SIST EN 4700-001:2011
(Main)Aerospace series - Steel and heat resisting alloys - Wrought products - Technical specification - Part 001: Plate, sheet and strip
Aerospace series - Steel and heat resisting alloys - Wrought products - Technical specification - Part 001: Plate, sheet and strip
This standard defines the requirements for the ordering, manufacture, testing, inspection and delivery of steel and heat resisting (Cobalt, Nickel and iron based alloys) alloy plate, sheet and strip. It shall be applied when referred to and in conjunction with the EN material standard unless otherwise specified on the drawing, order or inspection schedule.
Luft- und Raumfahrt - Stahl und Hochwarmfesten Legierungen - Umgeformte Erzeugnisse - Technische Lieferbedingungen - Teil 001: Platten, Bleche und Bänder
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Anforderungen an die Bestellung, Herstellung, Prüfung, Kontrolle und
Lieferung von Platten, Blechen und Bändern aus Stahl und hochwarmfesten Legierungen (Kobalt-,
Nickel- und Eisenlegierungen) fest. Sie ist anzuwenden, wenn sie bei Verweisung auf oder in Verbindung mit
der EN-Werkstoffnorm erwähnt wird, sofern in der Zeichnung, Bestellung oder der Prüfanweisung nichts
anderes angegeben ist.
Série aérospatiale - Aciers et alliages résistant à chaud - Produits corroyés - Spécification technique - Partie 001: Plaques, tôles et bandes
Cette Norme Européenne définit les exigences relatives aux commandes, fabrication, essais, contrôles et
livraison de plaques, tôles et bandes en acier et alliages (cobalt, nickel et alliages ferreux) résistant à chaud.
La présente norme est applicable lorsqu'elle est citée et conjointement avec la norme de matériaux EN sauf
instruction contraire figurant sur le dessin, la commande ou la fiche d'essais.
Aeronavtika - Jeklo in zlitine, odporne proti vročini - Gneteni izdelki - Tehnična specifikacija - 001. del: Plošče, pločevina in trakovi
Ta standard določa zahteve za naročanje, proizvodnjo, preskušanje, pregledovanje in dobavo plošč, pločevin in trakov iz jekla in zlitin (kobalt, nikelj in na železu zasnovane zlitine), odpornih proti vročini. Uporablja se, kadar se nanaša na standard EN za materiale in skupaj z njim, razen če je drugače določeno na risbi, naročilu ali urniku pregleda.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Luft- und Raumfahrt - Stahl und Hochwarmfesten Legierungen - Umgeformte Erzeugnisse - Technische Lieferbedingungen - Teil 001: Platten, Bleche und BänderSérie aérospatiale - Aciers et alliages résistant à chaud - Produits corroyés - Spécification technique - Partie 001: Plaques, tôles et bandesAerospace series - Steel and heat resisting alloys - Wrought products - Technical specification - Part 001: Plate, sheet and strip77.140.50SROL]GHONLFlat steel products and semi-products49.025.10JeklaSteelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 4700-001:2010SIST EN 4700-001:2011en,de01-maj-2011SIST EN 4700-001:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 4700-001
September 2010 ICS 49.025.10 English Version
Aerospace series - Steel and heat resisting alloys - Wrought products - Technical specification - Part 001: Plate, sheet and strip
Série aérospatiale - Aciers et alliages résistant à chaud - Produits corroyés - Spécification technique - Partie 001: Plaques, tôles et bandes
Luft- und Raumfahrt - Stahl und Hochwarmfesten Legierungen - Umgeformte Erzeugnisse - Technische Lieferbedingungen - Teil 001: Platten, Bleche und BänderThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 January 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 4700-001:2010: ESIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41 Scope .42 Normative references .43 Terms and definitions .64 Wording of order .65 Health and safety .66 Technical requirements .76.1 General .76.2 Qualification requirements .76.3 Release requirements .76.3.1 Release tests .76.3.2 Retests .76.3.3 Rejection .86.3.4 Special tests .86.3.5 Capability clause.86.3.6 Statistical process control .86.3.7 Inspection and test report .86.4 Traceability .9 SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 4700-001:2010) has been prepared by the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe - Standardization (ASD-STAN). After enquiries and votes carried out in accordance with the rules of this Association, this Standard has received the approval of the National Associations and the Official Services of the member countries of ASD, prior to its presentation to CEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard is part of the series of EN metallic material standards for aerospace applications. The general organization of this series is described in EN 4258. 1 Scope This European Standard defines the requirements for the ordering, manufacture, testing, inspection and delivery of steel and heat resisting (Cobalt, Nickel and iron based alloys) alloy plate, sheet and strip. It shall be applied when referred to and in conjunction with the EN material standard unless otherwise specified on the drawing, order or inspection schedule. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 643, Steels — Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size (ISO 643:2003) EN ISO 3651-1, Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels — Part 1: Austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels — Corrosion test in nitric acid medium by measurement of loss in mass (Huey test) (ISO 3651-1:1998) EN ISO 3651-2, Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels — Part 2: Ferritic, austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels — Corrosion test in media containing sulfuric acid (ISO 3651-2:1998) EN ISO 3887, Steels — Determination of depth of decarburization (ISO 3887:2003) EN ISO 4288, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture (ISO 4288:1996) EN ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1:2005) EN ISO 6507-1, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 6507-1:2005) EN ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T) (ISO 6508-1:2005) EN ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
(ISO 6892-1:2009) prEN ISO 6892-2, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 2: Method of test at elevated temperature (ISO/DIS 6892-2:2009) EN 2002-001, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Test methods — Part 001: Tensile testing at ambient temperature EN 2002-002, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Test methods — Part 002: Tensile testing at elevated temperature
SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 5 EN 2002-6, Aerospace series — Test methods for metallic materials — Part 6: Bend testing 1) EN 2002-005, Aerospace series — Test methods for metallic materials — Uninterrupted creep and stress-rupture testing EN 2032-1, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Part 1: Conventional designation EN 2032-2, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Part 2: Coding of metallurgical condition in delivery condition EN 2078, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Manufacturing schedule, inspection schedule, inspection and test report — Definition, general principles, preparation and approval EN 2950, Aerospace series — Test method — Wrought heat resisting alloys — Semi-finished products and parts — Conditions for macrographic and micrographic examination — Atlas of structures and defects EN 2951, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Test method — Micrographic determination of content of non-metallic inclusions 1) EN 4050-1, Aerospace series — Test method for metallic materials — Ultrasonic inspection of bars, plates, forging stock and forgings — Part 1: General requirements 1) EN 4050-4, Aerospace series — Test method for metallic materials — Ultrasonic inspection of bars, plates, forging stock and forgings — Part 4: Acceptance criteria 1) EN 4258, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — General organization of standardization — Links between types of EN standards and their use EN 4259, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Definition of general terms 1) EN 9100, Quality Management Systems — Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense Organizations EN 9133, Aerospace series — Quality management systems — Qualification Procedure for aerospace standard parts EN 10027-1, Designation systems for steels — Part 1: Steel names EN 10045-1, Metallic Materials — Charpy impact test — Part 1: Test method
EN 10079, Definition of steel products TR 2410, Aerospace series — Metallic materials — Relationship between dimensional standards and material standards 2) AMS 2315, Determination of Delta Ferrite Content 3) AMS 2750, Pyrometry 3)
ASTM A604, Standard Practice for Macroetch Testing of Consumable Electrode Remelted Steel Bars and Billets 4)
1) Published as ASD-STAN Prestandard at the date of publication of this standard by Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe-Standardization (ASD-STAN), (www.asd-stan.org). 2) Published as ASD-STAN Technical Report at the date of publication of this standard by Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe-Standardization (ASD-STAN), (www.asd-stan.org). 3) Published by: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), (www.sae.org). SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 4259 apply. For definitions specific to steel, see EN 10079. 3.1 batch for heat treatment using a continuous furnace, a continuous run of less than or equal to 8 hours may be considered as the same heat treatment charge NOTE Continuous heat treatment can be an option. 4 Wording of order The order shall clearly indicate: quantities to be supplied; dates of delivery; material standard number; delivery condition and metallurgical code of products; dimensions and tolerances or reference to an appropriate dimensional standard; product designation, when required; forwarding address; nature and type of packing, if required; surface protection, if appropriate; definition and frequency of any special tests and their retest procedures, if required. 5 Health and safety The product in the delivery condition shall fulfil the current health and safety laws of the area of the country where it is to be delivered. A product safety data sheet shall be available.
4) Published by: American Society for Testing and Materials http://www.astm.org/. SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 7 6 Technical requirements 6.1 General The product shall be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of the relevant material standard and the applicable requirements of this specification. A manufacturing schedule shall be established and applied in accordance with EN 2078. Product shall satisfy the requirements of the material standard and/or order and shall be free from irregularities prejudicial to the subsequent manufacture or use of this product. Notwithstanding previous acceptance complying with this material standard, any product that is found, at a later stage, to contain such defects shall be rejected. Unless otherwise specified, the requirements in Tables 1 and 2 shall apply in conjunction with those of the relevant material standard. Table 1 relates to lines 1 to 29 (inclusive) of the material standard and Table 2 relates to lines 30 onwards in which the sub-line format is also used. Lines 2 to 98 may also be opened in line 100 if the material standard details specific qualification requirements. If a specific line number is not shown in Tables 1 and 2, the requirement is stated in the material standard and/or order. 6.2 Qualification requirements Qualification requirements when invoked by the material standard and/or order are detailed in Tables 1 and 2. Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser the qualification phase shall be run on the first 3 batches, coming from at least 2 casts. 6.3 Release requirements 6.3.1 Release tests Release testing shall be the responsibility of the manufacturer. The purchaser reserves the right to perform any of the inspections and/or tests required by the material standard and/or order. The test samples shall be representative of the product. When required by the order, the manufacturer shall inform the purchaser of the planned dates for extraction of samples and release testing in order that these operations may be witnessed. Tables 1 and 2 detail the requirements for each line of the material standard. Unless otherwise specifically requested by the purchaser, a particular inspection and/or test for release shall be carried out if corresponding acceptance criteria and/or values are stated in the applicable material standard, but see also in 6.3.5. 6.3.2 Retests If any requirement is not met, retests shall be carried out under the following conditions unless otherwise stated in the material standard or order. If the test procedure or test piece preparation is faulty, testing shall be re-applied at the original frequency after rectification of the original cause of failure, on a test sample located near the first one. For plates, sheet or strip with hardness results below the minimum or above the maximum value, the softest or hardest plate, sheet or strip, as appropriate, shall be submitted to a tensile test and, if required, an impact test. If the results comply with the specified tensile and impact requirements, all plates, sheet and strip shall be accepted. SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 8 When failure cannot be attributed to faulty testing, or test piece preparation, further test samples shall be selected at twice the original frequency from the product, one of which shall be that on which the original results were obtained unless already withdrawn by the manufacturer after suitable identification of the cause of failure. If all retest results are satisfactory, the batch shall be accepted. If one or more tests are unsatisfactory, the batch shall be: rejected, or 100 % retested and the conforming products accepted, or partially or fully re-heat treated if heat treatment can rectify the cause of the failure and tested as a completely new batch except for chemical composition and cleanness inspection. The reheat treatment shall be stated on the release test certificate. For cleanness inspection, if the material fails the requirement the product may be cut back before retesting. 6.3.3 Rejection Any failure to meet the requirements of the material standard shall be cause for rejection. 6.3.4 Special tests Special tests may be required by the purchaser. In such cases, the nature of the test, method, frequency and technical requirements shall be specified on the order or inspection schedule and shall be mutually agreed by the manufacturer and purchaser. 6.3.5 Capability clause Where the capability clause is invoked and where sufficient statistical evidence exists, the test need not be carried out (unless specifically requested by the purchaser). However, this in no way reduces the obligations of the manufacturer to fulfil the requirements. If subsequent testing indicates that the product does not comply with the requirements, the batch shall be rejected. If sufficient statistical evidence does not exist, the test shall be carried out at a frequency agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser. 6.3.6 Statistical process control Reduction in the extent of release testing, other than that defined in 6.3.5 above, may be negotiated with the purchaser on the basis of appropriate statistical process control and/or statistical data. 6.3.7 Inspection and test report The manufacturer shall furnish, with each delivery, a report conforming to the requirements of EN 2078 stating the following: manufacturer's name and address and, if appropriate, identification of the plant; order number; material standard number; method of melting; delivery condition and metallurgical code of the product; SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 9 quantity and dimensions; manufacturing and inspection schedule reference; cast and batch number; all heat treatment, including re-heat treatment and, where appropriate, straightening and stress relieving parameters, applied to the batch; test samples heat treatment; results of the tests and retests if any. 6.4 Traceability Each product shall be traceable to the cast, production batch and/or heat treatment batch at all stages of manufacture, testing and delivery.
SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 10
Table 1 — Technical requirements for lines 1 to 29, where appropriate Material standard line reference Requirements Frequency of testing Qualification Release No. Title 1 Material designation EN 2032-1 and EN 10027-1 if applicable − − 2 Chemical composition The chemical composition of the alloy shall comply with requirements of the material standard. The samples taken for analysis shall be representative of the melt. The method of analysis shall be at the option of the manufacturer, but in cases of dispute, the reference method set out in the relevant EN or ISO standard shall be used. If no EN or ISO standard exists, a fundamental and agreed method of chemical analysis calibrated against accepted reference standards shall be used. In the case of remelted material, samples shall be taken from positions as follows: a) Vacuum arc remelted (VAR) ingots: the bottom of each ingot or ingot product. b) Electroflux or electroslag remelted (ESR) ingots: the top and bottom ends of each ingot or ingot product. An analysis shall be made of each sample and certificates of analysis shall be supplied to the purchaser. The elements to be determined shall be as required by the material specification or as agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Elements not quoted in the material standard shall not be intentionally added to the alloy without the agreement of the purchaser, except for the purpose of finishing the heat (e.g. addition of deoxidant); reasonable precautions shall be taken to prevent their inclusion during manufacture. The purchaser, in agreement with the manufacturer, may set a limit to the amount of one or more such elements and may require the amount of such elements to be stated in the certificate of analysis. The specified ranges of chemical composition are based on cast analyses. Any subsequent analytical checks shall take into consideration the heterogeneity normal to the alloy. Additionally for remelted products, the samples shall be representative for the remelted ingot, taking into account any macro segregation. a) 1 per cast in the case of air melted or vacuum induction melted product b) 2 per VAR or ESR ingot representing top and bottom positions a) 1 per cast in the case of air melted or vacuum induction melted product b) 1 per VAR ingot
c) 2 per ESR ingot continued SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 11 Table 1 — Technical requirements for lines 1 to 29, where appropriate (continued) Material standard line reference Requirements Frequency of testing Qualification Release No. Title 3 Method of melting 1 General The alloy shall be made by the process required by the material standard, unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser. If the material standard permits alternative processes, the manufacturer shall decide which of them shall be used unless the purchaser states a particular preference on his order. In all instances, the process by which the alloy was made shall be indicated on the release note. 2 Consumable electrode remelted material 2.1 Except as provided in 2.3 or 2.4 at no time during remelting shall material of any other composition or type be introduced into the melting chamber, i.e. starter material and electrode stub-ends shall be of the same composition as the material being remelted. 2.2 Whenever possible and except as provided in 2.3, weld material used to join electrodes together and to join the electrode to the stub-end shall be of the same composition as the material being remelted. If such weld material is not obtainable, material of a similar composition to, or compatible with, the material being remelted may be used at the discretion of the manufacturer, unless the purchaser indicates that his prior agreement is required. 2.3 Alternatively to 2.1 and 2.2, for electro-flux and vacuum arc remelting, the stub and any weld material may be different from that being remelted, provided that the remelted material is not contaminated with material from the stub-ends or weld and that, for vacuum arc remelting, the stub welding takes place outside the furnace. Remelting shall be terminated not less than 20 mm from the electrode/stub interface and, after completion of the remelting cycle, the electrode/stub interface shall be examined to verify that the stub and weld are intact. 2.4 For electro flux melting and vacuum arc remelting, material compatible with the composition of that being remelted shall be permitted to provide electrical contact to the furnace base plate, provided that the chemical composition of the melt is maintained. − − 4.1 Form Plate, sheet and strip − − continued SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 12 Table 1 — Technical requirements for lines 1 to 29, where appropriate (continued) Material standard line reference Requirements Frequency of testing Qualification Release No. Title 4.2 Method of production Mechanical hot working: The manufacturer shall establish a procedure for mechanical hot working. This procedure shall define: the homogenisation thermal cycle; the thermo-mechanical working processes; the manufacturing schedule for each process: the temperatures and durations of pre-heating; the temperature range for each working process; the dimensions of the products at each step and conditions for heat treatment between operations. Mechanical cold working (if any): The manufacturer shall establish a procedure for the mechanical cold working. This procedure shall define: the mechanical working processes; the manufacturing schedule for each process; the dimensions of the products at each step and heat treatment conditions between operations. Final conversion: This shall be done by hot or cold rolling. Unless otherwise specified by the material standard or agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, products of thickness > 3 mm shall be produced by hot rolling. Sheet and strip of thickness ≤ 3 mm shall be finished by cold rolling. Straightening, flattening and stress relieving operations shall be indicated in the manufacturing schedule and shall not cause any defects prejudicial to the intended use. In the case of continuous manufacture of strip, end to end welding is allowable. The welded area shall be identified. Surface finishing: Unless otherwise specified, products shall be supplied in the condition specified in the material standard. − − continued SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 13 Table 1 — Technical requirements for lines 1 to 29, where appropriate (continued) Material standard line reference Requirements Frequency of testing Qualification Release No. Title 4.3 Limit dimension(s) Minimum and/or maximum nominal thickness of the plate, sheet or strip, expressed as nominal thickness, a − − 5 Technical specification Reference to this technical specification EN 4700-001. In cases of conflict, the requirements of the material standard shall take precedence over those of this technical specification. − − 6.1 Delivery condition Product shall be supplied in the delivery condition specified in this line in the material standard and/or as stated on the order. – –
Marking: The method of marking used shall not cause corrosion, crack initiation, contamination or unacceptable deformation. The marking shall remain permanently visible after handling and contact with protective products. Unless otherwise specified, the nature and colour of marking ink and type of marking characters shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer. The marking inks shall be removable with cleaning products which do not leave a residue which could affect further processing. The cleaning products shall not give rise to corrosion. All products shall be marked legibly and continuously on one face along the length of the products, with the following information: material standard number, delivery condition code, batch number, manufacturer and plant identification, inspector's stamp, nominal thickness in mm. These indications shall be visible on any separate piece of 300 mm × 300 mm. Alternatively, coil may be identified with a securely attached durable label bearing the identification marking.
Packing: All necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent damage or corrosion to the product, especially where the delivered surface finish shall be maintained. The packing shall be suitable for the type of transportation used. The exterior of the packing shall bear the following information: name and address of recipient, mass, order number and sufficient information to enable the contents to be related to the relevant documentation.
continued SIST EN 4700-001:2011
EN 4700-001:2010 (E) 14 Table 1 — Technical requirements for lines 1 to 29, where appropriate (continued) Material standard line reference Requirements Frequency of testing Qualification Release No. Title 6.1 Delivery condition (concluded) Shipment: The responsibility for shipping shall be detailed in a transport contract. − −
Heat treatment Thermal and/or thermomechanical operations shall be applied to the product as specified in the material standard and are listed in the same order as they are to be applied. No product shall be subject to refining, hardening, normalising, softening, solution treatment, primary hardening, precipitation or combination thereof more than twice without the agreement of the purchaser. Abbreviations and symbols used in the material standard are shown in the following table: all other terms are written in full. − −
Term Abbreviation/Symbol Term Abbreviation/Symbol
temperature θ water quench WQ
time t oil quench OQ
hour h forced air quench AQ
minute min air cool AC
second s furnace cool FC
AMS 2750 to be used unless otherwise agreed between customer and supplier. If a specific temperature (value and tolerance) is stated in the material standard or order, that temperature shall be mandatory. If a temperature range is stated, a temperature within that range, reduced by the tolerances of the furnace, shall be selected. The total volume of the charge shall be maintained at the temperature selected, subject to the furnace tolerances in the following table, for the period stated in the material standard:
Selected temperatures (°C) Tolerances (°C)
≤ 750 ± 5
750 ≤ θ ≤ 1 250 ± 10
> 1 250 ± 15
When the duration of the heat treatment is stated as a fixed value, the tolerance shall be: (020+) %.
When the duration of the heat treatment stage is stated as a rang
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