SIST EN 61180:2017
(Main)High-voltage test techniques for low voltage equipment - Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment
High-voltage test techniques for low voltage equipment - Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment
IEC 61180 is applicable to: - dielectric tests with direct voltage; - dielectric tests with alternating voltage; - dielectric tests with impulse voltage; - test equipment used for dielectric tests on low-voltage equipment. This standard is applicable only to tests on equipment having a rated voltage of not more than 1 kV a.c. or 1,5 kV d.c. This standard is applicable to type and routine tests for objects which are subjected to high voltage tests as specified by the technical committee. The test equipment comprises a voltage generator and a measuring system. This standard covers test equipment in which the measuring system is protected against external interference and coupling by appropriate screening, for example a continuous conducting shield. Therefore, simple comparison tests are sufficient to ensure valid results. This standard is not intended to be used for electromagnetic compatibility tests on electric or electronic equipment
Hochspannungs-Prüftechnik für Niederspannungsgeräte - Begriffe, Prüfung und Prüfbedingungen, Prüfgeräte
Techniques des essais à haute tension pour matériel à basse tension - Définitions, exigences et modalités relatives aux essais, matériel d'essai
L'IEC 61180:2016 est applicable aux essais diélectriques en tension continue, aux essais diélectriques en tension alternative, aux essais diélectriques en tension de choc et au matériel d'essai utilisé pour effectuer des essais diélectriques sur des matériels à basse tension. La présente Norme n'est applicable qu'aux essais de matériels dont la tension assignée ne dépasse pas 1 kV en courant alternatif ou 1,5 kV en courant continu. La présente Norme est applicable aux essais de type et aux essais individuels de série pour les objets qui sont soumis à des essais à haute tension tels que spécifiés par le comité d'études. Le matériel d'essai est constitué d'un générateur de tension et d'un système de mesure. La présente Norme concerne le matériel d'essai dont le système de mesure est protégé contre les perturbations et les couplages externes par un système d'écrans approprié, par exemple, un écran conducteur continu. En conséquence, des essais de comparaison simples sont suffisants pour assurer la validité des résultats. La présente Norme n'est pas destinée à être utilisée pour les essais de compatibilité électromagnétique de matériel électrique ou électronique. Les essais qui combinent des tensions et des courants de choc sont couverts par l'IEC 61000-4-5. La présente norme spécifie autant que possible aux comités d'études concernés des termes définis d'application générale ou particulière, des exigences générales relatives aux objets en essai et aux modalités d'essai, des méthodes pour produire et mesurer les tensions d'essai, des modalités d'essai, des méthodes d'interprétation des résultats d'essai et d'indication des critères d'acceptation, des exigences concernant les dispositifs de mesure certifiés et les méthodes de vérification, une incertitude de mesure. Des variantes aux modalités d'essai peuvent être exigées et il convient qu'elles soient spécifiées par les comités d'études concernés. Il convient de déterminer si l'objet en essai comporte des dispositifs limiteurs de tension dans la mesure où ils peuvent influer sur les résultats de l'essai. Il convient que les comités d'études concernés fournissent des lignes directrices concernant les essais auxquels sont soumis les objets équipés de dispositifs limiteurs de tension. Cette première édition de l'IEC 61180 annule et remplace la première édition de l'IEC 61180-1, publiée en 1992, et la première édition de l'IEC 61180-2, publiée en 1994.
Mots-clés: Techniques des essais à haute tension, essais diélectriques, décharge disruptive, tension de tenue.
Tehnike visokonapetostnega preskušanja nizkonapetostne opreme - Definicije, preskusne in postopkovne zahteve, preskusna oprema
IEC 61180 se uporablja za: – dielektrične preskuse z enosmerno napetostjo; – dielektrične preskuse z izmenično napetostjo; – dielektrične preskuse z udarno napetostjo; – preskusno opremo, ki se uporablja za dielektrične preskuse nizkonapetostne opreme. Ta standard se uporablja samo za preskuse opreme z nazivno napetostjo največ 1 kV pri izmeničnem toku ali 1,5 kV pri enosmernem toku. Ta standard se uporablja za tipske in rutinske preskuse za predmete, izpostavljene visokonapetostnim preskusom, kot določi tehnični odbor. Preskusna oprema zajema generator napetosti in merilni sistem. Ta standard obravnava preskusno opremo, pri kateri je merilni sistem zaščiten pred zunanjimi motnjami in sklopi na podlagi ustreznega presejanja (npr. neprekinjena prevodna zaščita). Za zagotavljanje veljavnih rezultatov tako zadostujejo preprosti primerjalni preskusi. Ta standard ni namenjen za uporabo pri preskusih elektromagnetne združljivosti električne ali elektronske opreme.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Tehnike visokonapetostnega preskušanja nizkonapetostne opreme - Definicije, preskusne in postopkovne zahteve, preskusna opremaHigh-voltage test techniques for low voltage equipment - Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment19.080SUHVNXãDQMHElectrical and electronic testingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 61180:2016SIST EN 61180:2017en01-februar-2017SIST EN 61180:2017SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 61180-2:1998SIST EN 61180-1:19981DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 61180:2017
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 61180
October 2016 ICS 19.080
Supersedes
EN 61180-1:1994, EN 61180-2:1994
English Version
High-voltage test techniques for low-voltage equipment - Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment (IEC 61180:2016)
Techniques des essais à haute tension pour matériel à basse tension - Définitions, exigences et modalités relatives aux essais, matériel d'essai (IEC 61180:2016)
Hochspannungs-Prüftechnik für Niederspannungsgeräte - Begriffe, Prüfung und Prüfbedingungen, Prüfgeräte (IEC 61180:2016) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2016-07-29. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2016 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 61180:2016 E SIST EN 61180:2017
EN 61180:2016 2 European foreword The text of document 42/341/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 61180, prepared by IEC/TC 42 "High-voltage and high-current test techniques" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 61180:2016. The following dates are fixed: • latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2017-04-29 • latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2019-07-29
This document supersedes EN 61180-1:1994 and EN 61180-2:1994. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 61180:2016 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated: IEC 61000-4-5:2014 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61000-4-5:2014 (not modified). IEC 61010-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61010-1. IEC 61010-2-030:2010 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61010-2-030:2010 (not modified). SIST EN 61180:2017
EN 61180:2016 3 Annex ZA (normative)
Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC 60060-1 2010
High-voltage test techniques -
Part 1: General definitions and test requirements EN 60060-1 2010
IEC 60060-2 2010
High-voltage test techniques -
Part 2: Measuring systems EN 60060-2 2011
IEC 60068-1 2013
Environmental testing -
Part 1: General and guidance EN 60068-1 2014
IEC 60335 series
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety
EN 60335 series
IEC 60664-1 2007
Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems -
Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests EN 60664-1 2007
IEC 61083-1 2001
Instruments and software used for measurement in high-voltage impulse tests -
Part 1: Requirements for instruments EN 61083-1 2001
IEC 61083-2 2013
Instruments and software used for measurement in high-voltage and high-current tests -
Part 2: Requirements for software for tests with impulse voltages and currents EN 61083-2 2013
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 2008
Uncertainty of measurement -
Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995) - -
SIST EN 61180:2017
SIST EN 61180:2017
IEC 61180 Edition 1.0 2016-06 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE High-voltage test techniques for low-voltage equipment – Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment
Techniques des essais à haute tension pour matériel à basse tension – Définitions, exigences et modalités relatives aux essais, matériel d'essai
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
ICS 19.080
ISBN 978-2-8322-3366-5
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale ®
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé. SIST EN 61180:2017 colourinside
– 2 – IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 5 1 Scope . 7 2 Normative references. 7 3 Terms and definitions . 8 3.1 General terms . 8 3.2 Definitions related to disruptive discharge and test voltages . 8 3.3 Characteristics related to the test equipment . 9 3.4 Characteristics related to direct voltage tests . 9 3.5 Characteristics related to alternating voltage tests . 10 3.6 Characteristics related to impulse tests (see Figure 1) . 11 3.7 Definitions relating to tolerance and uncertainty . 12 4 General requirements . 13 4.1 General . 13 4.2 Atmospheric conditions for test procedures and verification of test equipment . 14 4.3 Procedures for qualification and use of measuring systems . 14 4.3.1 General principles . 14 4.3.2 Schedule of performance tests . 15 4.3.3 Requirements for the record of performance . 15 4.3.4 Uncertainty . 15 4.4 Tests and test requirements for an approved measuring system and its components . 16 4.4.1 Calibration – Determination of the scale factor . 16 4.4.2 Influence of load . 18 4.4.3 Dynamic behaviour . 18 4.4.4 Short-term stability . 19 4.4.5 Long-term stability . 19 4.4.6 Ambient temperature effect . 20 4.4.7 Uncertainty calculation of the scale factor . 20 4.4.8 Uncertainty calculation of time parameter measurement (impulse voltages only) . 22 5 Tests with direct voltage . 25 5.1 General . 25 5.2 Test voltage . 25 5.2.1 Requirements for the test voltage . 25 5.2.2 Generation of the test voltage . 25 5.2.3 Measurement of the test voltage . 25 5.3 Test procedures . 26 5.3.1 Withstand voltage tests . 26 6 Tests with alternating voltage . 27 6.1 Test voltage . 27 6.1.1 Requirements for the test voltage . 27 6.1.2 Generation of the test voltage . 27 6.1.3 Measurement of the test voltage . 28 6.2 Test procedures . 30 6.2.1 Withstand voltage tests . 30 7 Tests with impulse voltage . 30 SIST EN 61180:2017
IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 – 3 – 7.1 Test voltage . 30 7.1.1 General . 30 7.1.2 Requirements for the test voltage . 31 7.1.3 Generation of the test voltage . 31 7.1.4 Measurement of the test voltage and determination of impulse shape . 32 7.2 Test procedures . 32 7.2.1 Verification of impulse voltage waveshape . 32 7.2.2 Impulse voltage tests . 32 7.3 Measurement of the test voltage . 32 7.3.1 Requirements for an approved measuring system . 32 7.3.2 Uncertainty contributions . 33 7.3.3 Dynamic behaviour . 33 7.3.4 Requirements for measuring instrument . 33 8 Reference measurement systems . 33 8.1 Requirements for reference measuring systems . 33 8.1.1 Direct voltage. 33 8.1.2 Alternating voltage . 33 8.1.3 Impulse voltages . 33 8.2 Calibration of a reference measuring system . 33 8.2.1 General . 33 8.2.2 Reference method: comparative measurement . 34 8.3 Interval between successive calibrations of reference measuring systems . 34 8.4 Use of reference measuring systems . 34 Annex A (informative)
Uncertainty of measurement . 35 A.1 General . 35 A.2 Terms and definitions in addition to 3.7 . 35 A.3 Model function . 36 A.4 Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty . 36 A.5 Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty . 37 A.6 Combined standard uncertainty . 38 A.7 Expanded uncertainty . 39 A.8 Effective degrees of freedom . 40 A.9 Uncertainty budget . 40 A.10 Statement of the measurement result . 41 Annex B (informative)
Example for the calculation of measuring
uncertainties in high-voltage measurements . 43 Annex C (informative)
Atmospheric correction . 47 C.1 Standard reference atmosphere . 47 C.2 Atmospheric correction factor . 47 C.2.1 General . 47 C.2.2 Humidity correction factor k2 . 47 C.2.3 Air density correction factor k1 . 48 Bibliography . 49
Figure 1 – Full impulse voltage time parameters . 11 Figure 2 – Calibration by comparison over the full voltage range . 17 Figure 3 – Uncertainty contributions of the calibration
(example with a minimum of 5 voltage levels) . 18 SIST EN 61180:2017
– 4 – IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 Figure 4 – Shaded area for acceptable normalised amplitude-frequency
responses of measuring systems intended for single fundamental frequencies fnom
(to be tested in the range (1….7) fnom) . 29 Figure 5 – Shaded area for acceptable normalised amplitude-frequency
responses of measuring systems intended for a range of fundamental frequencies fnom1 to fnom2 (to be tested in the range fnom1 to 7 fnom2) . 29 Figure 6 – 1,2/50 µs standard impulse voltage . 31 Figure A.1 – Normal probability distribution p(x) . 42 Figure A.2 – Rectangular probability distribution p(x) . 42
Table 1 – Tests required for an approved direct voltage measuring system . 26 Table 2 – Minimum currents of the test circuit . 27 Table 3 – Tests required for an approved alternating voltage measuring system . 30 Table 4 – Tests required for an approved impulse voltage measuring system . 33 Table A.1 – Coverage factor k for effective degrees of freedom eff (p = 95,45 %) . 40 Table A.2 – Schematic of an uncertainty budget . 41 Table B.1 – Result of the comparison measurement up to 500 V at a single voltage level . 44 Table B.2 – Summary of results for h = 5 voltage levels (VXmax = 500 V) . 45 Table B.3 – Uncertainty budget of the assigned scale factor FX . 46
SIST EN 61180:2017
IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 – 5 – INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ____________
HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT –
Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment
FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61180 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 42: High-voltage and high-current test techniques. This 1st edition of IEC 61180 cancels and replaces the 1st edition of IEC 61180-1, issued in 1992, and the 1st edition of IEC 61180-2, issued in 1994. The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 42/341/FDIS 42/342/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. SIST EN 61180:2017
– 6 – IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed, • withdrawn, • replaced by a revised edition, or • amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
SIST EN 61180:2017
IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 – 7 – HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT –
Definitions, test and procedure requirements, test equipment
1 Scope This International Standard is applicable to: – dielectric tests with direct voltage; – dielectric tests with alternating voltage; – dielectric tests with impulse voltage; – test equipment used for dielectric tests on low-voltage equipment. This standard is applicable only to tests on equipment having a rated voltage of not more than 1 kV a.c. or 1,5 kV d.c. This standard is applicable to type and routine tests for objects which are subjected to high voltage tests as specified by the technical committee. The test equipment comprises a voltage generator and a measuring system. This standard covers test equipment in which the measuring system is protected against external interference and coupling by appropriate screening, for example a continuous conducting shield. Therefore, simple comparison tests are sufficient to ensure valid results. This standard is not intended to be used for electromagnetic compatibility tests on electric or electronic equipment
NOTE Tests with the combination of impulse voltages and currents are covered by IEC 61000-4-5. This standard provides the relevant technical committees as far as possible with: – defined terms of both general and specific applicability; – general requirements regarding test objects and test procedures; – methods for generation and measurement of test voltages; – test procedures; – methods for the evaluation of test results and to indicate criteria for acceptance; – requirements concerning approved measuring devices and checking methods; – measurement uncertainty.
Alternative test procedures may be required and these should be specified by the relevant technical committees. Care should be taken if the test object has voltage limiting devices, as they may influence the results of the test. The relevant technical committees should provide guidance for testing objects equipped with voltage limiting devices. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For SIST EN 61180:2017
– 8 – IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements IEC 60060-2:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 2: Measuring systems IEC 60068-1:2013, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance IEC 60335(all parts): Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety IEC 60664-1:2007, Insulation co-ordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests IEC 61083-1:2001, Instruments and software used for measurement in high-voltage impulse test – Part 1: Requirements for instruments IEC 61083-2:2013, Instruments and software used for measurement in high-voltage and high-current tests – Part 2: Requirements for software for tests with impulse voltages and currents ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement – Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurements (GUM) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 General terms 3.1.1
clearance distance between two conductive parts along a string stretched across the shortest path between these conductive parts
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-441:1984, 441-17-31] 3.1.2
creepage distance shortest distance along the surface of a solid insulating material between two conductive parts
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151: 2001, 151-15-50] 3.2 Definitions related to disruptive discharge and test voltages 3.2.1
disruptive discharge failure of insulation under electric stress, in which the discharge completely bridges the insulation under test, reducing the voltage between electrodes to practically zero 3.2.2
withstand voltage specified voltage value which characterizes the insulation of the object with regard to a withstand test SIST EN 61180:2017
IEC 61180:2016 © IEC 2016 – 9 – Note 1 to entry: Unless otherwise specified, withstand voltages are referred to standard reference atmospheric conditions (see 4.2). 3.3 Characteristics related to the test equipment 3.3.1
calibration set of operations that establishes, by reference to standards, the relationship which exists, under specified conditions, between an indication and a result of a measurement Note 1 to entry: The determination of the scale factor is included in the calibration. [SOURCE: IEC 60050-311:2001, 311-01-09, modified: note modified] 3.3.2
type test conformity test made on one or more items representative of the production
Note 1 to entry: For a measuring system, this is a test performed on a component or on a complete measuring system of the same design to characterize it under operating conditions. [SOURCE: IEC 60050-151: 2001, 151-16-16, modified:note added]
3.3.3
routine test conformity test made on each individual item during or after manufacture Note 1 to entry: This is a test performed on each component or on each complete measuring system to characterize it under operating conditions. [SOURCE: IEC 60050-151: 2001, 151-16-17, modified:note added] 3.3.4
performance test test performed on a complete measuring system to characterize it under operating conditions 3.3.5
test equipment complete set of devices needed to generate and measure the test voltage or current applied to a test object 3.3.6
reference measuring system measuring system with its calibration traceable to relevant national and/or international standards, and having sufficient accuracy and stability for use in the approval of other systems by making simultaneous comparative measurements with specific types of waveform and ranges of voltage 3.3.7
assigned scale factor scale factor of a measuring system determined at the most recent performance test Note 1 to entry: A measuring system may have more than one assigned scale factor; for example, it may have
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.