.1.17
instant
0-dimensional geometric primitive representing position in time
NOTE The geometry of time is discussed in 5.2.
4.1.18
interval scale
scale with an arbitrary origin which can be used to describe both ordering of values and distances between values
NOTE Ratios of values measured on an interval scale have no meaning.
4.1.19
Julian date
Julian day number followed by the decimal fraction of the day elapsed since the preceding noon
4.1.20
Julian day number
number of days elapsed since Greenwich mean noon on 1 January 4713 BC, Julian proleptic calendar
4.1.21
life span
period during which something exists
NOTE Valid-time life span is the period during which an object exists in the modelled reality. Transaction-time life span is
the period during which a database object is current in the database.
4.1.22
month
period approximately equal in duration to the periodic time of a lunar cycle
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SIST EN ISO 19108:2005
ISO 19108:2002(E)
NOTE The duration of a month is an integer number of days. The number of days in a month is determined by the rules of
the particular calendar.
4.1.23
node
0-dimensional topological primitive [ISO 19107]
NOTE The boundary of a node is the empty set.
4.1.24
ordinal era
one of a set of named periods ordered in time
4.1.25
ordinal scale
scale which provides a basis for measuring only the relative position of an object
4.1.26
ordinal temporal reference system
temporal reference system composed of ordinal eras
4.1.27
period
on
...
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