SIST EN 1279-3:2004
(Main)Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 3: Long term test method and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gas concentration tolerances
Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 3: Long term test method and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gas concentration tolerances
This European Standard is the product standard for insulating glass units, which defines insulating glass units, and ensures by means of an adequate evaluation of conformity to this standard that:
- energy savings are made because the U-value and solar factor do not change significantly;
- health is preserved because sound reduction and vision do not change significantly;
- safety is provided because mechanical resistance does not change significantly.
It covers additional characteristics that are of importance for trade. Marking conditions are included.
The main intended uses of the insulating glass units are installations in windows, doors, curtain walling, roofs and partitions where there exists protection against direct ultraviolet radiation at the edges.
NOTE In cases where there is no protection against direct ultraviolet radiation at the edges, such as structural sealant glazing systems, additional European technical specifications should be followed. See Bibliography [2] and [3].
This Part of this standard, which is inextricably bound up with the other Parts of the standard, covers:
- the gas leakage rate by testing;
- the gas concentration tolerances;
as one means of verifying whether a product made in accordance with its system description, conforms with the relevant aspects of the definition of insulating glass units.
Glas im Bauwesen - Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas - Teil 3: Langzeitprüfverfahren und Anforderungen bezüglich Gasverlustrate und Grenzabweichungen für die Gaskonzentration
Diese Europäische Norm stellt die Bauartnorm für Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas dar; sie definiert Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas und stellt durch adäquate Bewertung der Übereinstimmung mit dieser Norm folgendes sicher:
Energieeinsparung, weil sich U-Wert und Solarfaktor nicht wesentlich verändern;
Gesundheit, weil sich Schalldämmung und visuelle Qualität nicht wesentlich verändern;
Sicherheit, weil sich die mechanische Widerstandsfähigkeit nicht wesentlich verändert.
Sie erfasst zusätzliche Kennwerte, die für den Handel wichtig sind. Bedingungen für die Kennzeichnung werden ebenfalls erfasst.
Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas wird hauptsächlich für den Einbau in Fenster, Türen, Fassadenverkleidungen, Dächer und Trennwände vorgesehen, wo an den Kanten ein Schutz vor direkter ultravioletter Strahlung besteht.
ANMERKUNG Falls die Kanten nicht gegen direkte UV Strahlung geschützt sind, wie z. B. bei geklebten lastabtragenden Glaskonstruktionen, sind zusätzliche europäische technische Spezifikationen zu befolgen (siehe Literaturhinweise [2] und [3]).
Dieser Teil der Norm, der nur in Verbindung mit den anderen Teilen der Norm gilt, betrifft:
die Bestimmung der Gasverlustrate;
die Grenzabweichungen für die Gaskonzentration;
um zu verifizieren, ob ein nach der Systembeschreibung hergestelltes Erzeugnis unter diesen Aspekten der Definition von Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas entspricht.
Verre dans la construction - Vitrage isolant préfabriqué scellé - Partie 3: Méthode d'essai a long terme et prescriptions pour le débit de fuite de gaz et pour les tolérances de concentration du gaz
La présente Norme européenne est la norme produit des vitrages isolants préfabriqués scellés, qui définit ces vitrages isolants et garantit, par une évaluation appropriée de la conformité a la présente norme, les points suivants :
des économies d'énergie sont réalisées du fait que la valeur U et le facteur solaire ne varient pas de façon significative ;
la santé est préservée du fait que l'atténuation acoustique et la vision ne varient pas de façon significative ;
la sécurité est assurée du fait que de la résistance mécanique ne varie pas de façon significative.
Il couvre d'autres caractéristiques qui ont une importance du point de vue commercial. Les conditions de marquage sont incluses.
L'utilisation des vitrages isolants préfabriqués scellés est principalement destinée aux fenetres, portes, façades rideaux, toitures et cloisons, lorsqu'il existe une protection contre le rayonnement ultraviolet direct sur les bords.
NOTE Lorsqu'il n'y a pas de protection contre le rayonnement ultraviolet direct sur les bords, comme dans les systemes de vitrages extérieurs collés, il convient de respecte d'autres spécifications techniques européennes complémentaires. Voir Bibliographie de [2] a [6].
Cette partie de la présente norme, qui est indissociable des autres parties de cette meme norme, couvre :
le mesurage du débit de fuite du gaz ;
les tolérances de concentration du gaz ;
comme moyen permettant de vérifier si un produit fabriqué selon la description de son systeme, est conforme aux aspect pertinents de la définition des verres isolants.
Steklo v stavbah - Izolacijski stekleni elementi – 3. del: Dolgoročna preskusna metoda ter zahteve za stopnjo uhajanja plina in tolerance koncentracije plina
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Glas im Bauwesen - Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas - Teil 3: Langzeitprüfverfahren und Anforderungen bezüglich Gasverlustrate und Grenzabweichungen für die GaskonzentrationVerre dans la construction - Vitrage isolant préfabriqué scellé - Partie 3: Méthode d'essai a long terme et prescriptions pour le débit de fuite de gaz et pour les tolérances de concentration du gazGlass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 3: Long term test method and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gas concentration tolerances81.040.20Steklo v gradbeništvuGlass in buildingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1279-3:2002SIST EN 1279-3:2004en01-september-2004SIST EN 1279-3:2004SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1279-3November 2002ICS 81.040.20English versionGlass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 3: Long term testmethod and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gasconcentration tolerancesVerre dans la construction - Vitrage isolant préfabriquéscellé - Partie 3: Méthode d'essai à long terme etprescriptions pour le débit de fuite de gaz et pour lestolérances de concentration du gazGlas im Bauwesen - Mehrscheiben-Isolierglas - Teil 3:Langzeitprüfverfahren und Anforderungen bezüglichGasverlustrate und Grenzabweichungen für dieGaskonzentrationThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 September 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2002 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1279-3:2002 ESIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)2ContentspageForeword.41Scope.52Normative references.53Terms and definitions and symbols.64Requirements.84.1Gas leakage rate.84.2Tolerances on gas concentration.84.3Dew point and moisture penetration index.84.4Edge seal strength.84.5Additional requirements for other gases than argon, sulfurhexafluoride and air.85Testing.85.1Principle of testing.85.2Apparatus.85.2.1Climate exposure equipment.85.2.2Container for gas leakage rate measurement.95.2.3Gas analysis equipment.95.2.4Gas sampling device.95.3Test specimens.95.3.1Preparation of test specimens.95.3.2Number of test specimens.105.3.3Construction and appearance.105.4Procedure.105.4.1Determination of internal volume of a test specimen.105.4.2Climate exposure.105.4.3Measuring the gas leakage.105.4.4Analysis of gas.115.5Evaluation.116Precision of test method.117Test report.11Annex A (normative)
Requirements for other gases.13A.1Durability of the gas and interaction with insulating glass components.13A.2Effect on thermal- and sound insulation.13A.3Assessment example with krypton gas filling.14Annex B (informative)
Relationship between artificial and natural ageing with regard to thermal andsound insulation.15Annex C (informative)
Determination of the gas leakage rate by gas chromatography.16C.1Principle of method.16C.2Equipment.16C.2.1Full container.16C.2.2Ring container.18C.2.3Cooling trap.19C.2.4Gas chromatograph.19C.2.5Connecting pieces.19C.2.6Solvents.19C.2.7Purging and carrier gas.19C.2.8Calibrating gas.20C.3Preparation of test specimens.21SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)3C.4Procedure.21C.4.1Connection of the apparatus.21C.4.2Installation of the test specimen.21C.4.3Temperature.21C.4.4Calibration.21C.4.5Measurement of the gas leakage.21C.4.6Blank test.25C.4.7Result.25Bibliography.27SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)4ForewordThis document EN 1279-3:2002 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 129, "Glass in building", thesecretariat of which is held by IBN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by May 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest byMay 2003.This document is part of the series EN 1279 “Glass in building - Insulating glass units” that contains the followingParts:–Part 1: Generalities, dimensional tolerances and rules for the system description.–Part 2: Long term test method and requirements for moisture penetration.–Part 3: Long term test method and requirements for gas leakage rate and for gas concentration tolerances.–Part 4: Methods of test for the physical attributes of edge seals.–Part 5: Evaluation of Conformity.–Part 6: Factory production control and periodic tests.The annexe A is normative. The annexes B and C are informative. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)51 ScopeThis European Standard is the product standard for insulating glass units, which defines insulating glass units, andensures by means of an adequate evaluation of conformity to this standard that:–energy savings are made because the U-value and solar factor do not change significantly;–health is preserved because sound reduction and vision do not change significantly;–safety is provided because mechanical resistance does not change significantly.It covers additional characteristics that are of importance for trade. Marking conditions are included.The main intended uses of the insulating glass units are installations in windows, doors, curtain walling, roofs andpartitions where there exists protection against direct ultraviolet radiation at the edges.NOTEIn cases where there is no protection against direct ultraviolet radiation at the edges, such as structural sealantglazing systems, additional European technical specifications should be followed. See Bibliography [2] and [3].This Part of this standard, which is inextricably bound up with the other Parts of the standard, covers:–the gas leakage rate by testing;–the gas concentration tolerances;as one means of verifying whether a product made in accordance with its system description, conforms with therelevant aspects of the definition of insulating glass units.2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 572-1, Glass in Building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 1: Definitions and general physical andmechanical properties.EN 572-2, Glass in Building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 2: Float glass.EN 673, Glass in Building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) - Calculation method.prEN 1279-1, Glass in Building - Insulating glass units - Part 1: Generalities, dimensional tolerances and rules forthe system description.EN 1279-2, Glass in Building - Insulating glass units - Part 2: Long term test method and requirements for moisturepenetration.EN 1279-4, Glass in Building - Insulating glass units - Part 4: Methods of test for the physical attributes of edgeseals.EN 1279-6, Glass in Building - Insulating glass units - Part 6: Factory production control and periodic tests.prEN 12758, Glass in Building - Glazing and airborne sound insulation - Definitions and determination of properties.SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)63 Terms and definitions and symbolsFor the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in prEN 1279-1 together with thefollowing apply.3.1 gas-filled insulating glass unitsinsulating glass unit in which the cavity contains gas(es) in addition to air, usually for improving thermal and/orsound insulation3.2 gas concentration cpercentage by volume of gas in the cavity–ciis the concentration of gas i;–ci,ois the nominal value for a system of insulating glass and gas i which is the basis for testing soundinsulation and/or calculating or testing thermal insulation to fix the respective Rw and U-value;–ci,f is the estimated final concentration in percent of gas i. See annex ANOTEFor use of ci,o, see also EN 1279-6.3.3 gas leakage rate LiLi: the proportion expressed as a percentage by volume of gas i leaking from a gas-filled unit per year calculated bythe following formula:PPTTVcmLooioiii×××××=,int6106,87rin %×a-1(1)where the meaning of the symbols is given in Table 1SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)7Table 1 — Meaning and units of the symbols used in equation (1)UnitsSymbolDescriptionSI systemfor practicaluse inequation (1)cigas concentration determined according to 5.4.4volume fraction in percentagemimass of gas that has leaked from a gas-filled unit in agiven time, and determined according to 5.4.3kg/hµg/hro,idensity of gas i at temperature To and pressure Pokg/m³µg/mm³Pabsolute atmospheric pressure at which the unit wassealedPasame unit as PoPoatmospheric pressure at which ro was determinedPae.g. hPaTtemperature at which unit was sealedKKTotemperature at which ro was determinedKKVintinternal volume of the test specimen according to5.4.1m³mm³aone yearNOTE
ro,i is often given at To = 273 K (0 °C) and Po = 1014 hPa3.4 UpU-value (see EN 673) for publication: the thermal transmittance value to be published, normally determined with thegas concentration ci,o. See also annex A3.5 Rw,p(C/Ctr)Rw(C/Ctr)-value (see prEN 12758) for publication: the weighted sound reduction index to be published, normallydetermined with the gas concentration ci,o. See also annex ASIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)84 Requirements4.1 Gas leakage rateThe gas leakage rate, Li, for gases with concentrations higher than 15 %, and also for air, measured as describedin clause 5 shall beLi < 1,00
in % a-1(2)NOTEFor most insulating glass units, measured Li values are much higher than actual Li values will be after 10 yearsnatural ageing. Therefore the limiting value should not be used for calculating the gas concentration during the lifetime of theunit. See annex B.In the case of sealants based on polysulfide, polyurethane, silicone or polyisobutylene, determining the gasleakage rate of argon (Ar) may replace the measurement of the gas leakage rate for sulfurhexafluoride (SF6) andair.4.2 Tolerances on gas concentrationFor tolerances on gas concentration, refer to EN 1279-6.4.3 Dew point and moisture penetration indexFor testing and requirements on dew point and moisture penetration, refer to EN 1279-2.4.4 Edge seal strengthFor the requirements on edge seal strength, refer to EN 1279-4.4.5 Additional requirements for other gases than argon, sulfurhexafluoride and airFor those requirements, refer to annex A.5 Testing5.1 Principle of testingIn the test, the gas leakage rate at 20 °C is measured after subjecting the test specimen to a climate as specified inEN 1279-2 with the following modifications:–the number of cycles is reduced to 28; and–the time at a constant temperature of 58 °C is reduced to 4 weeks.For measuring the gas leakage rate, the unit is placed in a gastight container and, after a given time, the amount ofgas which has leaked from the unit is measured. After this measurement, the gas concentration in the unit isanalysed and the gas leakage rate calculated.5.2 Apparatus5.2.1 Climate exposure equipmentTest apparatus for the climate exposure as specified in EN 1279-2.SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)95.2.2 Container for gas leakage rate measurementA controlled temperature container shall be used for measuring the gas leakage rate, which shall be hermeticallysealable, and capable of receiving the unit to be tested while inducing as little stress as possible, so that theresidual volume in the container is as small as possible while the sealed edge zones of the unit are exposed to thecirculation of purging gas.The quantity of ambient air penetrating into the container from outside, or the quantity of each constituent leakingfrom the container, shall be measured in a blank test using a solid glass body of approximately the samedimensions as the test specimens.The container shall be deemed to have an adequate degree of tightness if the measured quantity of gas during themeasurement does not exceed 10 % of the mass of gas leaking from the test specimen.The container shall have fittings for introducing specific gases and for taking gas specimens.For multiple glass units with at least one outer pane made of organic material, it shall be ensured that the gasdiffusion through this (these) pane(s) is included in the measurement.5.2.3 Gas analysis equipmentA gas analysis equipment shall be used which is capable of:a)analysis of the gaseous constituents essential to the insulation function of the glass unit, for concentrations of50 · 10-6;b)determination of percentages by volume of gas of up to 100 % within ± 3 % (relative).These tasks shall not necessarily be performed using the same equipment.5.2.4 Gas sampling deviceA device shall be used for taking gas specimens from the glass unit, ensuring that the result is not distorted byingress of air, segregation phenomena, or similar.5.3 Test specimens5.3.1 Preparation of test specimensThe test specimens shall consist of two panes of 4 mm clear float glass in accordance with EN 572-1 andEN 572-2. The length shall be (502 ± 2) mm and the width (352 ± 2) mm. The gap shall be nominal 12 mm, or if notmanufactured, a gap as near to 12 mm as possible. The test specimens shall be representative of the systemdescription as defined in prEN 1279-1.If glass/plastic units are produced in such a way that gas leakage out of the unit through the plastic is possible,deviating from the paragraph above, glass shall be substituted by plastic.Unless otherwise agreed, the design of the insulating glass unit, including the type and quantity of desiccant and ofgas, shall conform to that manufactured in normal production (except for the measurement of the air loss rate,where 100 % air is allowed). The panes of the test specimen shall be flat when the unit is sealed. During sealing,the temperature, T in K, and the absolute pressure, P in hPa, shall be measured to the nearest 1 K and 3 hParespectively.The test specimens have to be manufactured in such a way that the gas concentration meetsci = ci,o (+ 10 % to - 5 % absolute), for each gas when gas mixtures are used.For the production of the test specimens, EN 1279-6 is mandatory.SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)105.3.2 Number of test specimensAt least six test specimens shall be prepared of which at least two shall be tested as described in 5.4 after climateexposure.NOTEIt is recommended to take more test specimens to test the gas filling before climate exposure. The gas leakage canbe measured on further units before the climate exposure, at the earliest four weeks after they have been filled with gas andsealed. This will achieve the objective of keeping test costs and time scale to an acceptable maximum.5.3.3 Construction and appearanceThe test specimens shall be examined visually for the following criteria and/or defects:a)construction of insulating glass unit;b)damaged edges;c)edge cracks;d)fractures;e)specking in the cavity;f)congruence of panes;g)other visible defects.5.4 Procedure5.4.1 Determination of internal volume of a test specimenMeasure the clear distance between opposite spacers, s1 and s2, to the nearest 1 mm, e.g. by means of a gaugegraduated in millimetres. Determine the clear distance between the inner pane surfaces, s3, by measuring thedistance between the inner pane surfaces at mid-length on the four edges of the test specimen, to the nearest0,1 mm, and calculate the mean. The internal volume, Vint in mm³, is obtained as the product of s1, s2 and s3.5.4.2 Climate exposureThe climate exposure as specified in 5.1 shall be carried out on four test specimens, not sooner than one weekafter preparation of the test specimens. On completion of the climate exposure the test specimens are stored toachieve stabilisation, with free circulation of air around the edges at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity, forat least four weeks, and no longer than seven weeks, up to the time of measuring the gas leakage rate asdescribed in 5.4.3.NOTEIf the units are stored vertically, the free circulation of air around the edges may be realized by using twoblocks at least 20 mm high, each covering not more than 30 mm of the edge.5.4.3 Measuring the gas leakageMeasure the gas leakage of at least two test specimens at (20 ± 1) °C after the climate exposure, leaving the testspecimen in the container for as long as it takes for the mass of gas that has leaked from the unit to be determinedquantitatively, in µg/h, using the gas analysis equipment described in 5.2.3.The measurement of the gas leakage has to be repeated until sufficient constancy of the values has beenachieved. Sufficient constancy is reached when the standard deviation over the last four measurements, which inthe case of natural gases such as the components of air are made with at least one day between them, is less than0,25 µg/h, and with at least one measurement being higher than the one immediately preceding it (see annex C).SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)115.4.4 Analysis of gasDetermine the volume fraction in percent of the gaseous constituents essential to the insulation function of the unit,using the gas analysis equipment described in 5.2.3.Take a gas specimen for this analysis from the cavity of the unit after the last measurement of the gas leakage rate.5.5 EvaluationCalculate the gas leakage rate, Li, according to 3.3.6 Precision of test methodIn an inter-laboratory test involving four laboratories, four to eight units of a uniform production were exposed to aclimate in accordance with 5.1. Afterwards the gas leakage rate was determined according to 5.4.3 and annex C.The standard deviation of all individual values was 20 %.7 Test reportThe test report shall evaluate the test in detail and shall include the following summary:SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)12Name, address and logo of the test laboratory.Summary of report n°.Date .Insulating glass units - Evaluation of the gas leakage rate and gas concentration measuredaccording to prEN 1279-3For details, see the test reportCompany:Name:.
Address:.Plant:Name:.
Address:.
System description, file number: .
Product name: .Reference to test report for moisturepenetration index according to EN 1279-2: .Applied gas(es) i :Unit number:12121212Measured concentration ci, (in %):Nominal concentration ci,o, (in %):Gas leakage rate Li, (in %×a-1):NOTE 1
If for certain gases the gas leakage rate Li is not relevant, fill in the cell for Li "NR" (= not relevant)System conforms:YESNO(Delete whichever is not applicable).Name and signature__________________NOTE 2
For comparisons of gas leakage rates of different insulating glass unit systems, the standard deviation indicated inclause 6 of EN 1279-3:2002, should be taken into consideration.SIST EN 1279-3:2004
EN 1279-3:2002 (E)13Annex A(normative)Requirements for other gasesA.1 Durability of the gas and interaction with insulating glass componentsIf it is not evident that the durability of the gas is adequate for the proposed applications, it shall be assessed byinvestigations. The same shall be done concerning the interactions with the insulating glass components.A.2 Effect on thermal- and sound insulationFor most insulating glass unit types, the thermal transmittance U-value and/or the weighted sound reduction indexRw(C/Ctr), depending on the gas concentration, shall be determined.According to the scope of this standard, thermal transmittance and sound reduction shall not change significantlyover the working life of the insulating glass unit. That means that the increase of the U-value shall be maximum 0,1W/(m²K) and the deterioration of Rw(C/Ctr) shall be maximum 1 dB.Those requirements are fulfilled under one of the following two conditions:1)When gas filling improves the U-value by a maximum of 0,4 W/(m²K) and when gas filling improves theRw(C/Ctr) index by a maximum of 5 dB.The U-value and Rw(C/Ctr)-value for publication are:Up = U(ci,o) and Rw,p(C/Ctr) = Rw(C/Ctr)(ci,o).2)When gas filling improves the U-value by more than 0,4 W/(m²K) or when gas filling improves the Rw(C/Ctr)index by more than 5 dB, then it shall be checked that:a)U(ci,f) - U(ci,o) £ 0,1 W/(m²K), and/or(A.1)Rw(C/Ctr)(ci,o) - Rw(C/Ctr)(ci,f) £ 1 dB(A.2)The U-value and Rw(C/Ctr)-value for publication are:Up = U(ci,o) and Rw,p(C/Ctr) = Rw(C/C
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