oSIST prEN 14889-2:2018
(Main)Fibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definition, specifications and conformity
Fibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definition, specifications and conformity
This document specifies requirements for polymer fibres for structural or non-structural use in concrete, mortar and grout. It covers fibres intended for use in all types of concrete and mortar, including sprayed concrete, flooring, precast, in-situ and repair concretes.
Provisions governing the application of polymer fibres in the production of fibre reinforced concrete or mortar elements, i. e. requirements concerning fibre content, structural design, mixing, placing, etc. of concrete including polymer fibres are not part of this standard.
NOTE Structural use of fibres is where the addition of fibres is designed to contribute to the load bearing capacity of a concrete or mortar element, see 3.18.
Fasern für Beton - Teil 2: Polymerfasern - Begriffe, Festlegungen und Konformität
Dieses Dokument legt Anforderungen an Polymerfasern für Beton, Mörtel und Einpressmörtel für tragende und nicht tragende Zwecke fest. Es gilt für Fasern zur Verwendung in allen Arten von Beton und Mörtel einschließlich Spritzbeton, Beton für Betonböden und Fertigbetonteile, Ortbeton und Beton für Instand¬setzungsarbeiten.
Diese Norm enthält keine Vorschriften für die Anwendung von Polymerfasern in der Herstellung von faser¬verstärkten Beton oder Mörtelbauteilen, d. h. keine Anforderungen hinsichtlich Faseranteil, Baukonstruk¬tion, Mischung, Anordnung usw. von Beton einschließlich Polymerfasern.
ANMERKUNG Bei der Verwendung von Fasern für tragende Zwecke tragen die zugegebenen Fasern zur Tragfähig¬keit eines Beton oder Mörtelbauteils bei, siehe 3.18.
Fibres pour béton - Partie 2: Fibres polymère - Définition, spécifications et conformité
Le présent document spécifie les exigences relatives aux fibres de polymère pour une utilisation structurelle ou non structurelle dans le béton, le mortier ou le coulis. Il traite des fibres destinées à être utilisées dans tous les types de béton et de mortier, y compris le béton projeté, le béton pour dallage, le béton pour préfabrication, le béton coulé en place et le béton de réparation.
Les dispositions régissant l’application de fibres de polymère dans la production d’éléments en béton ou en mortier renforcé par des fibres, c’est-à-dire les exigences concernant la teneur en fibres, le calcul statique, le malaxage, le coulage, etc. du béton comprenant des fibres de polymère, ne font pas partie de la présente norme.
NOTE L’utilisation des fibres est dite structurelle si l’ajout de fibres est conçu pour contribuer à la capacité portante d’un élément en béton ou en mortier, voir 3.18.
Vlakna za beton - 2. del: Polimerna vlakna - Definicija, specifikacije in skladnost
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2018
Vlakna za beton - 2. del: Polimerna vlakna - Definicija, specifikacije in skladnost
Fibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definition, specifications and conformity
Fasern für Beton - Teil 2: Polymerfasern - Begriffe, Festlegungen und Konformität
Fibres pour béton - Partie 2: Fibres polymère - Définition, spécifications et conformité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14889-2
ICS:
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2018
ICS 91.100.30 Will supersede EN 14889-2:2006
English Version
Fibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definition,
specifications and conformity
Fibres pour béton - Partie 2: Fibres polymère - Fasern für Beton - Teil 2: Polymerfasern - Begriffe,
Définition, spécifications et conformité Festlegungen und Konformität
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 104.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14889-2:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Symbols . 8
5 Classification of fibres . 8
6 Requirements . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.1.1 Polymer type . 8
6.1.2 Shape. 8
6.1.3 Surface treated, coated or bundled polymer fibres . 9
6.2 Tolerances . 9
6.3 Dimensions . 10
6.3.1 General . 10
6.3.2 Length . 10
6.3.3 Determination of (equivalent) diameter . 10
6.3.4 Calculated density of fibres . 11
6.3.5 Linear density . 11
6.4 Tensile strength . 11
6.4.1 Tensile strength of Group Ia and Ib fibres . 11
6.4.2 Tensile strength of Group Ic and II fibres . 12
6.5 Secant modulus of elasticity of the filament of Group Ic and Group II fibres . 12
6.6 Melting point or decomposition temperature . 13
6.7 Effect on the consistency of concrete . 13
6.8 Effect on the strength of concrete . 13
6.8.1 General . 13
6.8.2 Structural Use for Group Ia and Ib fibres (applications which require spalling
resistance due to fire) . 13
6.8.3 Structural Use for Group Ic fibres (providing residual flexural strength) . 13
6.8.4 Structural Use for Group II fibres (providing residual flexural strength) . 14
6.9 Mixing . 14
6.10 Release of dangerous substances . 14
6.11 Durability . 14
7 Assessment and verification of constancy of performance — AVCP . 14
7.1 General . 14
7.2 Type testing . 15
7.2.1 General . 15
7.2.2 Test samples, testing and compliance criteria . 16
7.2.3 Test reports . 16
7.2.4 Shared other party results . 16
7.3 Factory production control (FPC) . 17
7.3.1 General . 17
7.3.2 Requirements . 18
7.3.3 Product specific requirements . 20
7.3.4 Initial Inspection of factory and of FPC . 21
7.3.5 Continuous surveillance of FPC . 22
7.3.6 Procedure for modifications . 22
7.3.7 One-off products, pre-production products (e. g. prototypes) and products produced
in very low quantity . 22
8 Marking, labelling and packaging . 23
Annex A (normative) Conditions for switching between the control regimes T-N-R . 24
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship of this European Standard with
Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 . 26
ZA.1 Scope and relevant characteristics . 26
ZA.2 System of Assessment and Verification of Constancy of Performance (AVCP) . 27
ZA.3 Assignment of AVCP tasks . 27
Bibliography . 30
European foreword
This document (prEN 14889-2:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104
“Concrete and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14889-2:2006.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
This standard comprises two parts:
— Part 1 dealing with steel fibres for concrete;
— Part 2 dealing with polymer fibres for mortar and concrete.
Not all fibre characteristics that may be relevant to the performance of a fibre concrete, structural or
non-structural, such as early age effects, creep and chemical attack, have been addressed in this
standard due to the difficulties of formulating meaningful and reproducible standardised test methods.
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for polymer fibres for structural or non-structural use in
concrete, mortar and grout. It covers fibres intended for use in all types of concrete and mortar,
including sprayed concrete, flooring, precast, in-situ and repair concretes.
Provisions governing the application of polymer fibres in the production of fibre reinforced concrete or
mortar elements, i. e. requirements concerning fibre content, structural design, mixing, placing, etc. of
concrete including polymer fibres are not part of this standard.
NOTE Structural use of fibres is where the addition of fibres is designed to contribute to the load bearing
capacity of a concrete or mortar element, see 3.18.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12226, Geosynthetics — General tests for evaluation following durability testing
EN 12350-3, Testing fresh concrete — Part 3: Vebe test
EN 12390-3, Testing hardened concrete — Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens
EN 14030, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products — Screening test method for determining the
resistance to acid and alkaline liquids (ISO/TR 12960:1998, modified)
EN 14649, Precast concrete products — Test method for strength retention of glass fibres in cement and
concrete (SIC TEST)
EN 14845-1, Test methods for fibres in concrete — Part 1: Reference concretes
EN 14845-2, Test methods for fibres in concrete — Part 2: Effect on concrete
EN ISO 1973, Textile fibres — Determination of linear density — Gravimetric method and vibroscope
method (ISO 1973)
EN ISO 2062, Textiles — Yarns from packages — Determination of single-end breaking force and
elongation at break using constant rate of extension (CRE) tester (ISO 2062)
EN ISO 5079, Textiles — Fibres — Determination of breaking force and elongation at break of individual
fibres (ISO 5079)
EN ISO 11357-3, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 3: Determination of
temperature and enthalpy of melting and crystallization (ISO 11357-3)
EN ISO 11358-1, Plastics — Thermogravimetry (TG) of polymers — Part 1: General principles (ISO 11358-
1)
ISO 10406-1, Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete — Test methods — Part 1: FRP
bars and grids
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1a
polymer (with known resistance to deterioration when in contact with the moisture and alkalis
present in cement paste)
polymeric material such as polypropylene, polyethylene and blends of them
3.1b
polymer (with unknown resistance to deterioration when in contact with the moisture and
alkalis present in cement paste)
polymeric material such as polyester, nylon, aramids, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene
naphthalate (PEN), polyacrylic, vinylal (PVA/vinylon) or other
3.2
polymer fibres
straight or deformed pieces of extruded, orientated and cut material which are suitable to be
homogeneously mixed into concrete or mortar
3.3
filament
material after embossing (if applicable) before crimping (if applicable) and cutting to the specified
length of the fibres
3.4
length
distance between the outer ends of the fibre
3.5
equivalent diameter
diameter of a circle with an area equal to the mean cross sectional area of the fibre or, in the case of
fibrillated fibres, slit filament. For circular fibres, the equivalent diameter is equal to the diameter of the
fibres
3.6
aspect ratio
ratio of length to equivalent diameter of the fibre
3.7
fibre shape
specific outer configuration of the fibre, both in the longitudinal direction and in the shape of the cross
section and also the possible surface coatings and/or bundling of the fibres
3.8
tensile strength of the filament
stress corresponding to the maximum force a filament can resist. The tensile strength is calculated by
dividing the maximum force a filament can resist by the cross sectional area of the filament, derived
from the (equivalent) diameter
3.9
elongation of the filament
elongation of the filament is defined as the ratio of the length change of the filament to the initial length
expressed as a percentage
3.10
secant modulus of elasticity of the filament
slope derived from the tensile test from a straight line between the stress-strain coordinates at 5 % and
25 % of the maximum strength of the filament
3.11
density of the fibre
density of the fibre expressed in g/cm
3.12
linear density
mass per unit length of a yarn or filament expressed in tex or its multiples or submultiples
Note 1 to entry: 1 tex = 1 g/1 000 m.
3.13
tenacity
breaking force of a filament divided by its linear density
3.14
melting point
temperature (range) as defined in EN ISO 11357-3
3.15
fibrillated fibre
slit film fibre where sections of the fibre peel away, forming branching fibrils
3.16
residual flexural strength
nominal stress at the tip of the notch which is assumed to act in an uncracked mid-span section, with
linear stress distribution, of a prism subjected to the centre-point load F corresponding to CMOD
j j
where CMOD > CMOD ; or to δ where δ > δ (j = 1,2,3,4)
j FL j j FL
3.17
crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD)
linear displacement measured by a transducer installed on a prism subjected to a centre-point load F
3.18
declared value
value for a product property, determined in accordance with this standard, that a manufacturer is
confident of achieving within the given tolerances bearing in mind the variability of the manufacturing
process
3.19
structural use
structural use of fibres is where the addition of fibres is designed to contribute to the load bearing
capacity of a concrete or mortar element
4 Symbols
Symbols used in this standard are defined as follows:
A 2
area of the cross section of the fibre, in mm ;
d diameter of a fibre with a circular cross section, in mm;
d equivalent diameter of the fibre, in mm;
e
l measured length of the fibre, in mm;
l measured length of the filament, in mm;
d
λ = l / d and is the aspect ratio of the fibre;
e
m mass of the fibre, in g;
ρ 3
density of the fibre, in g/cm ;
ρ linear density of the fibre, in tex (or g/km);
L
T melting point of the polymer, in °C;
s
Pmax maximum tensile load carrying capacity of the filament, in N;
R tensile strength of the filament, in MPa;
m
Ten tenacity of the filament, in cN/tex;
ε elongation of the filament, in %;
E Secant modulus of elasticity of the filament, in MPa.
5 Classification of fibres
Polymer fibres shall be characterised by the manufacturer in accordance with their physical form:
Group Ia: Micro fibres: ≤ 0,05 mm in (equivalent) diameter; mono-filamented
Group Ib: Fibrillated fibres: fibrillated
Group Ic: Meso fibres: 0,05 mm < (equivalent) diameter ≤ 0,30 mm; mono-filamented
Group II: Macro fibres: > 0,30 mm in (equivalent) diameter; mono-filamented
NOTE Classes in the previous version of this standard EN 14889-2:2006 have been re-designated as groups.
6 Requirements
6.1 General
6.1.1 Polymer type
The basic polymer(s) or blends of polymers of the fibre shall be declared.
6.1.2 Shape
Polymer fibres may be either straight or deformed. The longitudinal and cross-sectional shape and type
of deformation shall be declared. The control and tolerances on the cross-sectional shape and type of
deformation shall be specified for each different shape separately, and may be performed using optical
equipment.
6.1.3 Surface treated, coated or bundled polymer fibres
The type and size of the fibre bundle (e. g. glued, wrapped) shall be declared.
Any surface treatment or coating (type and quantity), and any chemical or physical treatment of
polymer fibres shall be defined and controlled.
NOTE Spin finish is a term used to describe the addition of chemical(s) used to coat the fibres that will then
help the fibre to disperse in concrete. Without this coating some fibres will not easily disperse in concrete and will
tend to ball up. However some types of chemical used to coat the fibres can induce air into the concrete or mortar.
It is therefore important that any coating added to the fibre is controlled and is recorded as part of the initial type
testing and as part of the factory control procedures.
6.2 Tolerances
Specimens of fibres or filaments, when sampled in accordance with 7.2.2 and measured in accordance
with 6.3 and 6.3.3 shall not deviate from the declared value by more than the tolerances given in
Table 1.
Within blends of polymer fibres the constituent fibre types shall comply. The proportions of the
constituent fibres shall be controlled in the production process and declared.
Table 1 — Tolerance limits for the fibres and filaments
Deviation of the Deviation of the average
Property Symbol individual value relative value relative to the
to the declared value declared value
All fibres l
Length, l > 20 mm ± 10 % ± 7,5 %
Length, l ≤ 20 mm ± 2,0 mm ± 1,5 mm
Group Ia, Ib fibres
d
(equivalent) diameter ± 30 % ± 10 %
e
Group Ic fibres
d
(equivalent) diameter ± 25 % ± 7,5 %
e
R
tensile strength of the filament ± 25 % ± 12,5 %
m
secant modulus of elasticity of the
E ± 25 % ± 12,5 %
filament
Group II fibres
d
(equivalent) diameter ± 20 % ± 5 %
e
length/diameter ratio λ ± 10 %
R
tensile strength of the filament ± 25 % ± 10 %
m
secant modulus of elasticity of the
E ± 25 % ± 10 %
filament
Blends
Weight tolerance of the individual
± 5 %
components in the blend (weight %)
6.3 Dimensions
6.3.1 General
The length, (equivalent) diameter and aspect ratio shall be declared for all fibres.
6.3.2 Length
The length shall be measured with a ruler or Vernier caliper with a resolution of at least of 0,5 mm.
6.3.3 Determination of (equivalent) diameter
6.3.3.1 Fibre with circular cross section
For Group Ia fibres, the diameter can be determined by conversion from the linear density 𝜌𝜌 . The
L
linear density of Group Ia fibres shall be determined in accordance with EN ISO 1973.
For Group Ic, the diameter shall be measured using optical measuring equipment.
The diameter d in µm is to be calculated from:
e
400⋅ρ
L
d = (1)
e
πρ⋅
with
ρ in g/cm according to 6.3.4;
ρ in dtex according to 6.3.5.
L
For Group II fibres, the diameter of the fibre shall be measured with a micrometer with a resolution of
at least 0,005 mm.
6.3.3.2 Fibre with elliptical cross section
The equivalent diameter of Group Ia fibres with elliptical cross section shall be determined according to
6.3.3.1.
The diameter of Group Ic and Group II fibres shall be measured with a micrometer, in two directions,
approximately at right angles, with a resolution of at least 0,005 mm. The (equivalent) fibre diameter
shall be the mean of the two diameters.
6.3.3.3 Rectangular fibres
The equivalent diameter of Group Ia fibres with rectangular cross section shall be determined according
to 6.3.3.1.
The equivalent diameter of Group Ib fibres can be determined on the filament which can be larger than
0,3 mm.
The width (w) and thickness (t) of Group Ic and Group II fibres shall be measured with a resolution of at
least 0,005 mm. The equivalent diameter, d , is calculated as
e
4⋅⋅wt
(2)
d =
e
π
6.3.3.4 Fibres with irregular cross section
For Group Ia fibres the diameter can be determined by conversion from the linear density ρ . The linear
L
density of Group Ia fibres shall be determined in accordance with EN ISO 1973.
The equivalent diameter of Group Ib, Group Ic and Group II fibres shall be determined based on
filament’s sample length. The mass, m [g], and the length, l [mm], of the filament sample shall be
f d
determined. The mass shall be determined to an accuracy of 0,001 g and the length to an accuracy of
0,5 mm on a length of at least 50 cm and not more than 100 cm. The equivalent diameter shall be
computed from the mass and the length using the following formula with the density of the fibre, ρ,
in [g/cm ]:
4⋅⋅m 10
f
d = (3)
e
πρ⋅⋅l
d
where
m in [g];
f
l in [mm];
d
ρ 3
in [g/cm ].
6.3.4 Calculated density of fibres
The density ρ of Group Ia fibres made of a polymer blend shall be calculated from the following formula:
n
w
1 i
= (4)
∑
ρρ
i
with
n the number of components, w weight % of each component i and ρ the density of the component i.
i i
6.3.5 Linear density
The linear density ρ of Group Ia fibres shall be determined in accordance with EN ISO 1973. The linear
L
density ρ of Group Ib shall be determined in accordance with 6.3.3 (divide mass m in g by length l
L f d
in km to calculate ρ ).
L
NOTE EN ISO 1973 is only applicable to round and sufficiently fine fibres. In all other cases the linear density
is determined in the same way as for group Ib fibres.
6.4 Tensile strength
6.4.1 Tensile strength of Group Ia and Ib fibres
The tensile strength of Group Ia and Ib fibres cannot be determined directly because of the difficulty in
measuring the cross sectional area. As a consequence it has to be determined indirectly from the
tenacity (Ten) and the density ρ with the following formula:
R Ten⋅⋅ρ 10 (5)
m
where
=
Ten in [cN/tex];
ρ 3
in [g/cm ], 6.3.4;
R in [MPa].
m
The tenacity of Group Ia fibres shall be determined by EN ISO 5079. The tenacity of Group Ib fibres shall
be determined by either method A or method B of EN ISO 2062. 30 individual filaments shall be tested
and all results for the breaking force shall be included in the calculation for the average and standard
deviation. The tenacity shall be calculated from the breaking force divided by the linear density
determined by 6.3.4.
For the density ρ, the value according to 6.3.4 shall be used.
The calculated value for R shall be declared. R shall not deviate from the declared value by more
m m
than the tolerances given in Table 1. At least 95 % of the individual specimens shall meet the specified
tolerance.
6.4.2 Tensile strength of Group Ic and II fibres
The tensile strength, R , shall be determined by either method A or method B of EN ISO 2062, and shall
m
be declared. The distance between the clamping points shall be 250 mm, the strain rate shall be 50 %
per minute.
The tensile strength shall be determined on individual filaments. 30 individual filaments shall be tested
and all results shall be included in the calculation for the average and standard deviation.
The tensile strength R shall be calculated from the breaking force divided by the cross sectional area
m
π⋅d / 4 .
e
R shall not deviate from the declared value by more than the tolerances given in Table 1. At least 95 %
m
of the individual specimens shall meet the specified tolerance.
NOTE 1 For FPC the testing speed can be increased, however correlation testing between the 2 different testing
speeds needs to be done (30 samples).
NOTE 2 The tensile strength measured on filaments can be different to the tensile strength measured on the
final fibres.
6.5 Secant modulus of elasticity of the filament of Group Ic and Group II fibres
The secant modulus of elasticity for polymer fibres as defined in 3.10 shall be determined by either
method A or method B of EN ISO 2062, and shall be declared. The initial distance between the clamping
points shall be 250 mm. The strain rate shall be 50 % per minute. The strain rate can be measured by
the relative movement of the clamps, provided that slippage is prevented. Alternatively the strain can
be determined by an extensometer over a length of at least 50 mm.
30 individual filaments shall be tested and all results shall be included in the calculation for the average
and standard deviation. The acceptable tolerance on the declared value of the Secant Modulus of
Elasticity is given in Table 1. At least 95 % of the individual specimens shall meet the specified
tolerance.
NOTE It is essential that the tensile stress is calculated from the force divided by the cross sectional area
π⋅d / 4 .
e
6.6 Melting point or decomposition temperature
Depending on the polymer type, either the melting point or the decomposition temperature shall be
determined and declared. The melting point shall be determined in accordance with EN ISO 11357-3.
The decomposition point shall be determined in accordance with EN ISO 11358-1.
NOTE The melting point or decomposition temperature is a relevant parameter for the fibre being used to
modify the performance of concrete in fire.
6.7 Effect on the consistency of concrete
The effect of fibres on the consistency of a reference concrete conforming to EN 14845-1 shall be
determined.
The consistency according to EN 12350-3 shall be determined on the reference concrete without fibres
and then on an identical mix with fibres. The effect on consistency with and without fibres shall be
declared.
The amount of fibres added shall be declared by the manufacturer and shall be the minimum amount of
fibres needed to obtain the required strength specified in 6.8. If a plasticiser or superplasticiser is
needed in order to meet the consistency requirements when determining the required addition level of
fibres, the amount and type shall also be declared by the manufacturer.
The fibre manufacturer may additionally declare the consistency for the reference concrete with a
range of dosages of fibres.
NOTE The reference concrete for Group 1c fibres is defined in 6.8.3.
6.8 Effect on the strength of concrete
6.8.1 General
Whether fibres are being considered for structural use or not depends on their function in the concrete
element.
6.8.2 Structural Use for Group Ia and Ib fibres (applications which require spalling resistance
due to fire)
The effect on compressive strength shall be determined according to EN 12390-3 using a reference
concrete conforming to EN 14845-1 with and without fibres. The dosage of at least 0,6 kg/m of fibres
shall be tested. The 28 day compressive strength of the reference concrete according to EN 14845-1
with fibres shall be at least 90 % of the 28 day compressive strength of the reference concrete without
fibres. The dosage rate shall be declared by the manufacturer.
NOTE The effect on compressive strength is determined to demonstrate that the fibres have no detrimental
effect on the reference concrete, given the lack of a suitable European Standard to determine the effect of fibres on
the spalling resistance of fibre concrete in fire.
6.8.3 Structural Use for Group Ic fibres (providing residual flexural strength)
The effect on strength shall be determined according to EN 14845-2 using a reference concrete
a
conforming to EN 14845-1 whereby the mandatory mix is as Table 1, Note except with a maximum
aggregate size of 8 or 10 mm, not 16 or 20 mm.
The dosage of fibres in kg/m that achieves a residual flexural strength of 1,5 MPa at 0,5 mm CMOD
(equivalent to 0,47 mm central deflection) and a residual flexural strength of 1 MPa at 3,5 mm CMOD
(equivalent to 3,02 mm central deflection) shall be declared by the manufacturer.
6.8.4 Structural Use for Group II fibres (providing residual flexural strength)
The effect on strength shall be determined according to EN 14845-2 using a reference concrete
conforming to EN 14845-1. The dosage of fibres in kg/m that achieves a residual flexural strength of
1,5 MPa at 0,5 mm CMOD (equivalent to 0,47 mm central deflection) and a residual flexural strength of
1 MPa at 3,5 mm CMOD (equivalent to 3,02 mm central deflection) shall be declared by the
manufacturer.
6.9 Mixing
Mixing instructions shall be supplied by the manufacturer which recommends the mixing sequence to
be adopted when introducing the fibre into both a centrally mixed concrete plant and for a dry batch
truck mixed plant.
6.10 Release of dangerous substances
National regulations on dangerous substances may require verification and declaration on release, and
sometimes content, when construction products covered by this standard are placed on those markets.
In the absence of European harmonized test methods, verification and declaration on release/content
should be done taking into account national provisions in the place of use.
NOTE An informative database covering European and national provisions on dangerous substances is
available at the Construction web site on EUROPA accessed through: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-
databases/cp-ds_en
6.11 Durability
For polymer fibres according to 6.8.3 and 6.8.4 made with polymers of unknown resistance to
deterioration (see 3.1b) when in contact with the moisture and alkalis present in cement paste, the
manufacturer shall demonstrate the long-term durability of the fibres in cement paste/concrete
throughout the anticipated useful life of the structure by applying EN 14030 or EN 14649 (glass fibres,
SIC test).
When applying EN 14030, the following modifications apply:
— the test duration shall be 180 days;
— the temperature shall be 40 °C;
— the alkaline solution shall be according to ISO 10406-1.
The tensile test shall be carried out according to 6.4. The manufacturer shall demonstrate long term
durability when either the percentage retained tensile strength R and the percentage retained
F
elongation at break, R ,-of the filaments shall exceed 90 % calculated according to EN 12226.
ε
When applying EN 14649 the tensile strength of fibre after the SIC test shall exceed 80 % of the original
tensile strength measured according to EN 14649.
7 Assessment and verification of constancy of performance — AVCP
7.1 General
The compliance of Polymer Fibres with the requirements of this standard and with the performances
declared by the manufacturer in the DoP shall be demonstrated by:
— determination of the product type;
— factory production control by the manufacturer, including product assessment.
The manufacturer shall always retain the overall control and shall have the necessary means to take
responsibility for the conformity of the product with its declared performance(s).
NOTE The assignment of tasks to the notified body(ies) and the manufacturer is shown in Tables ZA.3.1
to ZA.3.2.
7.2 Type testing
7.2.1 General
All performances related to characteristics included in this standard shall be determined when the
manufacturer intends to declare the respective performances unless the standard gives provisions for
declaring them without performing tests. (e. g. use of previously existing data, Classified Without
Further Testing – CWFT – and conventionally accepted performance).
Assessment previously performed in accordance with the provisions of this standard, may be taken into
account provided that they were made to the same or a more rigorous test method, under the same
AVCP (Assessment and verification of constancy of performance) system on the same product or
products of similar design, construction and functionality, such that the results are applicable to the
product in question.
NOTE 1 Same AVCP system means testing by an independent third party [only for products covered by
system 1+, 1 and 3], under the responsibility of a notified product certification body [only for products covered by
system 1+ and 1].
For the purposes of assessment, the manufacturer's products may be grouped into families, where it is
considered that the results for one or more characteristics from any one product within the family are
representative for that same characteristics for all products within that same family.
NOTE 2 Products may be grouped in different families for different characteristics.
NOTE 3 It is advised to make reference to the assessment method standards to allow the selection of a suitable
representative sample.
In addition, the determination of the product type shall be performed for all characteristics included in
the standard for which the manufacturer declares the performance:
— at the beginning of the production of a new or modified Polymer Fibre (unless a member of the
same product range); or
— at the beginning of a new or modified method of production (where this may affect the stated
properties); or
— they shall be repeated for the appropriate characteristic(s), whenever a change occurs in the
Polymer Fibre design, in the raw material or in the supplier of the components, or in the method of
production (subject to the definition of a family), which would affect significantly one or more of
the characteristics.
Where components are used whose characteristics have already been determined, by the component
manufacturer, on the basis of assessment methods of other product standards, these characteristics
need not be re-assessed. The specifications of these components shall be documented.
Products bearing regulatory marking in accordance with appropriate harmonized European
specifications may be presumed to have the performances declared in the DoP, although this does not
replace the responsibility on the Polymer Fibre manufacturer to ensure that the Polymer Fibre as a
whole is correctly manufactured and its component products have the declared performance values.
7.2.2 Test samples, testing and compliance criteria
The number of samples of Polymer Fibres or Filaments to be tested/assessed shall be in accordance
with Table 2.
Table 2 — Test samples, testing and compliance criteria
Requirement for Group No. of Samples
Characteristi Assessment Compliance
(fibres or
c method criteria
Clause Ia Ib Ic II
filaments)
Shape;
6.1.2 N N N N 6.1.2 30 6.1.2
tolerances
Dimensions;
6.2 N N N N 6.2 30 Table 1
tolerances
Tensile
properties; 6.4 N N N N 6.4 30 Table 1
tolerances
Secant
modulus of 6.5 O O N N 6.5 30 Table 1
elasticity
Melting point
according to
or
6.6 N N N N 6.6 the test -
decompositio
standard
n temperature
Effect on
6.7 N N N N 6.7 3 -
Consistency
Effect on 6.8.2 N N 6.8.2 6 cubes 6.8.2
strength of
6.8.3 N 6.8.3 12 beams 6.8.3
concrete or
mortar 6.8.4 N 6.8.4 12 beams 6.8.4
Durability for
fibres
3.1b N N N N 6.10 30 6.10
according
6.8.3 and 6.8.4
N Normative
O Optional
7.2.3 Test reports
The results of the determination of the product type shall be documented in test reports. All test reports
shall be retained by the manufacturer for at least 10 years after the last date of production of the
Polymer Fibre to which they relate.
7.2.4 Shared other party results
NOTE The sharing of other party results is in principle applicable to all systems of assessment and evaluation
of constancy of performance.
A manufacturer may use the results of the product type determination obtained by someone else (e. g.
by another manufacturer, as a common service to manufacturers, or by a product developer), to justify
his own declaration of performance regarding a product that is manufactured according to the same
design (e. g. dimensions) and with raw materials, constituents and manufacturing methods of the same
kind, provided that:
— the results are known to be valid for products with the same essential characteristics relevant for
the product performance;
— in addition to any information essential for confirming that the product has such same
performances related to specific essential characteristics, the other party who has carried out the
determination of the product type concerned or has had it carried out, has expressly accepted to
transmit to the manufacturer the results and the test report to be used for the latter’s product type
determination, as well as information regarding production facilities and the production control
process that can be taken into account for FPC;
— the manufacturer using other party results accepts to remain responsible for the product having
the declared performances and he also:
— ensures that the product has the same characteristics relevant for performance as the one that
has been subjected to the determination of the product type, and that there are no significant
differences with regard to production facilities and the production control process compared
to that used for the product that was subjected to the determination of the product type; and
— keeps available a copy of the determination of the product type report that also contains the
information needed for verifying that the product is manufactured according to the same
design and with raw materials, constituents and manufacturing methods of the same kind.
7.3 Factory production control (FPC)
7.3.1 General
The manufacturer shall establish, document and maintain an FPC system to ensure that the products
placed on the market comply with the declared performance of the essential characteristics.
The FPC system shall consist of procedures, regular inspections and tests and/or assessments and the
use of the results to control raw and other incoming materials or components, equipment, the
production process and the product.
All the elements, requirements and provisions adopted by the manufacturer shall be documented in a
systematic manner in the form of written policies and procedures.
This factory production control system documentation shall ensure a common understanding of the
evaluation of the constancy of performance and enable the achievement of the required product
performances and the effective operation of the production control system to be checked. Factory
production control therefore brings together operational techniques and all measures allowing
maintenance and control of the compliance of the product with the declared performances of the
essential characteristics.
In case the manufacturer has used shared or cascading product type results, the FPC shall also include
the appropriate documentation as foreseen in 7.2.4.
1)
The formulation of such an agreement can be done by license, contract, or any other type of written consent.
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