SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
(Main)Fibre ropes - General specifications (ISO 9554:2010)
Fibre ropes - General specifications (ISO 9554:2010)
This International Standard specifies the general characteristics of fibre ropes and their constituent materials.
It is intended to be used in conjunction with the standards for the individual types of fibre rope, which cover the physical properties and specific requirements for that particular product type. This International Standard also gives some information on the use of fibre ropes and also on their inspection and retirement criteria.
This International Standard does not intend to address all of the safety matters associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to select a rope type of the size and with the physical properties to meet the requirements of the application and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
Faserseile - Allgemeine Festlegungen (ISO 9554:2010)
Diese Internationale Norm legt die allgemeinen Eigenschaften von Faserseilen sowie die Werkstoffe, aus
denen sie hergestellt sind, fest. Sie soll zusammen mit den einzelnen Faserseilnormen, die die physikalischen
Eigenschaften und die speziellen Anforderungen für den bestimmten Produkttyp abdecken, angewendet
werden.
Diese Internationale Norm enthält auch einige Angaben über die Verwendung von Faserseilen sowie über die
Überprüfung und die Ablegekriterien.
Diese Internationale Norm beabsichtigt nicht, alle Sicherheitsaspekte im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Verwendung
zu behandeln. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Anwenders, eine Seilart einer Seilgröße und die
physikalischen Eigenschaften auszuwählen, um die Anforderungen der Anwendung zu erfüllen und die
Anwendbarkeit der vorgeschriebenen Einschränkungen vor ihrer Benutzung zu bestimmen.
Cordages en fibres - Spécifications générales (ISO 9554:2010)
L'ISO 9554:2010 spécifie les caractéristiques générales des cordages en fibres et de leurs matières constitutives. Elle est destinée à être utilisée conjointement avec les normes particulières à chaque type de cordage en fibre qui traitent des propriétés physiques et des exigences particulières à chacun des types de produit.
L'ISO 9554:2010 donne en outre quelques indications sur l'utilisation des cordages en fibres, ainsi que sur leur inspection et les critères de réforme.
L'ISO 9554:2010 n'a pas pour objectif d'aborder toutes les questions de sécurité liées à son utilisation. Il incombe à l'utilisateur de choisir un type de cordage dont la taille et les propriétés physiques correspondent aux exigences qui s'appliquent à son cas et de déterminer l'applicabilité des restrictions réglementaires avant utilisation.
Vlaknene vrvi - Splošne zahteve (ISO 9554:2010)
Ta mednarodni standard določa splošne značilnosti vlaknenih vrvi in materialov, iz katerih so narejene.
Namenjen je za uporabo skupaj s standardi za posamezne vrste vlaknenih vrvi, ki imajo fizične lastnosti in določene zahteve za to določeno vrsto proizvoda. Ta mednarodni standard prav tako podaja nekatere informacije za uporabo vlaknenih vrvi ter merila za njihovo pregledovanje in umik iz prometa.
Ta mednarodni standard ni namenjen naslavljanju vseh varnostnih zadev, povezanih z njihovo uporabo. Uporabnik je odgovoren, da izbere vrsto vrvi take velikosti in s takimi fizičnimi lastnostmi, ki izpolnjujejo zahteve za uporabo, in da ugotovi uporabo predpisanih omejitev pred njeno uporabo.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
01-maj-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 9554:2005
Vlaknene vrvi - Splošne zahteve (ISO 9554:2010)
Fibre ropes - General specifications (ISO 9554:2010)
Faserseile - Allgemeine Festlegungen (ISO 9554:2010)
Cordages en fibres - Spécifications générales (ISO 9554:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 9554:2010
ICS:
59.080.50 Vrvi Ropes
SIST EN ISO 9554:2011 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 9554
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2010
ICS 59.080.50 Supersedes EN ISO 9554:2005
English Version
Fibre ropes - General specifications (ISO 9554:2010)
Cordages en fibres - Spécifications générales (ISO Faserseile - Allgemeine Festlegungen (ISO 9554:2010)
9554:2010)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 August 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 9554:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
EN ISO 9554:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
EN ISO 9554:2010 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 9554:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38 “Textiles” in
collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and textile products” the secretariat of which is
held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by February 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 9554:2005.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 9554:2010 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 9554:2010 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9554
Third edition
2010-08-15
Fibre ropes — General specifications
Cordages en fibres — Spécifications générales
Reference number
ISO 9554:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Manufacture .1
4.1 Constituent materials.1
4.2 Construction and structure .2
4.3 Treatment .2
4.3.1 Polyamide and polyester ropes .2
4.3.2 Polypropylene and polyethylene ropes .3
4.3.3 Manila and sisal .3
4.4 Workmanship.3
5 Lay length or braid pitch.4
6 Requirements.4
7 Marking and labelling.4
7.1 Marking.4
7.1.1 General .4
7.1.2 Ropes of reference number less than 14.4
7.1.3 Ropes of reference number equal to or greater than 14 .4
7.2 Labelling.5
8 Packaging, invoicing and delivered length.5
8.1 Packaging and invoicing .5
8.2 Delivered length.5
8.2.1 Standard delivered length .5
8.2.2 Shorter delivered length due to sampling .5
9 Testing.6
10 Visual quality control .6
10.1 Responsibility for inspection .6
10.2 Finished-rope visual control .6
11 Certification.6
12 Instructions for use .6
Annex A (informative) Typical characteristics of the yarns for man-made and natural fibres .7
Annex B (informative) Information on defects and variances.10
Annex C (informative) Information for use and maintenance to be provided by the manufacturer.12
Bibliography.22
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 9554 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 9554:2005), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9554:2010(E)
Fibre ropes — General specifications
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the general characteristics of fibre ropes and their constituent materials.
It is intended to be used in conjunction with the standards for the individual types of fibre rope, which cover the
physical properties and specific requirements for that particular product type.
This International Standard also gives some information on the use of fibre ropes and also on their inspection
and retirement criteria.
This International Standard does not intend to address all of the safety matters associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user to select a rope type of the size and with the physical properties to meet the
requirements of the application and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1140, Fibre ropes — Polyamide — 3-, 4- and 8-strand ropes
ISO 1141, Fibre ropes — Polyester — 3-, 4- and 8-strand ropes
ISO 1968, Fibre ropes and cordage — Vocabulary
ISO 2307, Fibre ropes — Determination of certain physical and mechanical properties
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1968 apply.
4 Manufacture
4.1 Constituent materials
The following materials are considered in this International Standard:
a) natural fibres:
⎯ sisal;
⎯ manila;
⎯ hemp;
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
b) man-made fibres:
⎯ polyamide;
⎯ polyester;
⎯ polypropylene;
⎯ polyethylene;
⎯ mixed polyolefin;
⎯ polyester/polyolefin dual fibres;
⎯ high modulus polyethylene.
Typical characteristics for these materials are given in Annex A. Specific applications should involve technical
discussions with rope manufacturers.
4.2 Construction and structure
Unless otherwise specified, 3-, 4- and 6-strand laid ropes shall be Z-twist (right-hand lay), their strands S-twist
and their roping yarns Z-twist.
The 8-strand braided ropes shall consist of four S-twist strands and four Z-twist strands arranged so that
S-twist strands alternate (individually or in pairs) with Z-twist strands (individually or in pairs).
The 12-strand braided ropes shall consist of six S-twist strands and six Z-twist strands arranged so that
S-twist strands alternate (individually or in pairs) with Z-twist strands (individually or in pairs).
A double-braided rope shall consist of a number of strands that are braided to form a core, around which
additional strands are braided to form a sheath. The core lies coaxially within the sheath. The number of
strands varies, based upon the size of the rope.
A parallel rope construction consists of a number of sub-ropes protected by a non-load-bearing cover.
Each strand shall consist of an equal number of rope yarns sufficient to provide the characteristics specified in
the International Standard for the relevant product. For ropes of reference number 36 or higher, the number of
yarns in each strand may differ by one yarn or ±2,5 % from the intended number of yarns in the strand.
The ropes and their strands shall be continuous, without splice for standard delivered lengths or shorter
lengths.
Yarns may be joined as necessary.
The strands can be assembled yarns as well.
NOTE National legislations can place additional requirements concerning rope construction.
4.3 Treatment
4.3.1 Polyamide and polyester ropes
4.3.1.1 Polyamide and polyester laid ropes that are required to have a heat setting on the rope to ensure
lay and dimensional stability are designated as type 1 ropes in ISO 1140 and ISO 1141.
4.3.1.2 In other cases, polyamide and polyester laid ropes that are not required to have a heat setting on
the rope are designated as type 2 ropes in ISO 1140 and ISO 1141.
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
4.3.1.3 The ropes shall be supplied in their natural state without additives to weight the rope or coating
treatment.
The fibre producer or the rope manufacturer may apply lubricants for enhanced performance. The total
amount of additives or extractable materials shall not exceed 2,5 % in mass.
4.3.1.4 The colour of the rope shall be natural, unless otherwise requested.
Upon request of the purchaser, the manufacturer may use a coating or impregnation of the product for special
applications.
4.3.1.5 The figures for linear density and minimum breaking force in ISO 1140 and in ISO 1141 are the
same for type 1 and type 2 ropes.
4.3.2 Polypropylene and polyethylene ropes
Polypropylene and polyethylene ropes shall be protected against deterioration due to sunlight (UV).
The inhibiting system used should ensure the expected performance in usage under the foreseen
geographical areas for applications, provided that the manufacturer is kept informed by the user.
4.3.3 Manila and sisal
4.3.3.1 General
All ropes of manila and of sisal shall be made exclusively of new fibres.
4.3.3.2 Manila
A cordage oil lubricant of suitable quality shall be applied. The lubricant shall not impart an offensive odour to
the finished rope. The percentage of extractable matter based on the dry weight of the rope shall not be less
than 11,5 % nor more than 16,5 %.
When specified, the rope shall have a mildew-resistant treatment.
Anti-bacterial additives for manila may be added to extend the performance of the natural fibre when
requested by the purchaser.
4.3.3.3 Sisal
A cordage oil lubricant of suitable quality shall be applied. The lubricant shall not impart an offensive odour to
the finished rope. The percentage of extractable matter based on the dry weight of the rope shall not be more
than 11,5 % for an un-oiled product and not more than 16,5 % for an oiled product.
When specified, the rope shall be free from any oils and sold as un-oiled rope.
Anti-bacterial additives for sisal may be added to extend the performance of the natural fibre when requested
by the purchaser.
4.4 Workmanship
4.4.1 The finished rope shall contain no cuts, kinks or soft spots caused by change in lay or pitch length,
hockles, chafed or damaged sections, or broken, loose or projecting ends in the rope or the strands.
4.4.2 The unspliced ends of all ropes shall be cut off squarely and shall be securely whipped, taped or heat-
sealed.
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
5 Lay length or braid pitch
The manufacturer shall establish the lay length or the braid pitch of the rope according to its intended use, or
based upon the purchaser's acceptance.
NOTE For a given reference number of rope, the smaller the lay length or braid pitch the harder the rope will be; this
hardness can affect the estimated breaking strength of the rope.
6 Requirements
The main requirements shall be those specified in the relevant International Standard for the product and shall
include the following:
a) linear density;
b) minimum breaking force;
c) reference number.
The corresponding test methods are specified in ISO 2307.
Other requirements, for example the lay length, the braid pitch, the diameter of the circumscribed circle, and
the elongation of the rope under specific tensile conditions, may be specified, subject to agreement between
the manufacturer and the purchaser, where applicable with the submission of a sample.
7 Marking and labelling
7.1 Marking
7.1.1 General
The identification of the material, quality and origin of a fibre rope conforming to this International Standard
shall be marked using a tape placed within the article (see 7.1.3) so as to remain recognizable despite soiling,
soaking or discoloration during use.
The tape shall be at least 3 mm wide, and shall be printed with the number of the relevant International
Standard, and a reference identifying the manufacturer. The maximum distance between two consecutive
markings shall be 0,5 m.
7.1.2 Ropes of reference number less than 14
These do not need to be marked, unless specified in a product standard.
7.1.3 Ropes of reference number equal to or greater than 14
A marker tape as defined in 7.1.1 shall be incorporated into the centre of one strand for 3-, 4-, 8- and
12-strand ropes. Double-braided ropes shall have a marker tape in or outside the core.
For covered ropes, the marking tape shall be incorporated between the cover and the core or within the core.
4 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
7.2 Labelling
Each coil shall have a label, which is firmly fixed in place, giving the following information:
⎯ constituent material;
⎯ identification of manufacturer and country of origin;
⎯ reference number;
⎯ delivered length;
⎯ declaration of conformity to this International Standard relating to the constituent material (e.g. “in
accordance with ISO 9554”).
8 Packaging, invoicing and delivered length
8.1 Packaging and invoicing
8.1.1 The packaging unit may be a reel, a coil, a hank, a box, a bag or as specified by the purchaser.
8.1.2 The finished rope shall be supplied in a package, so that it can be dispensed freely without
entanglement of any kind.
8.1.3 Either the unit mass or the length may be used to invoice the rope. When the gross mass is used for
invoicing, the mass of the packaging shall not exceed 1,5 % of the gross mass of the rope.
8.2 Delivered length
8.2.1 Standard delivered length
The length of the coil shall be determined by dividing the mass of the coil by the mass per metre of the rope,
determined in accordance with ISO 2307.
The limit deviation on delivered length shall be
⎯ −5 % for ropes with a reference number less than or equal to 14, or
⎯ −3 % for ropes with a reference number greater than 14,
on condition that the gross mass corresponding to the delivered length is not less than the product of the
minimum linear density and the theoretical delivered length.
Standard delivered lengths are the following:
100 m; 183 m; 200 m; 220 m; 366 m.
Other lengths may be supplied for special orders.
8.2.2 Shorter delivered length due to sampling
To carry out testing at the request of the purchaser, test pieces may be taken from the ordered length of rope.
The length of rope delivered shall then be less than the ordered length because of these test pieces (which
are considered to be part of the delivery).
In the event that a specific length is required and testing is required, the purchaser may be invoiced the
additional length or mass of the rope required to perform such testing.
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
9 Testing
9.1 The testing of the finished rope shall be conducted as specified in the applicable International Standard
and in the purchase order or contract.
9.2 The required length and number of test samples shall be removed from the selected test reels as
outlined in 8.2.2, if required.
9.3 Test reports shall be prepared in accordance with the contract or the purchase order.
10 Visual quality control
10.1 Responsibility for inspection
Unless otherwise specified in the contract or in the purchase order, the rope manufacturer is responsible for
the performance of all quality-control requirements specified in this International Standard and in the
applicable fibre rope standard. The purchaser shall have the option to have a representative present during
the control by the manufacturer. The purchaser, at his/her expense, reserves the right to perform or have a
third party perform any of the controls set forth in the specification where controls are deemed necessary to
ensure that ropes conform to specifications. A representative of the rope manufacturer shall have the option to
be present during these controls.
10.2 Finished-rope visual control
Each sample shall be subject to visual examination. The samples shall be selected at random. If any defects
are noted in the original test units, an equal number of additional test units shall be selected at random and, if
any specified defects are noted, the entire lot shall be rejected. See Annex B.
11 Certification
When requested by the purchaser, the manufacturer of the rope shall issue certificates of conformity with the
relevant International Standard when invoicing. These certificates shall always be available for any of the
phases of the distribution and/or usage of the rope.
If certification is required, it shall be requested at the time of placing the order.
12 Instructions for use
The manufacturer shall provide the purchaser with a set of instructions for the use and maintenance of fibre
ropes.
NOTE Recommendations on information for the use and maintenance of fibre ropes to be provided by the
manufacturer are given in Annex C.
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Typical characteristics of the yarns for man-made and natural fibres
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
8 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
Table A.1 — Typical characteristics of the yarns for man-made and natural fibres
Physical properties Environmental properties
International
Fibre Standard for Sunlight
Approximate Elongation Abrasion Creep Moisture Environmental Effects of chemical
Tenacity (UV)
rope type
ab b bc e
gravity at break resistance resistance regain resistance exposure
bd
resistance
3
kg/dm gf/denier N/tex % %
f
Polyamide ISO 1140 1,14 7,5 to 10,5 0,66 to 0,93 14 to 28 dry 5 2 to 3 4 to 6 5 4 Resistant to weak acids,
alkalis and organic
SO 10554
I
solvents.
wet 2 Decomposed by strong
mineral acids.
Soluble in phenols and
formic acid.
f
Polyester ISO 1141 1,38 7,5 to 10,0 0,66 to 0,88 10 to 18 4 to 5 4 <1 5 5 Resistant to mineral acids
and organic solvents.
ISO 10547
Decomposed by strong
sulfuric acids and strong
alkalis at a high
temperature.
Soluble in phenols.
Polypropylene ISO 1346 0,91 split 4,5 to 5,0 0,40 to 0,44 8 to 12 2 2 0 3 2 Resistant to acids, alkalis
and organic solvents.
mono 6,0 to 6,5 0,53 to 0,57 12 to 18
oluble i c orinated
S n hl
m 6 0 t 9, 0,53 t 0,57 20 to 24
ulti , o 5 o
hydrocarbons.
g g
0,63 to 0,84 16 to 20
Polyethylene ISO 1969 0,95 5,5 to 9,0 0,49 to 0,79 16 to 24 3 1 0 4 to 5 4 Resistant to acids, alkalis
and organic solvents.
Soluble in chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
Mixed ISO 10572 0,92 6,5 to 8,5 0,57 to 0,75 12 to 18 3 2 0 3 to 4 2 to 3 Resistant to acids, alkalis
polyolefin and organic solvents.
Soluble in chlorinated
hydrocarbons
.
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SIST EN ISO 9554:2011
ISO 9554:2010(E)
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 9
Table A.1 (continued)
Physical properties Environmental properties
International
Fibre Sunlight
Standard for
Approximate Elongation Abrasion Creep Moisture Environmental Effects of chemical
Tenacity (UV)
rope type
ab b bc e
gravity at break resistance resistance regain resistance exposure
bd
resistance
3
kg/dm gf/denier N/tex % %
Polyester/ ISO 10556 0,98 to 1,15 6,6 to 7,9 0,58 to 0,69 12 to 18 3 to 5 3 <1 3 to 4 3 to 4 Same effects as those of
polyolefin dual polyester and
fibres polypropylene.
High modulus ISO 10325 0,97 25 to 44 2,2 to 3,9 2,8 to 3,9 5 1 to 2 0 4 to 5 4 Resistant to most
polyethylene concentrated industrial
(HMPE) acids, bases, oxidizers,
and organic solvents at
room temperature.
Sisal ISO 1181 1,38 2,0 to 2,5 0,18 to 0,22 6 to 12 2 5 100 1 3 to 4 Resistant to alkalis and
organic solvents.
Degradation by acids of
high concentration or at a
high temperature.
Manila ISO 1181 1,35 2,5 to 3,0 0,22 to 0,26 6 to 10 2 5 100 1 to 2 3 to 4 Resistant to organic
solvents. Degradation by
acids of high concentration
or at a high temperature.
Hemp EN 1261 1,35 2,5 to 3,5 0,26 to 0,31 6 to 12 2 to 3 5 100 1 to 2 3 to 4 Resistant to organic
solvents. Degradation by
acids of high concentration
or at a high temperature.
a
Over-applied finishes can enhance abrasion resistance under both dry and wet conditions.
b
These columns are graded on a scale of 1 to
...
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