SIST EN ISO 5117:2023
(Main)Automatic steam traps - Production and performance characteristic tests (ISO 5117:2023)
Automatic steam traps - Production and performance characteristic tests (ISO 5117:2023)
This document specifies the production and performance relevant test requirements for automatic steam traps used for condensate removal/recovery services for optimized utilization of energy, in refinery, power generation or other general applications where steam is used as a medium of heat transfer.
The tests can be classified as production tests and performance characteristic tests and can be conducted to ensure the correct functioning of a steam trap or to evaluate the performance of a particular design. This document specifies the tests performed relative to each one of these two categories and briefly describes the corresponding test methods.
Kondensatableiter - Fertigungsprüfung und Prüfung der Funktionsmerkmale (ISO 5117:2023)
Dieses Dokument legt die Anforderungen an die fertigungsbegleitende und leistungsfähigkeitsbezogene Prüfung von Kondensatableitern fest, die zur Kondensatableitung/ rückgewinnung für eine optimierte Energieausnutzung in Raffinerien, bei der Stromerzeugung oder anderen allgemeinen Anwendungen eingesetzt werden, bei denen Dampf als Medium zur Wärmeübertragung verwendet wird.
Die Prüfungen lassen sich in fertigungsbegleitende Prüfungen und Prüfungen von Funktionsmerkmalen einteilen und können durchgeführt werden, um die korrekte Funktion eines Kondensatableiters sicherzustellen oder um die Leistung einer bestimmten Ausführung zu bewerten. Dieses Dokument legt die Prüfungen fest, die in Bezug auf jede dieser beiden Kategorien durchgeführt werden, und beschreibt die entsprechenden Prüfverfahren in Kürze.
Purgeurs automatiques de vapeur d'eau - Essais de production et essais des caractéristiques de fonctionnement (ISO 5117:2023)
Le présent document spécifie les exigences d’essai de production et d'essai des caractéristiques de fonctionnement applicables pour les purgeurs automatiques de vapeur d’eau utilisés pour des services d’évacuation/de récupération de condensat pour une utilisation optimisée de l’énergie, dans les raffineries, les centrales électriques ou d’autres applications générales où la vapeur d’eau est utilisée comme un moyen de transfert de chaleur.
Les essais peuvent être classés comme des essais de production et des essais de caractéristiques de performance et peuvent être conduits afin de s’assurer du fonctionnement correct d’un purgeur de vapeur d’eau ou pour évaluer les performances d’une conception particulière. Le présent document spécifie les essais à effectuer pour chacune de ces deux catégories et décrit brièvement les méthodes d’essai correspondantes.
Avtomatični izločevalniki kondenzata - Tehnološko in funkcijsko preskušanje (ISO 5117:2023)
Ta dokument določa zahteve, pomembne za proizvodnjo in lastnosti avtomatičnih izločevalnikov kondenzata, ki se uporabljajo za odstranjevanje/rekuperacijo kondenzata za optimalno uporabo energije v rafinerijah, pri proizvodnji električne energije ali drugih vrstah splošne uporabe, pri katerih se para uporablja kot medij za prenos toplote.
Preskuse je mogoče razvrstiti med tehnološke in funkcijske preskuse, izvede pa se jih lahko za zagotovitev pravilnega delovanja izločevalnika kondenzata ali ocenjevanje delovanja določene zasnove. Ta dokument določa preskuse za vsako od teh dveh kategorij in vsebuje kratek opis ustreznih preskusnih metod.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2023
Avtomatični izločevalniki kondenzata - Tehnološko in funkcijsko preskušanje (ISO
5117:2023)
Automatic steam traps - Production and performance characteristic tests (ISO
5117:2023)
Kondensatableiter - Fertigungsprüfung und Prüfung der Funktionsmerkmale (ISO
5117:2023)
Purgeurs automatiques de vapeur d'eau - Essais de production et essais des
caractéristiques de fonctionnement (ISO 5117:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 5117:2023
ICS:
23.060.01 Ventili na splošno Valves in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 5117
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 23.060.01 Supersedes EN 26948:1991, EN 27841:1991, EN
27842:1991
English Version
Automatic steam traps - Production and performance
characteristic tests (ISO 5117:2023)
Purgeurs automatiques de vapeur d'eau - Essais de Kondensatableiter - Fertigungsprüfung und Prüfung
production et essais des caractéristiques de der Funktionsmerkmale (ISO 5117:2023)
fonctionnement (ISO 5117:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 June 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 5117:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 5117:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 153 "Valves" in
collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 69 “Industrial valves” the secretariat of which is held
by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2024, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 26948:1991, EN 27841:1991 and EN 27842:1991.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 5117:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 5117:2023 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5117
First edition
2023-06
Automatic steam traps — Production
and performance characteristic tests
Purgeurs automatiques de vapeur d'eau — Essais de production et
essais des caractéristiques de fonctionnement
Reference number
ISO 5117:2023(E)
ISO 5117:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 5117:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test methods . 2
4.1 Production test — Shell testing . 2
4.2 Performance characteristic tests . 2
4.2.1 Operational check . 2
4.2.2 Minimum operating pressure . 3
4.2.3 Maximum operating pressure (PMO) . 3
4.2.4 Maximum operating back pressure (PMOB) . 3
4.2.5 Air venting capability . 3
4.2.6 Operating temperature (TO) . 3
4.2.7 Condensate capacity (QH or QC) . 3
4.2.8 Live steam loss . 3
4.2.9 Determination of minimum operating pressure . 3
4.2.10 Determination of maximum operating pressure . 4
4.2.11 Determination of maximum operating back pressure . 4
4.2.12 Determination of air venting capability . 4
4.2.13 Determination of operating temperature . 4
4.2.14 Determination of condensate capacity . 4
4.2.15 Determination of live steam loss . 4
5 Inspection . 4
Annex A (normative) Test methods for the determination of discharge capacity .5
Annex B (normative) Test methods for the determination of steam loss .19
Bibliography .31
iii
ISO 5117:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 153, Valves, in collaboration with the
European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 69, Industrial valves, in
accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 6948:1981, ISO 7841:1988 and ISO 7842:1988, which have
been technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— merging of ISO 6948:1981, ISO 7841:1988 and ISO 7842:1988;
— update of the technical content according to state-of-the-art;
— addition of the terminological entry on subcooling (3.2);
— addition of a data sheet for test methods A and B on steam trap discharge capacity in A.3.3 and in
A.4.3;
— addition of a computation formula [Formula (B.4)];
— addition of a data sheet for test methods A and B on steam loss test in B.3.4 and B.4.4.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO 5117:2023(E)
Introduction
Testing of steam traps provides conformance of product performance to the intended function. This
document addresses the requirements for production testing and performance testing of steam traps.
Production test ensures the shell integrity to the maximum working pressure while the performance
test ensures the functional requirement of steam traps. Performance test should be considered as type
test.
Testing is the most reliable method to validate a product including design, material selection and
manufacturing processes. It may also serve as a guide for steam traps selection. It can allow the users
to compare different types of steam traps, designs and brands.
Currently the test requirements are mostly driven by the manufacturer or the users and each may have
their own specification. This document will create common understanding on the qualifications, and
end-user total cost-of-ownership by eliminating unintentional design flaws and planned obsolescence.
Ultimately, this document will improve performance and safety in the plants by enabling any customer
to specify durable type-tested industrial valves.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5117:2023(E)
Automatic steam traps — Production and performance
characteristic tests
1 Scope
This document specifies the production and performance relevant test requirements for automatic
steam traps used for condensate removal/recovery services for optimized utilization of energy, in
refinery, power generation or other general applications where steam is used as a medium of heat
transfer.
The tests can be classified as production tests and performance characteristic tests and can be
conducted to ensure the correct functioning of a steam trap or to evaluate the performance of a
particular design. This document specifies the tests performed relative to each one of these two
categories and briefly describes the corresponding test methods.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6553, Automatic steam traps — Marking
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
production test
tests carried out by the manufacturer to confirm that each automatic steam trap functions correctly
Note 1 to entry: These tests may be witnessed by the purchaser or his representative. In this case, these tests are
referred to as acceptance tests.
3.2
subcooling
temperature-related phenomenon which is the difference between the steam saturation temperature
to the actual temperature of steam/condensate either at steam trap inlet or exit
Note 1 to entry: This may be the accountable parameter in some of the steam trap type like thermostatic steam
traps.
Note 2 to entry: The water with a temperature value below the saturation temperature is called the subcooled
condensate. But also, the saturation temperature always corresponds to the pressure at which the system is
operating.
ISO 5117:2023(E)
4 Test methods
4.1 Production test — Shell testing
Each steam trap shall be tested to confirm the integrity of its shell under pressure.
The test fluid, the choice of which is left to the discretion of the manufacturer, shall be either:
— water, which may contain a corrosion inhibitor, kerosene or any other suitable liquid having a
viscosity not greater than that of water;
— steam, air, or any other suitable gas.
NOTE Various statutory authorities require specific approval of test procedures where the test is conducted
using steam, air, or other gas.
Any internal trim which does not withstand the test pressure may be removed before the test.
The steam trap shall be essentially vented off air when testing with a liquid.
Steam traps shall not be painted or otherwise coated with materials capable of sealing against leakage
before the shell pressure tests are completed. Chemical corrosion protection treatments and internal
linings are permitted. If pressure tests in the presence of a representative of the purchaser are specified,
painted steam traps from stock may be re-tested without removal of paint.
Test equipment shall not subject the steam trap to externally applied stresses which can affect the
results of the tests.
The shell test shall be performed by applying pressure inside the assembled steam trap with the ends
closed.
For all steam traps, the hydraulic shell test shall be performed at a pressure 1,5 times the maximum
allowable pressure at 20 °C.
For steam traps with a nominal diameter less than or equal to DN 50 and with pressure range up to
PN 40 or Class 300, a hydraulic shell test can be performed using gas at a pressure (gauge pressure) of
6 bar (0,6 MPa). For gas test, safety measures shall be taken.
Visually detectable leakage through the pressure retaining walls is not acceptable.
Test durations shall not be less than those specified in Table 1.
Table 1 — Minimum durations for shell tests
Nominal steam trap size Minimum test duration
DN [s]
DN ≤ 50 15
65 ≤ DN ≤ 200 60
250 ≤ DN 180
4.2 Performance characteristic tests
4.2.1 Operational check
The operational performance of the steam trap shall be checked under the steam and condensate. The
test set up shall produce the steam and condensate in the desired condition. Steam shall be fed into the
steam trap. Condensate shall be introduced intermittently if required.
ISO 5117:2023(E)
When only steam is present, the steam trap shall close. When the steam becomes condensate, the steam
trap shall open (the time taken will vary as a function of the steam trap type); when the condensate has
been discharged, the steam trap shall again close. The test is complete when at least one complete cycle
has been performed. The condensate can also be fed to the steam trap to quicken the cycle and to verify
the performance.
Certain types of steam trap may be tested with air or water.
A manufacturer may describe the operations of a particular type of steam trap by referring to one or
more of the following performance characteristic tests. A brief explanation of the derivation of each
characteristic is given below.
The performance test may be considered on sample basis as type test based on the type of steam
traps. Sample steam traps shall be tested to ensure that they open to discharge condensate and close
satisfactorily. Further details are given in 4.2.2 to 4.2.15. This test does not apply to the labyrinth (or
orifice) steam traps (see ISO 6704).
4.2.2 Minimum operating pressure
The steam trap shall be tested to determine the minimum pressure (atmospheric or above) at which the
correct opening and closing will occur.
4.2.3 Maximum operating pressure (PMO)
The steam trap shall be tested to determine the maximum pressure at which the correct opening and
closing will occur.
4.2.4 Maximum operating back pressure (PMOB)
The steam trap shall be tested to determine the maximum pressure permissible at the outlet of the
device which allows correct functioning.
4.2.5 Air venting capability
The steam trap shall be tested to determine its ability to discharge air.
4.2.6 Operating temperature (TO)
The steam trap shall be tested to determine the temperature at which the device operates and in
particular the temperature at which it passes its specified capacity.
4.2.7 Condensate capacity (QH or QC)
The steam trap shall be flow tested to determine its condensate capacity throughout its operating
pressure range.
4.2.8 Live steam loss
The steam trap shall be tested to determine the amount of live steam lost via the steam trap.
4.2.9 Determination of minimum operating pressure
Operational checks, as described in 4.2.1, shall be carried out while successively reducing the test
pressure until the steam trap fails to open and close correctly.
The minimum operating pressure is the lowest test pressure at which correct operation is observed.
ISO 5117:2023(E)
4.2.10 Determination of maximum operating pressure
The maximum operating pressure of the steam trap may be verified by carrying out operational checks,
as described in 4.2.1, while successively increasing the test pressure up to the steam trap's maximum
operating pressure.
The steam trap shall open and close correctly throughout the test.
4.2.11 Determination of maximum operating back pressure
Operational checks, as described in 4.2.1, shall be carried out with the outlet from the steam trap
connected to a vessel in which the pressure can be raised, independent of the test pressure upstream
of the steam trap. While maintaining a reference pressure at the steam trap's inlet, the pressure at its
outlet is to be raised successively until the steam trap fails to open and close correctly.
The maximum operating back pressure is the highest pressure applied to the steam trap's outlet at
which correct operation is still observed.
4.2.12 Determination of air venting capability
Air shall be introduced at a specified temperature into the steam trap or upstream piping. The air
venting capability shall be checked by an air flow measurement carried out at minimum and maximum
operating pressures, the temperature inside the steam trap being recorded.
4.2.13 Determination of operating temperature
Steam shall be fed into the steam trap to effect closure. Condensate, at saturated steam temperature,
shall then be introduced and, unless the steam trap opens immediately, shall be allowed to cool slowly
at the steam trap's inlet.
The temperature of the condensate, measured at the steam trap's inlet, at which the device opens, is the
operating temperature.
The operating temperatures are the temperatures of the condensate, measured at the inlet to the steam
trap, at which the steam trap passes its specified capacities.
4.2.14 Determination of condensate capacity
The capacity of the steam trap shall be determined by measuring the amount of condensate that is
discharged from the device under specified conditions of pressure differential and condensate
temperature.
The test shall be carried out with condensate at different temperatures and at different pressures
within the steam trap's operating range to be specified, according to the test requirements detailed in
Annex A.
4.2.15 Determination of live steam loss
To determine the amount of live steam lost, if any, by the steam trap, use one of the test methods in
Annex B.
5 Inspection
Samples of the finished steam traps shall be visually examined and dimensionally checked to ensure
that the steam traps correspond to the stated specification and shall be marked in accordance with
ISO 6553.
ISO 5117:2023(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Test methods for the determination of discharge capacity
A.1 General
This annex specifies two test methods to determine the discharge capacity of automatic steam traps.
A.2 Test arrangements
The test arrangements for condensate capacity determination are shown in Figures A.1 and A.2.
To reduce thermal losses to a minimum, all piping and equipment shall be insulated to a value R, in
2 −1
m ⋅°C⋅h⋅J , according to Formula (A.1).
−3
R≥×07, 510 (A.1)
The instruments used for the measurements shall comply with International Standards, for example,
ISO 4185, the ISO 5167 (series) and ISO 5168 for flow measurements.
The condensate removal device shall not be modified in any way from its commercial form.
ISO 5117:2023(E)
Key
A water supply L test device
B flow meter q M water-cooled condenser
m1
C steam water mixer N scale
D flow meter q V1 valve 1
m2
E calorimeter V2 valve 2
F steam supply V3 valve 3
G steam vent V4 valve 4
H flash tank accumulator V5 valve 5
I temperature difference indicator Δθ AA arrangement A
J gate or full bore valve V4 BB arrangement B
K drain
NOTE 1 The diameter of the pipework from the accumulator to the condensate removal device is the same as,
or greater than, the diameter of the pipework to the inlet connection on the device.
NOTE 2 The distance L does not exceed 10 internal pipe diameters.
NOTE 3 The distance L is not less than 10 and not more than 20 internal pipe diameters.
NOTE 4 The distance L is measured vertically from the water level to the centre of the inlet connection of the
test device.
Figure A.1 — Test arrangement for test method A
ISO 5117:2023(E)
Key
A vent N test device
B safety valve O slope
C pressure reducing valve P vacuum breaker
D steam supply L distance between sensors and test device
E circulator R open pit
F calibrated scale V1 valve 1
G temperature controller (optional) V2 valve 2
H scale V3 valve 3 – temperature control
I injector line V4 valve 4
K accumulator V5 valve 5 – gate or full bore ball valve
L gauge glass V6 valve 6 – gate or full bore ball valve
M cold water V7 valve 7
NOTE 1 The piping from the accumulator to the test device is of the same diameter as the inlet connection on
the test device. This inlet to the piping from the accumulator is well rounded.
NOTE 2 The distance L between the sensors and the test device does not exceed 20 internal pipe diameters.
NOTE 3 The distance L is measured vertically from the centre of the inlet pipe connection of the test device
and does not exceed 450 mm.
NOTE 4 In Figure A.2, a steam injector is used for heating the water in the accumulator. It is also possible to
use a steam circulating coil inside the accumulator or any other means.
Figure A.2 — Test arrangement for test method B – Continuous and intermittent flow
ISO 5117:2023(E)
A.3 Test method A
A.3.1 Procedure
The method A is applicable only to continuous discharge measurement.
It is emphasized that Figure A.1 shows two alternative test arrangements for condensate measurement
and that the choice is left to the test laboratory.
Start with all valves closed.
a) Warm up the system by gradually opening valves V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5.
b) Adjust valves V1, V2 and V3 with valve V4 wide open and valve V5 closed to bring the system
into equilibrium. Equilibrium is defined as a steady water level in the accumulator with the vent
valve V3 partially open and a difference of 3 °C or less showing on the temperature differential
indicator.
c) Observe and record the following data as appropriate depending on the method of condensate
determination:
p = steam supply pressure, in bar(g) or MPa(g);
p = accumulator steam pressure, in bar(g) or MPa(g);
p = steam trap inlet pressure, in bar(g) or MPa(g);
p = steam trap outlet pressure, in bar(g) or MPa(g);
θ = steam supply temperature, in °C;
θ = water supply temperature, in °C;
Δθ = temperature differential (subcooling) between steam in the accumulator and fluid entering
the steam trap, in °C;
X = steam supply quality, in %;
L = accumulator water level, in m;
Δt = time interval, in h, min or s;
q = water supply flow rate, in kg/h;
m1
q = steam supply flow rate, in kg/h;
m2
m = mass of condensate and tank at the start, in kg;
c1
m = mass of condensate and tank at the end, in kg.
c2
d) Record the data specified in A.3.1 c) at 5 min intervals for a minimum total of five sets of
observations.
e) During the test period observations as appropriate shall not exceed the following limits:
— the difference between the maximum and minimum tank level shall not exceed 50 mm;
— the maximum value of the tank level shall not exceed 450 mm at any time during the test;
— the maximum temperature differential (Δθ) shall not exceed 3 °C during the test;
— no individual steam trap inlet pressure (p ) observation shall vary by more than 1 % of the
average of all observations;
ISO 5117:20
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