SIST ISO 4957:1995
(Main)Tool steels
Tool steels
Aciers à outils
Orodna jekla
General Information
Relations
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Standards Content (Sample)
International Standard
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION.MEIKJIYHAPO~HAR OPrAHM3ALMR l-l0 CTAH&WTM3AlWWORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Tool steels
Aciers h outi/s
First edition - 1980-09-01
Ref. No. ISO 4957-1980 (EI
U DC 669.14.018.252
hardness, heat treatment, tests.
Descriptors : steels, tool steels, materials specifications, Chemical composition,
Price based on 20 pages
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national Standards institutes (ISO member bodies). The work of developing Inter-
national Standards is carried out through ISO technical committees. Every member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been set up has the
right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take patt in the work.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to
the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the ISO Council.
International Standard ISO 4957 was developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17,
Steel, and was circulated to the member bodies in April 1978.
lt has been approved by the member bodies of the following countries :
Germany, F. R. Netherlands
Austria
Belgium Hungary Norway
India Poland
Bulgaria
Iran Romania ‘
Canada
South Africa, Rep. of
Ireland
Chile
Spain
Czechoslovakia Italy
Japan Sweden
Denmark
Switzerland
Egypt, Arab Rep. of Korea, Dem. P. Rep. of
Turkey
Finland Korea, Rep. of
Mexico USSR
France
The member bodies of the following countries expressed disapproval of the document
on technical grounds :
United Kingdom
USA
International Organkation for Standardkation, 1980
Printed in Switzerland
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 48574980 (EI
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
c) the requirement class (sec table 1) and, if documenta-
Tool steels
tion is requested, the type of document (sec 4.5);
d) the number of this International Standard.
1 s Icope and field of application
3.2 Production process
This 11 Tternational Standard covers the grades of wrought too 11
Unless otherwise agreed in the Order, the process used in
steels listed in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8, namely :
making the steels and the product are lei? to the discretion of
the manufacturer. When he so requests, the purchaser shall be
a) unalloyed cold-work tool steels (see table 2);
informed what steelmaking process is being used.
b) alloyed cold-work tool steels (sec table 4);
alloyed hot-work tool steels (sec table 6);
Cl
3.3 Treatment and surface condition of delivery
d) high-speed steels (see table 8).
3.3.1 The treatment and surface condition of delivery shall be
If not otherwise stated in the following, this International Stan-
agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer at the time
dard applies to all types of hot-rolled, forged or cold-drawn
of enquiry and Order.
products which are supplied in one of the surface and heat-
treatment conditions given in 3.3.
3.3.2 The usual heat-treatment condition is the annealed con-
dition. Individually manufactured blocks for moulds and dies
are sometimes also delivered in the quenched and tempered
2 References
condition.
ISOIR 79, Brinell hardness test for steel.
3.3.3 Usual surface conditions are :
ISO/R 80, Rockwell hardness test fß and C scales) for steel.
-
the hot-rolled or forged condition;
ISO/ R 377, Selection and preparation of samples and test
-
pieces for wrought steel.
the machined (ground, polished, turned, planed or
milled) condition;
ISO/ R 404, General technical delivery requirements for steel.
-
the cold-reduced condition.
3 Requirements
3.4 Requirement classesl)
3.1 Information to be supplied by the purchaser
The steels covered by this International Standard shall be
ordered and delivered in accordance with one of the require-
3.1.1 The purchaser shall state the following in his enquiry
ment classes given in table 1.
and Order :
3.5 Chemical composition
a) the product form, surface condition and the dimension
(sec 3.3.3 and 3.8);
3.5.1 The Chemical composition expressed by the cast
analysis shall be in accordance with the corresponding re-
b) the steel type (sec tables 2, 4, 6 and 8) and its heat-
quirements in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8.
treatment condition (see 3.3.2);
1) In previous International Standards dealing with this subject, the term “type of condition of delivery” was used instead of “requirement class ”. It
was replaced in Order to avoid confusion with the term “delivery condition” which is often used for the treatment condition of the steel at the time of
delivery.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 4957-1980 (E)
3.5.2 If ordered to the requirement classes 1 or 2 (see table 11,
As long as no International Standard for the machining
the permissible deviations given in tables 3, 5, 7 and 9, between
allowances of tool steels is available, the allowances shall be
the limiting values specified in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8 and the
agreed at the time of enquiry and Order.
product analyses of products up to to 160 mm (6,3 in) diameter
or equivalent dimensions, shall apply. If necessary the permissi-
3.8 Dimensions and tolerantes
ble deviations for products with larger dimensions shall be
agreed at the time of enquiry and Order.
The dimensions and tolerantes for tool steels shall be agreed at
the time of enquiry and Order so long as no special ISO stan-
3.5.3 If ordered to requirement class 3 the minimum
dards for them are available.
Rockwell C hardness values specified in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8
shall be the governing criteria for acceptance. In such cases,
the cast analysis may deviate slightly from the values shown in
tables 2, 4, 6 and 8.
4 Testing
4.1
Number of Sample products
3.6 Mechanical properties
4.1.1 Chemical composition
3.6.1 When ordering according to the requirement class 2 or
3 the maximum Brinell hardness values given in tables 2, 4, 6
The cast analysis, if ordered, is given by the manufacturer. If a
and 8 apply for the delivery condition of steels having been
product analysis is required by the purchaser, and unless other-
ordered as annealed.
wise agreed at the time of enquiry and Order, one Sample
product shall be taken from each cast.
3.6.2 When ordering according to the requirement class 3,
the minimum Rockwell C hardness values given in tables 2,4,6
4.1.2 Mechanical properties
and 8 apply for hardening test pieces which were prepared in
accordance with 4.2.3.
4.1.2.1 For material supplied according to the requirement
classes 2 or 3 of table 1 with a specified maximum Brinell hard-
3.6.3 In figu res 1 to 4 the hardness-tempering temperature-
ness in the annealed condition :
curves of the steels are given for guidance.
One Sample product shall be taken from each cast, from each
NOTE - The hardness-tempering temperature-curve for a cettain steel
heat-treatment batch and from each dimension. If there are
type tan vary to a considerable extent depending on the Chemical com-
only small differentes in the thickness of the different dimen-
Position of the cast, the hardening conditions, and the tempering con-
sions (thickness ratio about < 1,5) the Separation of the pro-
ditions. Consequently the curves in figures 1 to 4 which originate from
ducts in batches according to the dimensions may be omitted.
data from different sources tan at the time being only give a rough
guide to the tempering behaviour of the steels. They are assumed to
If the product is continuously heat treated, one Sample product
apply with the above reservations for test pieces which have been
tempered at the relevant tempering temperatures but which in all other per lot, but at least one Sample product for each cast and for
respects have been prepared according to the conditions for the each dimension with significant thickness differente, shall be
hardening test (sec 42.3). When applying the curves for an estimation
taken.
of the hardness which tan be expected in quenched and tempered
tools, it should be taken into account that the Optimum heat-treatment
conditions for the tools are not necessarily identical with those
specified for the test pieces and that especially the times for heating
given in 4.2.3 are not valid for thicker tools.
one Sample product shall be taken. per cast.
3.7 Surface quality
4.1.3 Surface quality
3.7.1 All products shall have a workmanlike finish and shall be
If the purchaser requires the testing of the surface quality then
clean and free from surface imperfections likely to have an
the number of Sample products to be taken shall be agreed at
adverse effect.
the time of enquiry and Order.
3.7.2 Ground, polished or finish-machined products shall be
4.2
free from surface imperfections and surface Samples andvtest pieces
decarburization.
4.2.1 For product analyses, the selection of samples shall be
3.7.3 Hot-rolled, forged, cold-drawn or rough-machined
carried out in conformity with the requirements of ISO/R 377.
products shall be ordered with sufficient material to be re-
moved from all surfaces by machining or grinding to allow for :
4.2.2 For the Brinell hardness test the surface of the Sample
product or of a test piece taken from the Sample product in the
a) surface decarburization and
delivery condition shall be prepared in accordance with the re-
quirements of ISO/R 79.
b) surface imperfections.
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
60 4957-1980 (El
4.2.3 For the hardening test one test piece shall be tut off 4.3.3 The Rockwell C hardness test shall be made in accordance
from the Sample product in accordance with the conditions in- with ISO/R 80.
dicated in figure 5.
4.3.4 If the purchaser requires the testing of the surface
The test pieces shall be hardened and tempered under the con-
quality the test method shall be agreed at the time of enquiry
ditions given in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8 and under conditions which
and Order.
avoid decarburization. The total heating time of test pieces in a
salt bath shall be as follows :
4.4 Retests
4.4.1 For retests for the product analysis the relevant clause
Total heating time for
I 1
of ISO/R 404 is valid.
Nature of steel
1 harz;ing ( tempering
min
I
4.4.2 For retests for mechanical properties the relevant clause
Gold- or hot-work steels of ISO/R 404 is valid.
(tables 2,4 and 6) 25 f 1 60
2 periods of 4.5 Certification
High-Speed steeis (table 8)
3
60 min each
I
For certification, the relevant section of ISO/R 404 is valid,
acceptable documents being as follows :
If the
test pieces are not heated in a salt bath the heating time
-
Statement of compliance with the Order, or
must be extended accordingly.
-
report based on quality control, or
The tut surface shall be prepared in accordance with ISO/R 80
for the Rockwell C hardness test.
-
works certificate, or
4.2.4 If the purchaser requires the testing of the surface
-
test certificate, or
quality, the details for sampling and for the preparation of the
test pieces shall be agreed at the time of enquiry and Order.
-
certificate of acceptance.
4.2.5 General conditions for selection and preparation of
5 Rectification, internal defects and
samples and test pieces for steel shall be in accordance with
reclaiming
ISO/R 377.
The conditions given in ISO/R 404 are valid for :
4.3 Test methods
-
surface defects;
4.3.1 In cases of dispute, the methods for the Chemical
analysis shall be those established by the relevant International
-
rectif ication;
Standard. If no International Standards are available, the
methods may be agreed upon and specified at the time of en-
-
internal defects;
quiry and Order.
-
dimensional tolerantes;
4.3.2 The Brinell hardness test shall be made in accordance
reclaiming.
with ISO/R 79.
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 49574980 (E)
Table 1
- Requirement classes
2
3
Requirement to
be observed in
the case of
No. Requirement
requirement class*
1 2 3
1
Chemical composition x x x
2
Hardness
2a - in the annealed condition -
x x
-
2b - -
of hardened and tempered X
test p ieces
* The requirement class numbers are provisional. They will be
finally fixed as soon as the International Standard for a System of
the numbers for the requirement classes has been established.
Table 2 - Chemical composition (cast analysis), annealed hardness, temperature for hardening and hardness
in the hardened and tempered condition for unalloyed cold-work tool steels
Hardening test4)
Chemical composition*)
Type of steel
Hardness
(annealed)
Tempering Hardness
Hardening
Quenching
Si %. Mn % P% S%
max.
temperature temperatu re min.
Uo. 1) Designation l) C%
medium3)
max. max. max. max
HB
“c-l IO OCklO HRC
W 180 57
0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 183 800
TC 70 0,65 to 0,74
W 180 58
0,35 0,030 0,030 192 790
TC 80 075 to 0,84 0,35
W 180 60
0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 207 780
TC 90 0,85 to 0,94
180 61
0,35 0,030 0,030 212 780
TC 105 0,95 to 1,09 0,35 .W
W 180 62
0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 217 770
TC 120 1,lO to 1,29
770 W 180 63
1,30 to 1,50 0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 217
TC 140
1) The type numbers and designations are tentative and will be subject to alteration when the relevant International Standards have been
establ ished.
2) Elements not quoted in the above table shall not be intentionally added to the steel without the agreement of the purchaser, other than
for the purpose of finishing the heat. All reasonable precautions shall be taken to prevent the addition from scrap or other materials used in
manufacture, of such elements which affect the hardenability, mechanical properties and applicability. Contents of < 0,20 % Cr, G 0,25 % Cu,
and < 0,25 % Ni should, however, be regarded as being in conformity with the above requirement.
3) Quenching medium : W = Water.
4) See 4.2.3.
Table 3 - Bermissible deviations between specified
analysis and product analyses for unalloyed
cold-work steels
(see table 2 and 3.5.2)
Permissible deviations*)
Type of steel ’ )
1 Si% 1 Mn% 1 P% 1 S%
C%
I I
+ 0,03 + 0,04 + 0,005 + 0,005
1 to6 + 0,03
bu.
4
1) The type numbers are tentative and will be subject to alteration
when the relevant International Standards have been established.
2) The deviations, other than when maxima only are specified,
apply either above or below the specified limits of the range but not
both above and below for the same element from different Sample
products from the same cast. When maxima only are specified, the
deviations are positive only. The values are valid only if the samples
are selected in accordance with ISO/R 377, so that they represent
the average composition of the Cross-section of the product.
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
Table 4 - Chemical composition (cast analysis), annealed hardness, temperature for hardening and hardness in
the hardened and tempered condition for alloyed cold-work tool steels
Type of steel Chemical composition2) Hardening test4)
Hardness
(annealed)
Hardening
max.
Uo.’ ) Designetion’ ) C% Si % Mn% 1 Cr% 1 Mo% Ni Ni % % V% V% temperature “c+ ,o
W% W%
HB
- -
10 TCV 105 0,95 to 1,lO G 0,35 - OJO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 -
212
to 0,90 - - - - - -
11 0,60
60 SiMn 2 0,52 to 0,60 1,50 to 2,00 248 855 180 1 55
0,70 to 1 ,oo 0,90 to 1,20 - -
12 51 CrMnV 1 0,48 to 0,55 0,lO to 0,40
- 0,05 0,05 to to 0,25 0,25 - 241 865 180 ; 55
0,15 to 0,45 0,90 to 1,20 -
13 ’ 45 WCrV 2 0,40 to 0,50 0,80 to 1,lO - 0,lO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 1,70 1,70 to to 2,30 2,30 229 910 180 ~ 56
0,35 to 0,65 1,30 to 1,60 -
14 ~ 50 WCrV 2
0,45 to 0,55 0,80 to 1,lO - 0,lO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 1,70 1,70 to to 2,30 2,30 229 920 180 57
0,15 to 0,45 0,90 to 1,20 - -
15 60 WCrV 2 0,55 to 0,65 0,80 to 1,lO
- 0,lO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 1,70 1,70 to to 2,30 2,30 229 910 180 58
- - - - -
16 100 Cr 2 0,95 to 1 ,l 0 0,lO to 0,40 0,15 to 0,45 1,35 to 1,65 223 840 180 60
- -
17 105 WCr 1 1,oo to 1,15
0,lO to 0,40 0,70 to 1 ,oo 0,80 to 1,lO - 1,OO 1,OO to to 1,60 1,60 229 820 180 61
- - -
18 90 MnV 2 0,85 to 0,95 0,lO to 0,40 to 2,20
1,70 - 0,lO 0,10t00,30 to 0,30 - 229 790 180 60
19 95 MnCrW 1 0,90 to 1 ,oo 0,lO to 0,40 1,05 to 1,35 0,35 to 0,65 to 0,70
- 0,05 0,05 to to 0,25 0,25 0,40 0,40 to 0,70 229 800 180 60 .
-
20 100 CrMoV 5 0,95 to 1,05 0,lO to 0,40 0,35 to 0,65 4,50 to 5,50 0,90 to 1,40 - 0,25 0,25 to to 0,45 0,45 - 241 970 180 60
- -
21
160 CrMoV 12 1,45 to 1,75 0,lO to 0,40 0,15 to 0,45 11 ,oo to 13,oo 0,70 to 1 ,oo - 0,50 0,50 to to 0,80 0,80 - 255 1 020 180 61
.- .- - -
22
210 Cr 12 1,90 to 2,20 0,lO to 0,40 0,15 to 0,45 11 ,oo to 13,oo 248 970 180 62
-
23 210 CrW 12 2,00 to 2,30 0,lO to 0,40 0,15 to 0,45 11 ,oo to 13,oo - 0,80 0,80 to to 1
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 4957:1995
01-november-1995
Orodna jekla
Tool steels
Aciers à outils
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 4957:1980
ICS:
77.140.35 Orodna jekla Tool steels
SIST ISO 4957:1995 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
International Standard
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION.MEIKJIYHAPO~HAR OPrAHM3ALMR l-l0 CTAH&WTM3AlWWORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Tool steels
Aciers h outi/s
First edition - 1980-09-01
Ref. No. ISO 4957-1980 (EI
U DC 669.14.018.252
hardness, heat treatment, tests.
Descriptors : steels, tool steels, materials specifications, Chemical composition,
Price based on 20 pages
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national Standards institutes (ISO member bodies). The work of developing Inter-
national Standards is carried out through ISO technical committees. Every member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been set up has the
right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take patt in the work.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to
the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the ISO Council.
International Standard ISO 4957 was developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17,
Steel, and was circulated to the member bodies in April 1978.
lt has been approved by the member bodies of the following countries :
Germany, F. R. Netherlands
Austria
Belgium Hungary Norway
India Poland
Bulgaria
Iran Romania ‘
Canada
South Africa, Rep. of
Ireland
Chile
Spain
Czechoslovakia Italy
Japan Sweden
Denmark
Switzerland
Egypt, Arab Rep. of Korea, Dem. P. Rep. of
Turkey
Finland Korea, Rep. of
Mexico USSR
France
The member bodies of the following countries expressed disapproval of the document
on technical grounds :
United Kingdom
USA
International Organkation for Standardkation, 1980
Printed in Switzerland
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
ISO 48574980 (EI
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
c) the requirement class (sec table 1) and, if documenta-
Tool steels
tion is requested, the type of document (sec 4.5);
d) the number of this International Standard.
1 s Icope and field of application
3.2 Production process
This 11 Tternational Standard covers the grades of wrought too 11
Unless otherwise agreed in the Order, the process used in
steels listed in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8, namely :
making the steels and the product are lei? to the discretion of
the manufacturer. When he so requests, the purchaser shall be
a) unalloyed cold-work tool steels (see table 2);
informed what steelmaking process is being used.
b) alloyed cold-work tool steels (sec table 4);
alloyed hot-work tool steels (sec table 6);
Cl
3.3 Treatment and surface condition of delivery
d) high-speed steels (see table 8).
3.3.1 The treatment and surface condition of delivery shall be
If not otherwise stated in the following, this International Stan-
agreed upon between purchaser and manufacturer at the time
dard applies to all types of hot-rolled, forged or cold-drawn
of enquiry and Order.
products which are supplied in one of the surface and heat-
treatment conditions given in 3.3.
3.3.2 The usual heat-treatment condition is the annealed con-
dition. Individually manufactured blocks for moulds and dies
are sometimes also delivered in the quenched and tempered
2 References
condition.
ISOIR 79, Brinell hardness test for steel.
3.3.3 Usual surface conditions are :
ISO/R 80, Rockwell hardness test fß and C scales) for steel.
-
the hot-rolled or forged condition;
ISO/ R 377, Selection and preparation of samples and test
-
pieces for wrought steel.
the machined (ground, polished, turned, planed or
milled) condition;
ISO/ R 404, General technical delivery requirements for steel.
-
the cold-reduced condition.
3 Requirements
3.4 Requirement classesl)
3.1 Information to be supplied by the purchaser
The steels covered by this International Standard shall be
ordered and delivered in accordance with one of the require-
3.1.1 The purchaser shall state the following in his enquiry
ment classes given in table 1.
and Order :
3.5 Chemical composition
a) the product form, surface condition and the dimension
(sec 3.3.3 and 3.8);
3.5.1 The Chemical composition expressed by the cast
analysis shall be in accordance with the corresponding re-
b) the steel type (sec tables 2, 4, 6 and 8) and its heat-
quirements in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8.
treatment condition (see 3.3.2);
1) In previous International Standards dealing with this subject, the term “type of condition of delivery” was used instead of “requirement class ”. It
was replaced in Order to avoid confusion with the term “delivery condition” which is often used for the treatment condition of the steel at the time of
delivery.
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
ISO 4957-1980 (E)
3.5.2 If ordered to the requirement classes 1 or 2 (see table 11,
As long as no International Standard for the machining
the permissible deviations given in tables 3, 5, 7 and 9, between
allowances of tool steels is available, the allowances shall be
the limiting values specified in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8 and the
agreed at the time of enquiry and Order.
product analyses of products up to to 160 mm (6,3 in) diameter
or equivalent dimensions, shall apply. If necessary the permissi-
3.8 Dimensions and tolerantes
ble deviations for products with larger dimensions shall be
agreed at the time of enquiry and Order.
The dimensions and tolerantes for tool steels shall be agreed at
the time of enquiry and Order so long as no special ISO stan-
3.5.3 If ordered to requirement class 3 the minimum
dards for them are available.
Rockwell C hardness values specified in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8
shall be the governing criteria for acceptance. In such cases,
the cast analysis may deviate slightly from the values shown in
tables 2, 4, 6 and 8.
4 Testing
4.1
Number of Sample products
3.6 Mechanical properties
4.1.1 Chemical composition
3.6.1 When ordering according to the requirement class 2 or
3 the maximum Brinell hardness values given in tables 2, 4, 6
The cast analysis, if ordered, is given by the manufacturer. If a
and 8 apply for the delivery condition of steels having been
product analysis is required by the purchaser, and unless other-
ordered as annealed.
wise agreed at the time of enquiry and Order, one Sample
product shall be taken from each cast.
3.6.2 When ordering according to the requirement class 3,
the minimum Rockwell C hardness values given in tables 2,4,6
4.1.2 Mechanical properties
and 8 apply for hardening test pieces which were prepared in
accordance with 4.2.3.
4.1.2.1 For material supplied according to the requirement
classes 2 or 3 of table 1 with a specified maximum Brinell hard-
3.6.3 In figu res 1 to 4 the hardness-tempering temperature-
ness in the annealed condition :
curves of the steels are given for guidance.
One Sample product shall be taken from each cast, from each
NOTE - The hardness-tempering temperature-curve for a cettain steel
heat-treatment batch and from each dimension. If there are
type tan vary to a considerable extent depending on the Chemical com-
only small differentes in the thickness of the different dimen-
Position of the cast, the hardening conditions, and the tempering con-
sions (thickness ratio about < 1,5) the Separation of the pro-
ditions. Consequently the curves in figures 1 to 4 which originate from
ducts in batches according to the dimensions may be omitted.
data from different sources tan at the time being only give a rough
guide to the tempering behaviour of the steels. They are assumed to
If the product is continuously heat treated, one Sample product
apply with the above reservations for test pieces which have been
tempered at the relevant tempering temperatures but which in all other per lot, but at least one Sample product for each cast and for
respects have been prepared according to the conditions for the each dimension with significant thickness differente, shall be
hardening test (sec 42.3). When applying the curves for an estimation
taken.
of the hardness which tan be expected in quenched and tempered
tools, it should be taken into account that the Optimum heat-treatment
conditions for the tools are not necessarily identical with those
specified for the test pieces and that especially the times for heating
given in 4.2.3 are not valid for thicker tools.
one Sample product shall be taken. per cast.
3.7 Surface quality
4.1.3 Surface quality
3.7.1 All products shall have a workmanlike finish and shall be
If the purchaser requires the testing of the surface quality then
clean and free from surface imperfections likely to have an
the number of Sample products to be taken shall be agreed at
adverse effect.
the time of enquiry and Order.
3.7.2 Ground, polished or finish-machined products shall be
4.2
free from surface imperfections and surface Samples andvtest pieces
decarburization.
4.2.1 For product analyses, the selection of samples shall be
3.7.3 Hot-rolled, forged, cold-drawn or rough-machined
carried out in conformity with the requirements of ISO/R 377.
products shall be ordered with sufficient material to be re-
moved from all surfaces by machining or grinding to allow for :
4.2.2 For the Brinell hardness test the surface of the Sample
product or of a test piece taken from the Sample product in the
a) surface decarburization and
delivery condition shall be prepared in accordance with the re-
quirements of ISO/R 79.
b) surface imperfections.
2
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
60 4957-1980 (El
4.2.3 For the hardening test one test piece shall be tut off 4.3.3 The Rockwell C hardness test shall be made in accordance
from the Sample product in accordance with the conditions in- with ISO/R 80.
dicated in figure 5.
4.3.4 If the purchaser requires the testing of the surface
The test pieces shall be hardened and tempered under the con-
quality the test method shall be agreed at the time of enquiry
ditions given in tables 2, 4, 6 and 8 and under conditions which
and Order.
avoid decarburization. The total heating time of test pieces in a
salt bath shall be as follows :
4.4 Retests
4.4.1 For retests for the product analysis the relevant clause
Total heating time for
I 1
of ISO/R 404 is valid.
Nature of steel
1 harz;ing ( tempering
min
I
4.4.2 For retests for mechanical properties the relevant clause
Gold- or hot-work steels of ISO/R 404 is valid.
(tables 2,4 and 6) 25 f 1 60
2 periods of 4.5 Certification
High-Speed steeis (table 8)
3
60 min each
I
For certification, the relevant section of ISO/R 404 is valid,
acceptable documents being as follows :
If the
test pieces are not heated in a salt bath the heating time
-
Statement of compliance with the Order, or
must be extended accordingly.
-
report based on quality control, or
The tut surface shall be prepared in accordance with ISO/R 80
for the Rockwell C hardness test.
-
works certificate, or
4.2.4 If the purchaser requires the testing of the surface
-
test certificate, or
quality, the details for sampling and for the preparation of the
test pieces shall be agreed at the time of enquiry and Order.
-
certificate of acceptance.
4.2.5 General conditions for selection and preparation of
5 Rectification, internal defects and
samples and test pieces for steel shall be in accordance with
reclaiming
ISO/R 377.
The conditions given in ISO/R 404 are valid for :
4.3 Test methods
-
surface defects;
4.3.1 In cases of dispute, the methods for the Chemical
analysis shall be those established by the relevant International
-
rectif ication;
Standard. If no International Standards are available, the
methods may be agreed upon and specified at the time of en-
-
internal defects;
quiry and Order.
-
dimensional tolerantes;
4.3.2 The Brinell hardness test shall be made in accordance
reclaiming.
with ISO/R 79.
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
ISO 49574980 (E)
Table 1
- Requirement classes
2
3
Requirement to
be observed in
the case of
No. Requirement
requirement class*
1 2 3
1
Chemical composition x x x
2
Hardness
2a - in the annealed condition -
x x
-
2b - -
of hardened and tempered X
test p ieces
* The requirement class numbers are provisional. They will be
finally fixed as soon as the International Standard for a System of
the numbers for the requirement classes has been established.
Table 2 - Chemical composition (cast analysis), annealed hardness, temperature for hardening and hardness
in the hardened and tempered condition for unalloyed cold-work tool steels
Hardening test4)
Chemical composition*)
Type of steel
Hardness
(annealed)
Tempering Hardness
Hardening
Quenching
Si %. Mn % P% S%
max.
temperature temperatu re min.
Uo. 1) Designation l) C%
medium3)
max. max. max. max
HB
“c-l IO OCklO HRC
W 180 57
0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 183 800
TC 70 0,65 to 0,74
W 180 58
0,35 0,030 0,030 192 790
TC 80 075 to 0,84 0,35
W 180 60
0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 207 780
TC 90 0,85 to 0,94
180 61
0,35 0,030 0,030 212 780
TC 105 0,95 to 1,09 0,35 .W
W 180 62
0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 217 770
TC 120 1,lO to 1,29
770 W 180 63
1,30 to 1,50 0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 217
TC 140
1) The type numbers and designations are tentative and will be subject to alteration when the relevant International Standards have been
establ ished.
2) Elements not quoted in the above table shall not be intentionally added to the steel without the agreement of the purchaser, other than
for the purpose of finishing the heat. All reasonable precautions shall be taken to prevent the addition from scrap or other materials used in
manufacture, of such elements which affect the hardenability, mechanical properties and applicability. Contents of < 0,20 % Cr, G 0,25 % Cu,
and < 0,25 % Ni should, however, be regarded as being in conformity with the above requirement.
3) Quenching medium : W = Water.
4) See 4.2.3.
Table 3 - Bermissible deviations between specified
analysis and product analyses for unalloyed
cold-work steels
(see table 2 and 3.5.2)
Permissible deviations*)
Type of steel ’ )
1 Si% 1 Mn% 1 P% 1 S%
C%
I I
+ 0,03 + 0,04 + 0,005 + 0,005
1 to6 + 0,03
bu.
4
1) The type numbers are tentative and will be subject to alteration
when the relevant International Standards have been established.
2) The deviations, other than when maxima only are specified,
apply either above or below the specified limits of the range but not
both above and below for the same element from different Sample
products from the same cast. When maxima only are specified, the
deviations are positive only. The values are valid only if the samples
are selected in accordance with ISO/R 377, so that they represent
the average composition of the Cross-section of the product.
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4957:1995
Table 4 - Chemical composition (cast analysis), annealed hardness, temperature for hardening and hardness in
the hardened and tempered condition for alloyed cold-work tool steels
Type of steel Chemical composition2) Hardening test4)
Hardness
(annealed)
Hardening
max.
Uo.’ ) Designetion’ ) C% Si % Mn% 1 Cr% 1 Mo% Ni Ni % % V% V% temperature “c+ ,o
W% W%
HB
- -
10 TCV 105 0,95 to 1,lO G 0,35 - OJO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 -
212
to 0,90 - - - - - -
11 0,60
60 SiMn 2 0,52 to 0,60 1,50 to 2,00 248 855 180 1 55
0,70 to 1 ,oo 0,90 to 1,20 - -
12 51 CrMnV 1 0,48 to 0,55 0,lO to 0,40
- 0,05 0,05 to to 0,25 0,25 - 241 865 180 ; 55
0,15 to 0,45 0,90 to 1,20 -
13 ’ 45 WCrV 2 0,40 to 0,50 0,80 to 1,lO - 0,lO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 1,70 1,70 to to 2,30 2,30 229 910 180 ~ 56
0,35 to 0,65 1,30 to 1,60 -
14 ~ 50 WCrV 2
0,45 to 0,55 0,80 to 1,lO - 0,lO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 1,70 1,70 to to 2,30 2,30 229 920 180 57
0,15 to 0,45 0,90 to 1,20 - -
15 60 WCrV 2 0,55 to 0,65 0,80 to 1,lO
- 0,lO 0,lO to to 0,30 0,30 1,70 1,70 to to 2,30 2,30 229 910 180 58
- - - - -
16 100 Cr 2 0,95 to 1 ,l 0 0,lO to 0,40 0,15 to 0,45 1,35 to 1,65 223 840 180 60
- -
17 105 WCr 1 1,oo to 1,15
0,lO to 0,40 0,70 to 1 ,oo 0,80 to 1,lO - 1,OO 1,OO to to 1,60 1,60 229 820 180 61
- - -
18 90 MnV 2 0,85 to 0,95 0,lO to 0,40 to 2,20
1,70 - 0,lO 0,10t00,30 to 0,30 - 229 790 180 60
19 95 MnCrW 1 0,90 to 1 ,oo 0,lO to 0,40 1,05 to 1,35 0,35 to 0,65 to 0,70
- 0,05 0,05 to to 0,25 0,25 0,40 0,40 to 0,70 229 800 180 60 .
-
20 100 CrMoV 5 0,95 to 1,05 0,lO to 0,40 0,35 to 0,65 4,50 to 5,50 0,90 to 1,40 - 0,25 0,25 to to 0,45 0,45 - 241 970 180 60
- -
21
160 CrMoV 12 1,45 to 1,75 0,lO to 0,40 0,15 to 0,45 11 ,oo to 13,oo 0,70 to 1 ,oo - 0,50 0,50 to to 0,80 0,80 - 255 1 020 180 61
.- .- - -
22
210 Cr 12 1,90 to 2,20 0,l
...
Norme internationale 4957
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATIONOMEXAYHAPO~HAR OPTAHH3AUMR Il0 CTAH~APTH3AUHHWRGANlSATlON INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Aciers à outils
Tool steels
Premiere édition - 1980-09-01
CDU 669.14.018.252 Ref. no : IS0 4957-1980 (FI
Descripteurs : acier, acier à outil, spécification de matière, composition chimique, dureté, traitement thermique, essai.
Prix basé sur 20 pages
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
Avant-propos
L‘ISO (organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale
d’organismes nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de I’ISO). L‘élaboration
des Normes internationales est confiée aux comités techniques de I‘ISO. Chaque
comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité technique
correspondant. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouverne-
mentales, en liaison avec I’ISO, participent également aux travaux.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis
aux comités membres pour approbation, avant leur acceptation comme Normes inter-
nationales par le Conseil de I‘ISO.
La Norme internationale IS0 4957 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 17,
Acier, et a été soumise aux comités membres en avril 1978.
Les comités membres des pays suivants l’ont approuvée :
Mexique
Afrique du Sud, Rép. d’ Égypte, Rép. arabe d’
Allemagne, R. F. Espagne Norvège
Autriche Finlande Pays-Bas
Belgique France Pologne
Bulgarie Hongrie Roumanie
Inde Suède
Canada
Chili Iran Suisse
Tchécoslovaquie
Corée, Rép. dém. p. de Irlande
Corée, Rép. de Italie Turquie
URSS
Danemark Japon
Les comités membres des pays suivants l‘ont désapprouvée pour des raisons techni-
ques :
Royaume- Uni
USA
O Organisation internationale de normalisation, 1980 0
Imprimé en Suisse
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IS0 4957-1980 (F)
NORM E I NTER NATIONALE
Aciers à outils
1 Objet et domaine d’application
b) le type d’acier (voir tableaux 2, 4, 6 et 8) et son état de
traitement thermique (voir 3.3.2);
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les qualités des aciers
à outils répertoriés aux tableaux 2, 4, 6 et 8, c’est-à-dire : c) la classe de critères (voir tableau I), et, s’il veut une
documentation, le type de document requis (voir 4.5);
à outils non alliés pour travail à froid (voir
a) aciers
tableau 2);
di le numéro de la présente Norme internationale.
bl aciers à outils alliés pour travail à froid (voir tableau 4);
3.2 Mode d’élaboration
c) aciers à outils alliés pour travail à chaud (voir tableau 6);
Sauf spécification contraire à la commande, les procédés utili-
sés pour l’élaboration de l’acier et la fabrication du produit sont
d) aciers rapides (voir tableau 81.
à l’initiative du producteur. Lorsqu’il le demande, I’ache-
laissés
teur doit être informé du procédé d’élaboration de l’acier utilisé.
Sauf spécification contraire dans la suite, la présente Norme
internationale est applicable à tous les types de produits lami-
nés à chaud, forgés ou étirés à froid et possédant à la livraison
3.3 Traitement thermique et état de surface à la
un des états de surface et de traitement thermique spécifiés en
livraison
3.3.
3.3.1 L‘état de surface et l’état de traitement thermique à la
livraison doivent faire l’objet d’un accord entre l‘acheteur et le
2 Références
producteur au moment de la demande d‘offre et de la com-
mande.
IS01 R 79, Essai de dureté Brinell pour Sacier.
3.3.2 L‘état usuel de traitement thermique à la livraison est
ISOIR 80, Essai de dureté Rockwell (échelles B et C) pour
la fabri-
l’état recuit. Les lingots élaborés individuellement pour
l’acier.
cation de lingotières ou de matrices sont aussi quelquefois
livrés à l‘état trempé et revenu.
ISOIR 377, Prélèvement et préparation des échantillons et des
éprouvettes pour Sacier corroyé.
3.3.3 Les états de surface usuels sont :
IS01 R 404, Conditions générales techniques de livraison pour
- surface brute de laminage ou forgeage à chaud;
l’acier.
- surface usinée (par meulage, polissage, tournage,
rabotage ou meulage);
3 Caractéristiques
-
surface obtenue par déformation à froid.
3.1 Renseignements à fournir par l‘acheteur
3.4 Classes de critères11
3.1 .I L’acheteur doit indiquer les caractéristiques ci-dessous
dans sa demande d’offre et dans sa commande :
Les aciers couverts par la présente Norme internationale doi-
vent être commandés et livrés selon une des classes de critères
a) la forme, l‘état de surface et les dimensions du produit
1.
(voir 3.3.3 et 3.8); indiquées au tableau
1) Dans les normes internationales existantes, le terme «type de condition de livraison)) a été utilisé à la place du terme (classe de critères)). Cette
substitution a eu lieu pour éviter les confusions avec le terme «état de livraison)) souvent utilisé pour désigner l’état de traitement de l’acier à la livrai-
son.
1
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
IS0 4957-1980 (F)
3.7.3 Les produits laminés à chaud, forgés, étirés à froid ou
3.5 Composition chimique
pré-usinés, doivent être commandés avec une surépaisseur suf-
fisante pour permettre un enlèvement de métal par usinage ou
3.5.1 La composition chimique exprimée par l’analyse de cou-
meulage en cas de :
lée doit être conforme aux indications des tableaux 2, 4, 6 et 8.
a) décarburation superficielle, et
3.5.2 Pour la commande d’un produit selon la classe de critè-
b) défauts de surface.
res 1 ou 2 (voir tableau 1) d‘un diamètre inférieur ou égal à
160 mm ou pour des dimensions équivalentes, les écarts admis-
Tant qu‘il n’existe pas de Norme internationale sur les toléran-
sibles dans l‘analyse sur produit par rapport aux limites de com-
ces d’usinage des aciers à outils, les tolérances doivent faire
position indiquées aux tableaux 2, 4, 6 et 8 doivent être appli-
l’objet d’un accord au moment de la demande d’offre et de la
qués. Pour les produits de dimensions supérieures, les écarts
commande.
admissibles doivent, si besoin est, faire l’objet d’un accord au
moment de la demande d’offre et de la commande.
3.8 Dimensions et tolérances
3.5.3
Pour la commande d’un produit selon la classe de
Les dimensions et tolérances pour les aciers à outils doivent
critère 3, ce sont les valeurs minimales de dureté Rockwell C
qui constituent le critère de réception. Dans ce cas, l‘analyse de faire l’objet d‘un accord au moment de la demande d’offre et de
coulée peut s‘écarter légèrement des valeurs indiquées aux la commande.
tableaux 2, 4, 6 et 8.
3.6 Propriétés mécaniques
4 Essais
3.6.1 Pour les commandes selon les classes de critères 2 ou 3,
les valeurs maximales de dureté Brinell spécifiées aux tableaux 4.1 Nombre d’échantillons
2, 4, 6 et 8 se rapportent aux aciers livrés à l’état recuit.
4.1.1 Composition chimique
3.6.2 Pour les commandes selon la classe de critère 3, les
valeurs minimales de dureté Rockwell C données aux tableaux
Si la commande le prévoit, l’analyse sur coulée doit être fournie
2, 4, 6 et 8 se rapportent à des éprouvettes de référence trem- par le producteur. Si une analyse sur produit est exigée par
pées préparées conformément aux indications de 4.2.3.
l’acheteur, et sauf spécification contraire à la demande d’offre
et à la commande, un échantillon doit être prélevé par coulée.
3.6.3 Les courbes dureté/température de revenu représen-
tées aux figures 1 à 4 sont données à titre indicatif.
4.1.2 Propriétés mécaniques
NOTE - La courbe dureWtempérature de revenu, pour une nuance
4.1.2.1 Pour les produits livrés selon les classes de critères 2
donnée, peut varier de façon considérable en fonction de la composi-
ou 3 du tableau 1 avec une dureté Brinell maximale spécifiée à
tion chimique de la coulée, des conditions de trempe et des conditions
l‘état recuit :
de revenu. Les courbes des figures 1 à 4, qui proviennent de données
de différentes sources, ne représentent donc à l’heure actuelle qu’un
Un échantillon doit être prélevé par coulée, par lot de traitement
guide approximatif du comportement au revenu de ces aciers. Elles
thermique et par dimension. Dans le cas de faibles variations de
sont censées s’appliquer avec les réserves ci-dessus à des éprouvettes
dimensions (rapport entre les épaisseurs < 1,5 environ), la
qui ont été revenues aux températures de revenu indiquées mais qui
séparation des produits en lots d’après leurs dimensions peut
ont été préparées, pour le reste, conformément aux indications de
l’essai de trempe (voir 4.2.3). Si l’on se sert de ces courbes pour éva- être omise.
luer la dureté présumée d‘outils trempés et revenus, il convient de tenir
compte du fait que les conditions du traitement thermique optimal des
Pour les produits soumis à un traitement thermique en continu,
outils ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes que celles des éprou-
un échantillon doit être prélevé par lot, et en tout cas, au moins
vettes et, particulièrement, que les durées de chauffage données en
un par coulée et par dimension présentant une différence
4.2.3 ne sont pas valables pour des outils de fortes sections.
d‘épaisseur sign if icative,
4.1.2.2 Pour les matériaux livrés selon la classe de critère 3 du
3.7 État de surface tableau 1 avec une dureté Rockwell C minimale spécifiée sur
l‘éprouvette de référence :
3.7.1 Tous les produits doivent avoir un état de surface cor-
respondant au procédé de fabrication, et être propres et un échantillon doit être prélevé par coulée.
exempts de défauts superficiels susceptibles d’affecter leur uti-
lisation.
4.1.3 État de surface
3.7.2 Les produits meulés, polis ou tournés doivent être
Si l‘acheteur demande un contrôle de l’état de la surface, le
exempts de défauts superficiels et de décarburation superfi- nombre d’échantillons à prélever doit faire l’objet d‘un accord
cielle.
au moment de la demande d‘offre et de la commande.
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
IS0 4957-1980 (FI
4.2 Échantillons et éprouvettes
4.3.2 L'essai de dureté Brinell doit être effectué conformé-
ment aux spécifications de I'ISO/R 79.
4.2.1 Pour les analyses sur produit, le prélèvement des échan-
tillons doit se faire conformément aux spécifications de
4.3.3 L'essai de dureté Rockwell C doit être effectué confor-
I'ISO/R 377.
mément aux spécifications de l'lSO/R 80.
4.2.2 Pour l'essai de dureté Brinell, la surface de l'échantillon
4.3.4 Si l'acheteur demande un contrôle de l'état de surface,
ou d'une éprouvette prélevée dans l'échantillon à l'état de livrai-
la méthode d'essai doit faire l'objet d'un accord au moment de
son doit être préparée conformément aux indications de
la demande d'offre et de la commande.
I'ISO/R 79.
4.4 Contre-essais
4.2.3 Pour l'essai de trempabilité, l'éprouvette doit être préle-
vée dans l'échantillon dans les conditions indiquées à la
4.4.1 Pour les contre-essais relatifs à l'analyse sur produit, se
figure 5.
reporter au chapitre correspondant de I'ISO/ R 404.
Les éprouvettes doivent être trempées et revenues dans les
4.4.2 Pour les contre-essais relatifs aux propriétés mécani-
conditions indiquées aux tableaux 2, 4, 6 et 8, en évitant toute
ques, se reporter au chapitre correspondant de I'ISO/R 404.
décarburation. La durée totale de chauffage dans le bain de sel
doit être la suivante
4.5 Certificats d'essais
Durée totale du chauffage
Pour la certification des essais, le chapitre correspondant de
Type d'acier la trempe le revenu
I'ISO/R 404 est applicable, les documents valables étant les
min
suivants :
Aciers pour travail à froid et
60 -
attestation de conformité à la commande, ou
à chaud (tableaux 2,4 et 6)
I
deux périodes de
-
Aciers rapides (tableau 8) procès-verbal de contrôle de la qualité, ou
60 min chacune
I
-
certificat de contrôle des produits par l'usine, ou
Si les éprouvettes ne sont pas chauffées en bain de sel, la durée
de chauffage doit être prolongée de façon appropriée. - certificat d'essai, ou
- procès-verbal de réception.
La surface de la coupe doit être préparée conformément aux
indications de I'ISO/R 80 pour l'essai de dureté Rockwell C.
4.2.4 Si l'acheteur demande un contrôle de l'état de surface,
les modalités de l'échantillonnage et de la préparation des
5 Réparation - Défauts internes et
éprouvettes doivent faire l'objet d'un accord au moment de la
réclamations
demande d'offre et de la commande.
Les conditions données dans le chapitre correspondant de
4.2.5 Les conditions générales de prélèvement et de prépara-
I'ISO/R 404 sont applicables pour :
tion des échantillons et des éprouvettes doivent correspondre
aux indications de I'ISO/R 377.
- les défauts de surface;
4.3 Methode d'essai
- la réparation;
4.3.1 En cas de litige, les méthodes d'analyse chimique fai- - les défauts internes:
sant foi sont celles définies par les Normes IS0 correspondan-
tes. S'il n'existe pas de norme, les méthodes peuvent faire
- les tolérances dimensionnelles:
l'objet d'un accord lors de la demande d'offre et de la com-
mande. - les réclamations.
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
1 IS0 4957-1980 (FI
Tableau 1 - Classes de critères
1 2 3
I I
Caractéristique à
respecter pour
Critère
les classes*
I NO I
123
Composition chimique xxx
des éprouvettes de référence
trempées et revenues
* Les numéros des classes de critères sont provisoires. Ils seront
définitivement adoptés dès qu'une Norme internationale sera établie
concernant un système de numérotation des classes de critères.
Tableau 2 - Composition chimique (analyse de coulée), dureté à l'état recuit, température de trempe et dureté
à l'état trempé et revenu pour les aciers à outils non alliés pour travail à froid
Type d'acier Composition chimique*) Dureté Essai de trempabilité*)
(à l'état
Température Température Dureté
NO1) Si% Mn% P% S% recuit) Milieu de
de trempe de revenu min.
Désignation') C%
max.
max. max. max. max.
~
HB Oc* 10 c+ 10 HRC
1 TC 70 0,65 à 0,74 0.35 0.35 0,030 0,030 183 800 W 180 57
2 TC 80 0,75 à o,a4 0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 192 790 W 180 58
0,030 207 780 W 180 60
3 TC 90 0,85 A 0.94 0,35 0,35 0,030
0,030 212 780 W 180 61
4 TC 105 0,95 à 1,09 0,35 0.35 0,030
5 TC 120 1,lO à 1,29 0.35 0,35 0,030 0,030 217 770 W 180 62
6 TC 140 1,305 1,50 0,35 0,35 0,030 0,030 217 770 W 180 63
1 ) Les numéros de type et les désignations sont provisoires et pourront être corrigés une fois les Normes internationales correspondantes
élaborées.
2) Les éléments non mentionnés dans ce tableau ne doivent pas être ajoutés
...
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