SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
(Main)Chemical analysis of refractory products by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) - Fused cast-bead method (ISO 12677:2011)
Chemical analysis of refractory products by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) - Fused cast-bead method (ISO 12677:2011)
This International Standard describes a method for chemical analysis of refractory products and materials and technical ceramics, composed of oxides, and comprises the determination of oxide at levels between 0,01% and 99% content by the XRF fused cast bead method. Note: Constituents at concentrations greater than 99% (on the dried basis) should be reported on by difference, providing all likely minor constituents and the loss on ignition have been determined. These figures should also be checked by direct determinations.
Chemische Analyse von feuerfesten Erzeugnissen durch RFA - Schmelzaufschluss-Verfahren (ISO 12677:2011)
Diese Internationale Norm legt ein Verfahren zur chemischen Analyse von feuerfesten Erzeugnissen und
Werkstoffen sowie oxidischer technischer Keramik fest und schließt die Bestimmung von Massenanteilen an
Oxiden zwischen 0,01 % und 99 % durch die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) an Schmelzaufschlüssen ein.
ANMERKUNG Bestandteile mit Massenanteilen größer als 99 % (bezogen auf die getrocknete Substanz) sollten als
Differenz angegeben werden, vorausgesetzt, alle wahrscheinlichen Nebenbestandteile und die Massenänderung durch
Glühen wurden ermittelt. Auch diese Angaben sollten durch direkte Bestimmungen geprüft werden.
Analyse chimique des matériaux réfractaires par fluorescence de rayons X - Méthode de la perle fondue (ISO 12677:2011)
L'ISO 12677:2011 spécifie une méthode pour l'analyse chimique des matières premières pour les céramiques techniques et réfractaires, les intermédiaires et les produits, au moyen de la fluorescence de rayons X et de la méthode de la perle fondue. Elle est applicable à différents types de matériaux céramiques. L'ISO 12677:2011 n'est pas applicable aux matériaux non-oxydes comme le carbure ou le nitrure de silicium, etc. La méthode est applicable à une large variété de matériaux contenant une large variété d'éléments.
Kemijska analiza ognjevzdržnih izdelkov z XRF - Metoda z vlito talino (ISO 12677:2011)
Ta mednarodni standard opisuje metodo za kemijsko analizo ognjevzdržnih izdelkov in materialov ter tehnične keramike, sestavljenih iz oksidov, in vključuje ugotavljanje oksida pri ravneh med 0,01 % in 99 % z metodo z vlito talino z XRF. Opomba: O sestavinah pri koncentracijah nad 99 % (na suhi osnovi) se poroča glede na razliko pod pogojem, da so določene vse verjetne manjše sestavine in žarilna izguba. Te številke je treba preveriti tudi z neposrednim določevanjem.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
01-december-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 12677:2003
Kemijska analiza ognjevzdržnih izdelkov z XRF - Metoda z vlito talino (ISO
12677:2011)
Chemical analysis of refractory products by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) - Fused cast-bead
method (ISO 12677:2011)
Chemische Analyse von feuerfesten Erzeugnissen durch RFA - Schmelzaufschluss-
Verfahren (ISO 12677:2011)
Analyse chimique des matériaux réfractaires par fluorescence de rayons X - Méthode de
la perle fondue (ISO 12677:2011)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 12677:2011
ICS:
81.080 Ognjevzdržni materiali Refractories
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 12677
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2011
ICS 81.080 Supersedes EN ISO 12677:2003
English Version
Chemical analysis of refractory products by X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) - Fused cast-bead method (ISO 12677:2011)
Analyse chimique des matériaux réfractaires par Chemische Analyse von feuerfesten Erzeugnissen durch
fluorescence de rayons X - Méthode de la perle fondue Röntgenfluoreszenz-Analyse (RFA) - Schmelzaufschluss-
(ISO 12677:2011) Verfahren (ISO 12677:2011)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 September 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 12677:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
EN ISO 12677:2011 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
EN ISO 12677:2011 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 12677:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33 "Refractories" in
collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 187 “Refractory products and materials” the secretariat of
which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by April 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 12677:2003.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 12677:2011 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 12677:2011 without any modification.
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12677
Second edition
2011-10-01
Chemical analysis of refractory products
by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) — Fused
cast-bead method
Analyse chimique des matériaux réfractaires par fluorescence de
rayons X — Méthode de la perle fondue
Reference number
ISO 12677:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Types of material . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus . 2
6 Sample grinding . 3
7 Loss on ignition (and/or drying) . 4
8 Flux . 4
8.1 Choice of flux and ratio of flux to sample . 4
8.2 Compensations for moisture in flux . 5
9 Fusion casting procedures. 5
9.1 Fusion of samples and casting of beads . 5
9.2 Automatic bead preparation . 7
9.3 Storage . 7
9.4 Special problems . 8
10 Calibration . 8
10.1 Calibration standards . 8
10.2 Reagents and series reference materials (SeRMs) . 8
10.3 Calibration using reagents . 10
10.4 Calibration using SeRMs . 15
11 Corrections . 17
11.1 Line-overlap correction . 17
11.2 Background correction . 17
11.3 Drift correction . 18
11.4 Calculation of results . 18
11.5 Software requirements . 19
12 Reproducibility and repeatability . 20
12.1 Fusion tests . 20
12.2 Frequency of instrument tests . 20
12.3 Maximum allowance differences of sample holders . 20
12.4 Sample measuring positions . 21
12.5 Instrument repeatability . 21
12.6 Sequential systems . 21
12.7 Dead time . 22
12.8 Other tests . 22
12.9 Flow gas . 22
13 Accuracy determined by certified reference materials . 22
13.1 Validation of synthetic calibrations . 22
13.2 Validation of SeRM calibrations . 22
13.3 Fresh beads of the CRMs or synthetic standards used to check SeRM calibrations . 22
14 Definitions of limits of detection . 23
15 Test report . 23
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
Annex A (normative) Calibration range and required detection limits .24
Annex B (normative) Corrections for tungsten carbide grinding media .28
Annex C (informative) Examples of fluxes/flux ratios .30
Annex D (normative) Examples of CRM to be used to check synthetic calibrations .32
Annex E (normative) Examples of SeRM .38
Annex F (normative) Equation for theoretical calculations .43
Annex G (normative) Certified reference materials (CRMs) .44
Annex H (normative) Method of inter-element correction used to compensate for the effects of
co-existing components when using SeRM for calibration .47
Annex I (normative) Standard deviations achieved with certified reference materials .68
Bibliography .75
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12677 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33, Refractories.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12677:2003), which has been technically
revised. Although the method in this International Standard has been considerably modified editorially and in
layout, the technical changes are limited. Some minor corrections have been made to certain equations. The
only significant changes are a reference to a further International Standard method (being prepared) for the
preparation of reduced materials for analysis by this standard, and instructions on how to add other
constituents to calibrations at the end of 10.2.1, Purity and preparation of reagents.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12677:2011(E)
Chemical analysis of refractory products by X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) — Fused cast-bead method
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for the chemical analysis of refractory and technical ceramic
raw materials, intermediates and products, by means of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) fused cast-bead
method. Typical materials that can be analysed by this standard are given in Clause 3. This International
Standard is not applicable to non-oxide materials, such as silicon carbides or nitrides, etc. The method is
applicable to a wide range of materials containing a wide range of elements.
NOTE 1 The presence of significant amounts of certain elements, such as tin, copper, zinc and chromium, can present
difficulties in the fusion process. In this case, the Bibliography can be referred to.
NOTE 2 Constituents at concentrations greater than 99 % (on a dried basis) are reported by difference, provided that
all likely minor constituents and any loss on ignition have been determined. These figures can also be checked by direct
determination.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO Guide 35:2006, Reference materials — General and statistical principles for certification
ISO 565, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of
openings
ISO 26845, Chemical analysis of refractories — General requirements for wet chemical analysis, atomic
absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)
methods
3 Types of material
Listed below are various types of ceramic material that have been successfully analysed by this method and
for which statistical data is available (see Annex I). The list is not exhaustive but serves as a guide to those
using this International Standard for the first time.
a) High alumina 45 % Al O
2 3
b) Alumino-silicate 7 % to 45 % Al O
2 3
c) Silica 93 % SiO
2
d) Zircon
e) Zirconia and zirconates
f) Magnesia
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
g) Magnesia/alumina spinel (70/30)
h) Dolomite
i) Limestone
j) Magnesia/chromic oxide
k) Chrome ore
l) Chrome-alumina
m) Alumina/magnesia spinel (70/30)
n) Zirconia-alumina-silica cast material (AZS)
o) Calcium silicates
p) Calcium aluminates
q) Magnesium silicates
A list of elemental ranges and required detection limits are given in Annex A.
NOTE 1 Some of the above material types can be accommodated for common calibrations (see 10.3.4).
NOTE 2 Reduced materials, such as silicon carbide, cannot be determined directly by this International Standard and
so are not listed above. Such materials require special methods both for loss on ignition and fusion into a bead prior to
XRF analysis. Suitable procedures are described in ISO 21068-1, ISO 21068-2 and ISO 21068-3 and further methods are
under development by the refractory standards system. Once reduced materials are suitably ignited and subsequently
prepared as fused beads, this standard can be applied to the rest of the procedure.
WARNING — Failure to pretreat reduced materials, such as silicon carbide, properly not only leads to
erroneous results but will also cause damage to valuable platinum alloy crucibles and dishes.
4 Principle
The powdered sample is fused with a suitable flux to destroy its mineralogical and particulate composition.
The resultant melt is cast into the shape of a glass bead which is then introduced into an XRF spectrometer.
The intensities of the fluorescent X-rays of the required elements in the bead are measured and the chemical
composition of the sample is analysed by reference to previously determined calibration graphs or equations
and applying corrections for inter-element effects. The calibration equations and inter-element corrections are
established from beads produced using pure reagents and/or series reference materials (SeRMs), prepared in
the same way as the samples. Certified reference materials (CRMs) may be used providing they meet all the
requirements of 10.2.2 and 10.4.1.
Because of the universality of the fused cast-bead technique, various fluxes and modes of calibration are
permitted, providing they have been demonstrated as being able to meet certain criteria of repeatability,
sensitivity and accuracy. Provided that a laboratory's own methods conform to all the various criteria set down,
they will be accepted as conforming to this International Standard.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Fusion vessels, of a non-wetted platinum alloy (Pt/Au 95 %/5 % is suitable). Lids, if used, shall be of a
platinum alloy (not necessarily non-wetted).
NOTE A useful guide to the care of platinum is given in Reference [5] of the Bibliography.
5.2 Casting moulds, of a non-wetted platinum alloy (Pt/Au 95 %/5 % is suitable).
NOTE Vessels that serve both as fusion vessels and casting moulds can be used.
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
5.3 Heat reservoir for casting mould (optional), required in special circumstances when using moulds of
small sizes, so that the mould does not cool too rapidly when removed from the furnace. A small piece of flat
refractory material is suitable, e.g. a piece of sillimanite batt with dimensions 10 mm 50 mm 50 mm.
5.4 Air jet (optional), required to cool the mould rapidly. This may be any device whereon a narrow jet of air
can be directed to the centre of the base of the casting dish. A convenient way of doing this is to use the base
of a Bunsen burner without a barrel to serve as an air jet.
NOTE In most cases, it is very important to cool the melt rapidly. This is necessary to obtain a homogeneous bead
and to free the melt from the dish.
A water-cooled metal plate may also be used.
5.5 Fusion apparatus, electric resistance furnaces or high-frequency induction furnaces that may be
heated up to a fixed temperature of between 1 050 °C and 1 250 °C may be used.
5.6 Automatic fusion apparatus, for use in automatic bead preparation (see 9.2) where required.
5.7 Balance, capable of weighing to 0,1 mg.
5.8 Mechanical mixer, that moves in a linear or rotary way.
NOTE Vibratory mixers cannot be used as they induce segregation.
6 Sample grinding
This International Standard shall start with a laboratory sample.
NOTE 1 Bulk sampling is not within the scope of this method but can be found in ISO 26845.
The sample shall be ground using tungsten carbide. The appropriate corrections for tungsten carbide (and its
binder if necessary) shall be applied to loss on ignition and analysis figures in accordance with Annex B.
NOTE 2 It is permissible to apply the sample grinding methods cited in conventional chemical methods for the classes
of materials covered. However, the tungsten carbide method is the preferred method.
The maximum particle size shall be 100 µm.
NOTE 3 The purpose of grinding is to obtain a sample sufficiently fine to be fused easily but below a set limit of
introduced contamination. But for certain samples that are difficult to fuse (e.g. chrome ores), finer grinding to less than
60 µm might be necessary.
One of the following two methods shall be used to obtain the required particle size.
a) For mechanical grinding devices, establish what grinding times are sufficient to grind the various samples
to be analysed to the correct fineness and thereafter apply these minimum times for grinding. In order to
establish grinding times, use the mechanical grinder to prepare typical materials analysed for
progressively increasing lengths of time of 2 min. Sieve each ground sample through a 100 µm sieve
until a grinding time is reached where the entire sample passes through the sieve. Then use this time for
that material or the longest time of any material analysed, if applied to all materials. When grinding hard
materials, such as chromite, sieving shall be used, but this might induce segregation. Therefore, after
sieving, the sample shall be mixed thoroughly by stirring or tumbling prior to transferring to a sample tube.
Because heavier minerals can segregate on standing, it is advisable to stir the sample once more, prior to
weighing out.
b) After hand-grinding for 20 s, sieve the ground powder through a sieve of 100 µm aperture, in accordance
with ISO 565. Regrind any material remaining on the sieve for a further 20 s, sieve and repeat this
procedure until the whole of the sample passes through the sieve. Transfer the sample to a suitable
container and mix for 1 min, using a mechanical mixer such as a vertical linear mixer.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
NOTE 4 As the object of the exercise is to obtain a sample suitable for fusion, and not to test the fineness of the
sample itself, method a) is generally preferred.
7 Loss on ignition (and/or drying)
Loss on ignition shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 26845.
8 Flux
8.1 Choice of flux and ratio of flux to sample
8.1.1 One of the advantages of the XRF fused cast-bead method is that a wide variety of fluxes may be
chosen. For a given calibration, the same flux shall be used throughout. The conditions given in 8.1.2 to 8.1.9
shall be met for any flux and flux/sample ratio used.
NOTE Fluxes used with success in the analysis of refractory materials are given in Annex C. Prefused fluxes have
the advantage of lower moisture contents.
8.1.2 Under the conditions of preparation used, the sample shall be totally dissolved by the flux and shall
not come out of solution during the casting procedure.
8.1.3 The resulting bead shall be transparent and show no signs of devitrification.
8.1.4 At a reasonably high counting time (200 s), the required detection limits shall be achieved for the
elements determined. Detection limits are defined as in Clause 14 and listed in Annex A.
8.1.5 At a reasonable counting time (200 s), the counts recorded for each element determined shall give
the required standard of repeatability for the determination of that element (as measured according to 12.1
and defined as in G.1).
8.1.6 A heavy element absorber may be incorporated into the flux provided that:
a) it does not reduce sensitivities so that conditions 8.1.4 and 8.1.5 are not met;
b) the heavy element does not have a line overlap with any of the elements to be determined.
8.1.7 If volatile components are to be determined, then a flux of sufficiently low melting point, which permits
a fusion temperature low enough to retain that element during fusion, shall be used.
8.1.8 For the determination of elements that alloy with platinum (e.g. lead, zinc, cobalt), the melting point
shall be such as to allow fusion below the temperature at which this reaction occurs (1 050 °C).
8.1.9 The flux shall be pure with respect to the analytes determined. As the flux to sample ratio is greater
than 1 (see Annex C), impurities to the flux can influence the measured result negatively. The greater the ratio
of the flux to sample, the greater the influence. Therefore, the permitted levels of impurity of analyte levels in
the flux shall be no more than:
D/(3R)
where
R is the ratio of flux to sample;
D is the detection limit claimed for the determination of the analyte element.
Most reagents sold by reputable manufacturers as “flux” grade quality meet this requirement but an analysis
shall be obtained for each batch of flux supplied. Recheck calibrations when batches of flux are changed.
4 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 16 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12677:2011
ISO 12677:2011(E)
8.2 Compensations for moisture in flux
The flux contains a certain amount of moisture, which shall be compensated for in one of two ways.
a) Calcine the entire quantity of flux required overnight at 700 °C immediately before it is used for analysis,
and store it in a desiccator.
b) Carry out duplicate losses on ignition on 1 g portions of well-mixed flux for each kilogram of flux used.
Carry out the calcining at the normal fusion temperature for 10 min, or the normal fusion time, whichever
is the greater [see 9.1.2 f)]. Store the flux in a tightly sealed container except when in use. The loss on
ignition, expressed as a percentage by mass, w , is then used to calculate a flux factor, F [see
L
Equation (1)], which is in turn used to calculate the mass of the unignited flux needed to produce the
required mass of flux on the ignited basis (F times the required mass of ignited flux required mass of
unignited flux). Carry out this loss on ignition at weekly intervals or for each kilogram of flux used,
whichever is the more frequent.
100
F (1)
100 w
L
NOTE The compensation might be unnecessary if the loss on ignition is 0,50 % or lower (prefused fluxes).
9 Fusion casting procedures
9.1 Fusion of samples and casting of beads
9.1.1 Choice of procedure
At several of the stages, a choice of procedures is given. Once a choice has been made, the procedure shall
be adhered to throughout, unless a total recalibration is carried out.
9.1.2 Requirements
Before fusing the samples and casting the beads, the following requireme
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.