SIST EN 13978-1:2005
(Main)Precast concrete products - Precast concrete garages - Part 1: Requirements for reinforced garages monolithic or consisting of single sections with room dimensions
Precast concrete products - Precast concrete garages - Part 1: Requirements for reinforced garages monolithic or consisting of single sections with room dimensions
This document regards precast reinforced concrete garages produced as monolithic units or as kits of single sections with room dimensions in stationary factories. These garages are intended to be erected on foundations designed by others and complying with the behaviour of the precast units. They may be free-standing, or may have backfilling behind some of the walls (earthfilled), or earth covered or built over with a parking area for cars or a second storey of precast garages. This document also applies to supplementary units, kits for double space garages and multiple parking garages as well as for garage boxes for one-storey basement garages. It does not apply to elements incorporated as a structural part of an upper structure unless they are designed according to EN 13369.
Betonfertigteile - Betonfertiggaragen - Teil 1: Anforderungen an monolithische oder aus raumgroßen Einzelteilen bestehende Stahlbetongaragen
Dieses Dokument betrifft Stahlbetonfertiggaragen, die monolithisch oder als Bausatz aus raumgroßen Einzelteilen in stationären Fabriken hergestellt werden. Diese Garagen sind zur Aufstellung auf Fundamenten vorgesehen, die von anderen bemessen werden und auf das Tragverhalten der Fertigteile abgestimmt sind. Sie können freistehend sein oder können an einigen Wänden mit Erdreich angeschüttet oder mit Erdreich überdeckt oder mit einer Parkfläche oder einer zweiten Ebene Fertiggaragen überbaut sein. Dieses Dokument gilt auch für Ergänzungsbauteile, Bausätze für Großraumgaragen und Mehrfachparker sowie für Garagenzellen für einstöckige Tiefgaragen. Sie gilt nicht für Elemente, die als tragende Teile in ein darüber liegendes Bauwerk einbezogen sind, außer wenn sie nach EN 13369 bemessen sind.
Produits préfabriqués en béton - Garages préfabriqués en béton - Partie 1: Exigences pour garages en béton armé monolithiques ou composés d'éléments individuels de la dimension d'une piece
La présente Norme européenne porte sur les garages préfabriqués en béton armé, produits dans des usines fixes en tant qu'unités monolithiques ou sous forme de kits de construction constitués d'éléments individuels, de la dimension d'une piece. Ces garages sont prévus pour etre érigés sur des fondations conçues par des tiers et conformes au comportement des unités préfabriquées. Ils peuvent etre auto-porteurs, remblayés sur certaines parois (remplissage de terre) ou recouverts de terre ou encore etre construits avec une zone de stationnement sur le dessus ou avec un second étage de garages préfabriqués. La présente Norme européenne s'applique également pour les unités supplémentaires, les kits pour garages a double emplacement ou les garages a stationnements multiples, ainsi que pour les boxes pour garage en sous-sol a un niveau. Elle ne s'applique pas aux éléments incorporés en tant que partie structurelle d'une structure supérieure, a moins qu'ils soient conçus conformément a l'EN 13369.
Montažni betonski izdelki – Montažne betonske garaže – 1. del: Zahteve za armirane monolitne garaže ali garaže, sestavljene iz posameznih montažnih delov garažnih dimenzij
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Montažni betonski izdelki – Montažne betonske garaže – 1. del: Zahteve za armirane monolitne garaže ali garaže, sestavljene iz posameznih montažnih delov garažnih dimenzijBetonfertigteile - Betonfertiggaragen - Teil 1: Anforderungen an monolithische oder aus raumgroßen Einzelteilen bestehende StahlbetongaragenProduits préfabriqués en béton - Garages préfabriqués en béton - Partie 1: Exigences pour garages en béton armé monolithiques ou composés d'éléments individuels de la dimension d'une piecePrecast concrete products - Precast concrete garages - Part 1: Requirements for reinforced garages monolithic or consisting of single sections with room dimensions91.100.30Beton in betonski izdelkiConcrete and concrete products91.090Konstrukcije zunaj stavbExternal structuresICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13978-1:2005SIST EN 13978-1:2005en01-junij-2005SIST EN 13978-1:2005SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13978-1
May 2005 ICS 91.090; 91.100.30 English version
Precast concrete products - Precast concrete garages - Part 1: Requirements for reinforced garages monolithic or consisting of single sections with room dimensions
Produits préfabriqués en béton - Garages préfabriqués en béton - Partie 1 : Exigences pour garages en béton armé monolithiques ou composés d'éléments individuels de la dimension d'une pièce
Betonfertigteile - Betonfertiggaragen - Teil 1: Anforderungen an monolithische oder aus raumgroßen Einzelteilen bestehende Stahlbetongaragen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 February 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13978-1:2005: E
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 2 Contents Page The numbering of clauses is strictly related to EN 13369:2004 Common rules for precast concrete products, at least for the first three digits. When a clause of EN 13369 is not relevant or included in a more general reference of this document, its number is omitted and this may result in a gap on numbering. 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.6 4 Requirements.8 5 Test methods.11 6 Evaluation of conformity.11 7 Marking.12 8 Technical documentation.12 Annex A (informative)
Concrete cover.13 Annex B (normative)
Inspection of the finished garage.14 Annex C (informative)
Simplified design rules.15 Annex D (normative)
Initial test for the accelerated hardening.18 Annex E (informative)
Fire resistance of garage boxes in basement garages.19 Annex Y (informative)
Choice of CE marking method.23 Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other provisions of EU Directives.24
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13978-1:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 229 “Precast concrete products”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, and was examined by and agreed with a joint working party appointed by the Liaison Group CEN/TC 229-TC 250, particularly for its compatibility with structural Eurocodes. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2007. This document is one of a series of product standards for precast concrete products. For common aspects reference is made to EN 13369:2004 - Common rules for precast products, from which also the relevant requirements of the EN 206 - Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performances, production and conformity are taken. The references to EN 13369:2004 by CEN/TC 229 product standards are intended to make them homogeneous and to avoid repetitions of similar requirements. Eurocodes are taken as a common reference for design aspects. The installation of some structural precast concrete products is dealt with by ENV 13670-1: Execution of concrete structures — Part 1: Common rules, which has at the moment the status of an European prestandard. In all countries it can be accompanied by alternatives for national application and it shall not be treated as an European Standard. The programme of standards for structural precast concrete products comprises the following standards, in some cases consisting on several parts: prEN 1168, Precast concrete products — Hollow core slabs. EN 12794, Precast concrete products — Foundation piles. EN 12843, Precast concrete products — Masts and poles. prEN 13747, Precast concrete products — Floor plates for floor systems. prEN 15037-1, Precast concrete products - Beam-and-block floor systems - Part 1: Beams . prEN 15037-2, Precast concrete products - Beam-and-block floor systems - Part 2: Blocks. EN 13224, Precast concrete products — Ribbed floor elements. EN 13225, Precast concrete products — Linear structural elements. prEN 14992, Loadbearing wall and facades. prEN 15258, Retaining wall elements.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 4 EN 13693, Precast concrete products — Special roof elements. prEN 14844, Precast concrete products — Box culverts. prEN 13978, Precast concrete products — Precast concrete garages. prEN 14991, Precast concrete products — Foundation elements. prEN 15050, Precast concrete bridge elements. WI00229019, Precast concrete products — Silos. prEN 14843, Precast concrete products — Stairs. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 5 Introduction This document is Part 1 of the European Standard which consists of two parts: Part 1: "Requirements for reinforced garages monolithic or consisting of single sections with room dimensions" refers to precast concrete garages reinforced by bars or fabric; Part 2: "Requirements for steel fibre concrete garages" refers to precast garages produced of steel fibre concrete. Part 1 contains 2 normative and 5 informative annexes. Annex A (informative) contains recommendations regarding the concrete cover. Annex A is recommended for use if there are no national regulations standing in the way. Annex B (normative) contains inspections schemes for carrying out the factory production control. Annex C (informative) specifies simplified design rules for garages. These rules may be used if there are no national rules standing in the way. For garage boxes for basement garages, the applicability of Annex C is restricted (see C.1). Annex D (normative) contains the initial tests to be carried out. Annex E (informative) gives information about garage boxes for basement garages for which the resistance to parametric fire is ensured. The chosen fire load for the parametric fire represents the most unfavourable case of a burning car with regard to the energy release rate and the fire duration. Garages dealt with in Part 1 allow smaller cover than accepted in EN 13369 and EN 1992-1-1. Hence the product is a separate class. This can be accepted due to the generally low stresses in the structure and that after 50 years of use no detrimental effects have been observed. The evaluation of conformity given in this standard refers to the completed garages which are supplied to the market and covers all the production operations carried out in the factory.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 6 1 Scope This document regards precast reinforced concrete garages produced as monolithic units or as kits of single sections with room dimensions in stationary factories. These garages are intended to be erected on foundations designed by others and complying with the behaviour of the precast units. They may be free-standing, or may have backfilling behind some of the walls (earthfilled), or earth covered or built over with a parking area for cars or a second storey of precast garages. This document also applies to supplementary units, kits for double space garages and multiple parking garages as well as for garage boxes for one-storey basement garages. It does not apply to elements incorporated as a structural part of an upper structure unless they are designed according to EN 13369. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 206-1:2000, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings EN 1992-1-2:2005, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design EN 13369:2004, Common rules for precast concrete products EN 12504-1, Testing concrete in structures — Part 1: Cored specimens – Testing, examining and testing in compression 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and symbols apply. In general the term "product" refers to an element which is produced in large numbers. For general terms see Clause 3 of EN 13369:2004. 3.10 Special definitions for garages 3.10.1 precast reinforced concrete garage monolithic or as a kit of single sections with room dimensions prefabricated garage made of reinforced concrete 3.10.2 monolithic garage garage forming a spatial load bearing system 3.10.3 double space garage kit of two garage boxes situated side by side which are open at every adjoining side 3.10.4 double-deck garage kit of two garage boxes arranged in two levels one on top of the other
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 7 3.10.5 multiple parking garage garage with increased height suitable for the installation of lifting devices for parking of several vehicles one on top of the other 3.10.6 supplementary unit annex on a garage, e.g. as room for tools or for lengthening of the parking-space 3.10.7 free-standing garage garage with the floor level being situated maximum 0,5 m below the surrounding soil 3.10.8 garage with earth-filled walls garage, in which the height of surrounding soil above the floor level is between 0,5 m and the height of the wall 3.10.9 soil-covered garage garage covered with a layer of soil 3.10.10 garage box for a basement garage garage box foreseen as a construction member of an one-storey basement garage which is soil-covered or arranged under a building 3.10.11 tapered wall wall with a thickness which becomes smaller either along the wall height or along the wall length 3.11 Symbols Latin upper case letters A area of a cross-section As cross sectional area of reinforcement H garage height L garage length N axial force T time W garage width Latin lower case letters b width of a cross-section c concrete cover f strength h height of a cross-section t thickness of a cross-section u axis distance Greek letters ∆ deviation
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 8 λ slenderness λah
coefficient for earth pressure
Indices a active c concrete d design value eq equal f floor slab fl frame leg h horizontal nom nominal p principal (for dimensions) r roof sp spanning member w wall 4 Requirements 4.1 Material requirements For general aspects, constituent materials of concrete, reinforcing steel, inserts and connectors the relevant clauses of EN 13369:2004, 4.1 (except 4.1.4) shall apply. In particular the ultimate tensile and tensile yield strength of steel shall be considered. 4.2 Production requirements For concrete production, hardened concrete and structural reinforcement, the relevant clauses of EN 13369:2004 4.2 shall apply, with the following additional requirements. In particular the compressive strength of concrete shall be considered. 4.2.2 Hardened concrete 4.2.2.1 General The potential strength shall be used. For initial test for the accelerated hardening, reference shall be made to Annex D. 4.2.2.2 Minimum strength class of concrete The minimum strength class of the concrete as defined in EN 206-1 shall be chosen in dependence on the minimum nominal wall thickness class according to 4.3.1.2 as given in Table 1.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 9
Table 1 — Minimum strength class of concrete in dependence on the minimum nominal wall thickness class Class Minimum nominal wall thickness class according to 4.3.1.2 Minimum strength class of concrete as defined in EN 206-1 1 1 C25/30, LC25/28 2 2 C30/37, LC30/33 3 3 C35/45, LC35/38 4.2.3 Structural reinforcement For monolithic free-standing garages and those parts of monolithic garages with earth-filled walls not exposed to earth-pressure with a roof load (without self-weight of the roof) ≤ 4 kN/m2, wire fabrics made of indented wire or bars ∅ 4 and ∅ 4,5 may be used. The minimum main reinforcement shall not be less than ∅ 4 with a maximum distance of the reinforcing bars of 150 mm. For all other garages, 4.3.3.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3 Finished product requirements 4.3.1 Geometrical properties 4.3.1.1 Production tolerances EN 13369:2004 4.3.1.1 shall apply. The permitted deviation of the position of openings is ± 20 mm. The minimum cover is given in Annex A. 4.3.1.2 Minimum dimensions The minimum nominal thickness of walls shall agree with one class given in Table 2. For massive floor plates the minimum nominal thickness shall be 70 mm. Floor plates with other designs (e.g. waffle plates) shall have at least an equal bending stiffness to a massive floor plate with minimum nominal thickness. The thickness of the floor plate may be reduced up to 60 mm if an equal rigidity is reached by special measures (e.g. special concrete quality). Table 2 — Minimum nominal wall thickness Class Minimum nominal wall thickness 1 100 a 2 60 a 3 50 b a For tapered walls the given values apply to the mean value of the nominal wall thickness with a maximum reduction of 10 mm on the thinnest cross section. b Not for tapered walls. The proof for second order effects shall be done according to 5.8.3 of EN 1992-1-1:2004. The given minimum dimensions refer to mechanical resistance and durability of garages. If, for a required resistance to fire, larger dimensions are necessary, the larger values shall apply.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 10 4.3.2 Surface characteristics Annex J of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.3 Mechanical resistance 4.3.3.1, 4.3.3.2 and 4.3.3.5 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply, with the following additional requirements. 4.3.3.1 General In particular resistance to horizontal and vertical loads and the resistance to impact of vehicles at very low speed (accidental action) shall be considered. For accidental action see 4.3.3.2. For the other actions the simplified design rules given in Annex C may be used. 4.3.3.2 Mechanical resistance against accidental action To consider the impact of vehicles with very low speed, it shall be shown by calculation that a horizontal force of 10 kN acting 0,5 m above the floor level on a door pile or on the back wall of the garage (distributed on a width of 1 m), respectively, does not affect the load bearing capacity of the garage as a whole. Local damages are permissible. 4.3.4 Resistance and reaction to fire 4.3.4.1 Resistance to fire 4.3.4.1, 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.4.3 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. NOTE For resistance to parametric fire, the information regarding the special features of fires in basement garages erected of garage boxes is given in Annex E. 4.3.4.2 Reaction to fire 4.3.4.4 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.5 Acoustic properties For sound insulation properties 4.3.5 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.6 Thermal properties No requirements. 4.3.7 Durability 4.3.7 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. Additional information about the concrete cover is given in Annex A. The crack width shall not exceed 0,4 mm. 4.3.8 Other requirements 4.3.8.1 Safety in handling 4.3.8.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 11 4.3.8.2 Protection against outside moisture and water 4.3.8.2.1 General All parts of the garage shall be carried out in such a way that the forming of drops of penetrated water on the inner side of the garage will be prevented. NOTE It is unavoidable that water is brought into garages by the cars (rainwater, rests of snow, thawing in the garage). Depending on the weather conditions, condensation in garages is unavoidable, too. Small moist spots are irrelevant compared with the brought in water and do not affect the serviceability of a garage for the intended use. 4.3.8.2.2 Sealing of the roof The roof of the garage shall be provided with a roof sealing, if the water impermeability is not ensured by other measures (e.g. by water impermeable concrete). Possible roof sealings are amongst other things: one or more layers of welding courses; liquid plastic covers. Puddles on the roof sealing are admissible. In every case, the function of the roof drainage (e.g. of the roof gully) has to be ensured by a regular maintenance. If the roof is formed as a pan, the overflow of water over the edge of the pan in case of blockage of the roof gully is admissible, provided the extra weight on the roof is taken into account in mechanical resistance calculation. Liquid plastic covers shall be suited for the bridging of cracks up to a width of 0,4 mm with the effect of a hydrostatic pressure of 1 kPa. 5 Test methods 5.1 Tests on concrete 5.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 5.2 Measuring of dimensions 5.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 6 Evaluation of conformity 6.1 General 6.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 6.2 Type testing 6.2.1 General 6.2.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 12 6.2.2 Initial type testing 6.2.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply with the additional rules for tests for the accelerated hardening according to Annex D (only for a new production equipment). The tests according to Annex D may be omitted if there is a documented previous positive experience with the planned mixture of concrete, the intended thermal treatment and the moulds. 6.2.3 Further type testing 6.2.3 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 6.3 Factory production control 6.3 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply with the following. For the inspection of the finished garage, Table B.1 of Annex B of this document shall be used instead of Table D.4 of EN 13369:2004. 7 Marking Each garage shall be marked or labelled to show: the identification of the producer; the identification of the place of production; the production number. In addition, for each garage a delivery note shall be added containing at least the following items: name of producer; address of the factory; products identity (commercial name); the date of casting; location of mounting; calculated mass of the unit; number of the product standard. 8 Technical documentation The detailing of the element, with respect to geometrical data and complementary properties of materials and inserts, shall be given in technical documentation, which includes the construction data, such as the dimensions, the tolerances, the layout of reinforcement, the concrete cover, the expected transient and final support conditions and lifting conditions.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 13 Annex A (informative)
Concrete cover A.1 Concrete cover with regard to durability for reinforcement steel Annex A of EN 13369:2004 applies with the following rules. With reference to the exposure classes of Table A.1 of EN 13369:2004, Table A.1 of this document gives examples of classification for surfaces of precast concrete garages. For other ambient conditions, Table A.1 of EN 13369:2004 should apply. Table A1 — Nominal scale of ambient conditions for garage surfaces Ambient condition according to EN 13369:2004 Annex A Examples for garage surfaces B Inner wall and roof surfaces in closed basement garages C Soil-covered surfaces
Inner wall and roof surfaces D Outside surfaces exposed to rain E Upper side of the floor plate if de-icing salt effect is to be expected With reference to Table A.2 of EN 13369:2004, for all parts of a garage, except the door frame, the values for slab reinforcement apply.For surfaces which are not in contact with soil, the minimum cover may be reduced by 5 mm, but should not be less than 10 mm. A.2 Alternative conditions A.2 of Annex A of EN 13369:2004 applies.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 14 Annex B (normative)
Inspection of the finished garage Table B1 — Inspection of the finished garage
Subject Method Purpose Frequency For the garages made with moulds with invariable dimensions: one garage per 100 garages per mould with a minimum of one garage per mould yearly after installation of a new mould or after major modifications For the garages made with moulds with variable dimensions: one garage per 20 garages of the same type* with a minimum of one garage yearly per type* produced that year 1 Dimensions Measuring Conformity with 4.3.1.1 and 4.3.1.2 first garage after an alteration of the dimensions 2 Visual check No visible damage Each garage 3 Roof sealing a Appropriate water test No visible leak In case of doubt 4 Marking/labelling Visual check Conformity with Clause 7 Weekly 5 Storage Visual check No damaging or soiling on the garages Weekly 6
Visual check Segregation of non-conforming garages Weekly 7 Delivery Comparison with delivery note Correct garage type Each garage 8
Visual check Correct delivery age, loading and loading documents Each garage 9
Visual check No visible damages of surface protection Each garage 10
Visual check, in case of doubt measuring, e.g. with a crack magnifier
No cracks with an inadmissible width according to 4.3.7 Each garage * "Type" means garages with the same principal dimensions and with the same cross-section dimensions. a Only if part of the precast garage.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 15 Annex C (informative)
Simplified design rules C.1 General Unless stated otherwise 4.3.3 of EN 13369:2004 applies. The C.3 and C.4 do not apply to garage boxes for basement garages. C.2 Actions C.2.1 General Actions as a result of constraint or imposed deformations caused by temperature or shrinkage of the concrete need not to be taken into consideration. C.2.2 Roof load Two load groups are distinguished: Load group I: Roof load including possible earth loads (without self-weight of the roof) ≤ 4 KN/m2. Load group II: Roof load including possible earth loads (without self-weight of the roof) > 4 KN/m2. NOTE The extra weight of built up water on the roof according to 4.3.8.2.2 need not to be taken into consideration together with a snow load. C.2.3 Floor load For garages for light vehicles up to a total mass of 2,5 t, the floor slab should be dimensioned with a distributed load of 3,5 kN/m2 without an increase for dynamic loads. For garages for vehicles with a total mass > 2,5 t the actual wheel loads without an increase for dynamic loads may be used for the dimensioning. As a comparison calculation, the floor slab should be dimensioned with a distributed load of 3,5 kN/m2 without an increase for dynamic loads. The more unfavourable loading case applies. C.2.4 Wall load Up to 0,5 m earth-filling of a wall, the earth pressure need not to be taken into consideration. Unless more exact information is given about the soil type, for the dimensioning of garages with earth-filled walls and soil-covered garages the values for earth loads given in Table C.1 may be used under the assumption that the terrain around the garage does not rise up to a distance of 3 m from the garage walls.
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 16 Table C.1 — Earth loads
Non-cohesive soil Cohesive soil Soil density 19 kN/m3 20 kN/m3 Angle of internal friction
30° 22,5° Coefficient for lateral earth pressure λah 0,303 0,412 The filling material at the garage walls is decisive. The passive earth pressure need not to be taken in consideration. C.3 Walls under axial compression (second order effects) C.3.1 Assumptions for the neglect of second order effects
Second order effects may be disregarded if the following assumptions are given: a) maximum size of the garage (length × width × height) 6 m × 3 m × 2,5 m; b) there are no wall openings which are statically relevant (affecting more than 10% of the specific structural behaviour). c) the garage is free-standing (see 3.10.7); d) the roof load agrees with load group I according to C.2.2; e) the garage is supported in place under the 4 corners; f) for garages consisting of single sections, the transmission of horizontal forces over the joints is proved; g) the minimum nominal wall thickness of the garage is ≥ 60 mm (see 4.3.1.2); h) the garage has a door frame with a minimum cross-section of 80 mm × 80 mm of the frame legs and the frame spanning member. C.3.2 Simplified proof for second order effects For garages which fulfil the assumptions according to C.3.1 a) up to g), the proof for second order effects may be limited to a narrow wall sector width of 10 × tw (tw = wall thickness) above the supports at the door side. For the axial force, a linear reduction from the support load at the upper side of the floor slab to the force at the edge of the roof on the width of the wall sector may be assumed. For garages which fulfil the assumptions according to C.3.1 b) up to h), a more exact proof for the second order effect may be omitted if for the supports at the door side the additional assumption is given that the door frame legs together with a wall sector width of ≤ 10 × tw fulfil the condition ()cdcdfAN×≤16λ with λ slenderness ratio according to EN 1992-1-1:2004, 5.8.3.2; Nd mean value of the design values of the axial force at the upper side of the floor slab and the force at the edge of the roof on the door frame legs and the wall sector;
EN 13978-1:2005 (E) 17 Ac area of the cross-section of the door frame leg and the wall sector; fcd design value of the compression strength of the concrete according to EN 1992-1-1:2004; tw wall thickness. In all other cases, the proof for second order effects shall be done according to 5.8.3 of EN 1992-1-1:2004. The variability of the axial force along the wall height may be considered in the sense of the previous paragraph in this case. The influence of creep may be neglected in all cases. C.4 Rules for reinforcement For the garage walls, the rules for reinforcement for slabs according to EN 1992-1-1:2004 may be used. According to the static demands, the sections of garages may also be reinforced with one layer reinforcement. The minimum reinforcement for the limitation of the width of cracks is given in 4.2.3. C.5 Serviceability limit states The arithmetical deflections under the quasi-permanent loads should not exceed 1/150 of the span (in case of a planned camb
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