SIST EN 16416:2023
(Main)Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head
This European Standard describes an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant head.
This test method is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached.
This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance.
The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of a GBR-C.
Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-Methode mit konstanter Druckhöhe
Dieses Dokument beschreibt ein Index-Prüfverfahren, das eine Labormessung der Durchflussrate von Wasser durch gesättigte Messproben einer geosynthetischen Tondichtungsbahn (GBR-C) bei konstanter Druckhöhe unter Anwendung eines Durchlässigkeitsmessgerätes mit Triaxialzellen umfasst.
Dieses Prüfverfahren ist auf GBR-C-Produkte ohne aufgebrachte zusätzliche Dichtungsschicht (z.B. polymer oder bitumenhaltig) anwendbar.
Dieses Prüfverfahren beschreibt eine Messung der Durchflussrate unter einem vorgeschriebenen Satz von Bedingungen, die zur Qualitätsüberwachung bei der Herstellung angewendet werden kann. Das Prüfverfahren kann außerdem zur Konformitätsprüfung angewendet werden.
Der nach diesem Prüfverfahren bestimmte Wert der Durchflussrate wird nicht als repräsentativ für die Durchflussrate einer im Einsatz befindlichen GBR-C angesehen.
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination de l'indice eau par analyse en flux - Méthode au perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante
Le présent document décrit une méthode d’essai « index » relative à la mesure en laboratoire du flux d’eau au travers d’éprouvettes de géosynthétiques bentonitiques (GSB) saturés, utilisant un perméamètre à paroi flexible à charge constante.
Cette méthode d’essai est applicable aux géosynthétiques bentonitiques sans couches d’étanchéité supplémentaires liées (par exemple, polymériques ou bitumineuses).
Cette méthode d’essai permet de mesurer le flux dans un ensemble de conditions prescrites qui peut être utilisée pour le contrôle de qualité de la fabrication. La méthode d’essai peut également être utilisée pour vérifier la conformité.
La valeur du flux déterminée à l’aide de cette méthode d’essai n’est pas considérée comme étant représentative du flux en service d’un GSB.
Geosintetične glinene pregrade - Ugotavljanje indeksa vodnega pretoka - Metoda s permeametrom (merilnikom prepustnosti) z gibko steno pri konstantnem vodnem tlaku
Ta evropski standard opisuje metodo za preskušanje indeksa, ki zajema laboratorijsko merjenje vodnega pretoka skozi nasičene vzorce glinene geosintetične pregrade (GBR-C) s permeametrom (merilnikom prepustnosti) z gibko steno pri konstantnem vodnem tlaku.
Ta preskusna metoda se uporablja za izdelke GBR-C brez dodatnih tesnilnih plasti.
Ta preskusna metoda omogoča merjenje pretoka pri predpisanem naboru pogojev, ki se lahko uporablja za kontrolo kakovosti proizvodnje. Preskusna metoda se lahko uporablja tudi za preverjanje skladnosti.
Vrednost pretoka, določena s to preskusno metodo, se ne šteje kot reprezentativna za pretok med obratovanjem GBR-C.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 16416:2023
01-april-2023
Geosintetične glinene pregrade - Ugotavljanje indeksa vodnega pretoka - Metoda s
permeametrom (merilnikom prepustnosti) z gibko steno pri konstantnem vodnem
tlaku
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall
permeameter method at constant head
Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-
Methode mit konstanter Druckhöhe
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination de l'indice eau par analyse en flux
- Méthode au perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16416:2023
ICS:
59.080.70 Geotekstilije Geotextiles
91.100.50 Veziva. Tesnilni materiali Binders. Sealing materials
SIST EN 16416:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 16416:2023
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SIST EN 16416:2023
EN 16416
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50 Supersedes EN 16416:2013
English Version
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux
index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant
head
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung
de l'indice eau par analyse en flux - Méthode au der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-Methode mit
perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante konstanter Druckhöhe
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 December 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16416:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 16416:2023
EN 16416:2023 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 4
3 Terms and definitions . 4
4 Apparatus . 4
5 Permeant water . 9
6 Specimen sampling and preparation . 9
7 Procedure . 9
8 Calculation . 11
9 Test report . 11
Annex A (informative) Hydraulic conductivity calculation . 12
Annex B (informative) Permittivity calculation . 13
Bibliography . 14
2
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SIST EN 16416:2023
EN 16416:2023 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 16416:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189
“Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by August 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 16416:2013.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made:
— Addition of details in Figure 1;
— Addition of details in 7.5 on the compressive stress.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN 16416:2023
EN 16416:2023 (E)
1 Scope
This document specifies an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through
saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant
head.
This test method is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached (e.g.
polymeric or bituminous).
This test method specifies a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used
for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance.
The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service
flux of a GBR-C.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 9862, Geosynthetics — Sampling and preparation of test specimens (ISO 9862)
ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 11465, Soil quality — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis — Gravimetric
method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
flux
volumetric flow rate per unit area normal to the plane of the product at a specified head
[SOURCE: EN ISO 10318-1:2015, 2.3.3.4]
4 Apparatus
The apparatus shall consist of the following.
4.1 Constant head hydraulic system
4.1.1 General
The system shall be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressures to within ± 2,5 % and shall
include means to measure the hydraulic pressures to within the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the
system shall be capable of maintaining a constant head loss across the test specimen to within ± 5 % and
shall include means to measure the head loss with the same uncertainty of measurement or better.
4
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SIST EN 16416:2023
EN 16416:2023 (E)
4.1.2 System de-airing
The hydraulic system shall be designed to facilitate rapid and complete removal of free air bubbles from
flow lines.
4.1.3 Cell pressure system
The hydraulic system shall have the capability to apply back pressure to the specimen to facilitate
saturation. The system shall be capable of maintaining the applied back pressure throughout the duration
of the test. The cell pressure system shall be capable of applying, controlling, and measuring the back
pressure to within ± 2,5 % of the applied pressure. The back pressure may be provided by a compressed
gas supply, a deadweight acting on a piston, or any other method capable of applying and controlling the
back pressure to the tolerance specified in this paragraph.
NOTE Application of gas pressure directly to a liquid will dissolve gas in the liquid. A variety of techniques are
available to minimize dissolution of gas in the back-pressure liquid, including separation of gas and liquid phases
with a bladder and frequent replacement of the liquid with de-aired water.
4.2 Flow Measurement System
4.2.1 Uncertainty of measurement of inflow and outflow
Both inflow and outflow volumes shall be measured unless the lack of leakage, continuity of flow, and
cessation of consolidation or swelling can be verified by other means. Required uncertainty of
measurement for the flow measured over an interval of time is ± 5 %.
4.2.2 De-airing and compliance of the system
The flow-measurement system shall contain a minimum of dead space and be capable of complete and
rapid de-airing. Rigid tubing shall be used so that volume change of the system in response to changes in
pressure is minimized.
4.3 Permeameter cell pressure system
The system for pressurizing the permeameter cell shall be capable of applying and maintaining the cell
pressure to within ± 2,5 % of the applied pressure. However, the effective stress on the test specimen
shall be maintained to the desired value with a maximum permissible error of ± 5 %. The device for
pressurizing the cell may consist of a reservoir connected to the permeameter cell and partially filled
with de-aired water, with the upper part of the reservoir connected to a compressed gas supply or other
source of pressure (see NOTE).
NOTE De-aired water is commonly used for the cell liquid to minimize potential for diffusion of air through the
membrane into the specimen. Other liquids, such as oils, which have low gas solubilities, are also acceptable,
provided they do not react with components of the permeameter and the flexible membrane. The use of a long
(approximately 5 m to 7 m) tube connecting the pressurized cell liquid to the cell can help delay the appearance of
air in the cell liquid and to reduce the flux of dissolved air into the cell.
4.4 Permeameter Cell
An apparatus shall be provided in which the specimen and porous end pieces, enclosed by a flexible
membrane sealed to the cap and base, are subjected to controlled liquid pressures. A schematic diagram
of a typical cell is shown in Figure 1.
5
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SIST EN 16416:2023
EN 16416:2023 (E)
The permeameter cell shall allow for observation of changes in height of the specimen, either by
observation through the cell wall using a suitable instrument or by monitoring of either a loading piston
or an extensometer extending through the top plate of the cell bearing on the top cap and attached to a
suitable measuring device.
The piston or extensometer – if used – shall pass through a bushing and seal incorporated into the top
plate and shall be loaded with sufficient force to compensate for the cell pressure acting over the cross-
sectional area of the piston where it passes through the seal. If deformations are measured, the
deformation indicator shall be graduated to 0,01 mm or better and shall have an adequate travel range.
This piston or extensometer shall not restrict the swelling of the specimen.
To facilitate gas removal, and thus saturation of the hydraulic system, four drainage lines leading to the
specimen, two each to the base and top cap, are recommended. The drainage lines shall be controlled by
no-volume-change valves, such as ball valves, and shall be designed to minimize dead space in the lines.
4.5 Top cap and base
An impermeable, rigid top cap and base shall be used to support the specimen and provide for
transmission of permeant liquid to and from the specimen. The base shall prevent leakage, lateral motion,
or tilting, and the top cap shall be designed to receive the piston or extensometer, if used, such that the
piston-to-top cap
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 16416:2021
01-oktober-2021
Geosintetične glinene pregrade - Ugotavljanje indeksa vodnega pretoka - Metoda s
permeametrom (merilnikom prepustnosti) z gibko steno pri konstantnem vodnem
tlaku
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall
permeameter method at constant head
Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-
Methode mit konstanter Druckhöhe
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination de l'indice eau par analyse en flux
- Méthode au perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 16416
ICS:
59.080.70 Geotekstilije Geotextiles
91.100.50 Veziva. Tesnilni materiali Binders. Sealing materials
oSIST prEN 16416:2021 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 16416:2021
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 16416:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 16416
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2021
ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50 Will supersede EN 16416:2013
English Version
Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux
index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant
head
Barrières géosynthétiques argileuses - Détermination Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung
de l'indice eau par analyse en flux - Méthode au der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-Methode mit
perméamètre à paroi flexible de charge constante konstanter Druckhöhe
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 189.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 16416:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN 16416:2021
prEN 16416:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 4
3 Terms and definitions . 4
4 Apparatus . 4
5 Permeant water . 9
6 Specimen sampling and preparation . 9
7 Procedure . 9
8 Calculation . 11
9 Report . 11
Annex A (informative) Hydraulic conductivity calculation . 12
Annex B (informative) Permittivity calculation . 13
Bibliography . 14
2
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oSIST prEN 16416:2021
prEN 16416:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (prEN 16416:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189
“Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This document is currently submitted to CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 16416:2013.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made:
— Addition of details in Figure 1;
— Addition of details in 7.5 on the compressive stress.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 16416:2021
prEN 16416:2021 (E)
1 Scope
This document describes an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through
saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant
head.
This test method is applicable to GBR-C products with no additional sealing layers attached (e.g.
polymeric or bituminous).
This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used
for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance.
The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service
flux of a GBR-C.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 9862, Geosynthetics — Sampling and preparation of test specimens (ISO 9862)
ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 11465, Soil quality — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis — Gravimetric
method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
flux
volumetric flow rate per unit area normal to the plane of the product at a defined head
[SOURCE: EN ISO 10318-1:2015, 2.3.3.4]
4 Apparatus
The apparatus shall consist of the following.
4.1 Constant head hydraulic system
4.1.1 General
The system shall be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressures to within ± 2,5 % and shall
include means to measure the hydraulic pressures to within the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the
system shall be capable of maintaining a constant head loss across the test specimen to within ± 5 % and
shall include means to measure the head loss with the same accuracy or better.
4
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oSIST prEN 16416:2021
prEN 16416:2021 (E)
4.1.2 System de-airing
The hydraulic system shall be designed to facilitate rapid and complete removal of free air bubbles from
flow lines.
4.1.3 Cell pressure system
The hydraulic system shall have the capability to apply back pressure to the specimen to facilitate
saturation. The system shall be capable of maintaining the applied back pressure throughout the duration
of the test. The cell pressure system shall be capable of applying, controlling, and measuring the back
pressure to within ± 2,5 % of the applied pressure. The back pressure may be provided by a compressed
gas supply, a deadweight acting on a piston, or any other method capable of applying and controlling the
back pressure to the tolerance specified in this paragraph.
NOTE Application of gas pressure directly to a liquid will dissolve gas in the liquid. A variety of techniques are
available to minimize dissolution of gas in the back-pressure liquid, including separation of gas and liquid phases
with a bladder and frequent replacement of the liquid with de-aired water.
4.2 Flow Measurement System
4.2.1 Accuracy of inflow and outflow
Both inflow and outflow volumes shall be measured unless the lack of leakage, continuity of flow, and
cessation of consolidation or swelling can be verified by other means. Required accuracy for the flow
measured over an interval of time is ± 5 %.
4.2.2 De-airing and compliance of the system
The flow-measurement system shall contain a minimum of dead space and be capable of complete and
rapid de-airing. Rigid tubing shall be used so that volume change of the system in response to changes in
pressure is minimized.
4.3 Permeameter cell pressure system
The system for pressurizing the permeameter cell shall be capable of applying and maintaining the cell
pressure to within ± 2,5 % of the applied pressure. However, the effective stress on the test specimen
shall be maintained to the desired value with an accuracy of ± 5 %. The device for pressurizing the cell
may consist of a reservoir connected to the permeameter cell and partially filled with de-aired water,
with the upper part of the reservoir connected to a compressed gas supply or other source of pressure
(see NOTE).
NOTE De-aired water is commonly used for the cell liquid to minimize potential for diffusion of air through the
membrane into the specimen. Other liquids, such as oils, which have low gas solubilities, are also acceptable,
provided they do not react with components of the permeameter and the flexible membrane. The use of a long
(approximately 5 m to 7 m) tube connecting the pressurized cell liquid to the cell can help delay the appearance of
air in the cell liquid and to reduce the flux of dissolved air into the cell.
4.4 Permeameter Cell
An apparatus shall be provided in which the specimen and porous end pieces, enclosed by a flexible
membrane sealed to the cap and base, are subjected to controlled liquid pressures. A schematic diagram
of a typical cell is shown in Figure 1.
5
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oSIST prEN 16416:2021
prEN 16416:2021 (E)
The permeameter cell shall allow for observation of changes in height of the specimen, either by
observation through the cell wall using a suitable instrument or by monitoring of either a loading piston
or an extensometer extending through the top plate of the cell bearing on the top cap and attached to a
suitable measuring device.
The piston or extensometer – if used – shall pass through a bushing and seal incorporated into the top
plate and shall be loaded with sufficient force to compensate for the cell pressure acting over the cross-
sectional area of the piston where it passes through the seal. If deformations are measured, the
deformation indicator shall be graduated to 0,01 mm or better and shall have an adequate travel range.
This piston or extensometer shall not restrict the swelling of the specimen.
To facilitate gas removal, and thus saturation of the hydraulic system, four drainage lines leading to the
specimen, two each to the base and top cap, are recommended. The drainage lines shall be controlled by
no-volume-change valves, such as ball valves, and shall be designed to minimize dead space in the lines.
4.5 Top cap and base
An impermeable, rigid top cap and base shall be used to support the specimen and provide for
transmission of permeant liquid to and from the specimen. The base shall prevent leakage, lateral motion,
or tilting, and the top cap shall be designed to receive the piston or extensometer, if used, such that the
piston-to-top cap contact area is concentric with the cap.
The surface of the base and top cap that contacts the membrane to form a seal shall be smooth and free
of scratches.
6
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oSIST prEN 16416:2021
prEN 16416:2021 (E)
Key
1 permeameter cell 6 filter paper
2 end piece 7 back pressure system
3 porous piece 8 outflow volume measuring device
4 specimen
...
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